66-712: The Bombay Brasserie is an Indian restaurant in Kensington , London, opened in 1982. The name has also been used by a restaurant in Bradford . It was listed in the Michelin Guide 2016 as being of "excellent standard". The London Economic stated the restaurant's mission as having always been to present "the authentic food of Bombay in all its ethnic variety", commenting that after refurbishment, it met and exceeded that goal. Cultural influences include Parsi , Goan , Bengali , and Gujarati . In 2016, Calibre Quarterly called it
132-471: A "leading contender for London's finest Indian restaurant". Sloan Magazine described it as luxurious and iconic, with "authentic, eclectic Bombay and Indian cuisine." 51°29′38″N 0°10′58″W / 51.4940°N 0.1827°W / 51.4940; -0.1827 Indian restaurant Indian cuisine consists of a variety of regional and traditional cuisines native to the Indian subcontinent . Given
198-849: A Chinese dessert and breakfast dish. Sesame, or simsim as it is known in East Africa, is used in African cuisine. In Togo , the seeds are a main soup ingredient and in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and in the north of Angola , wangila is a dish of ground sesame, often served with smoked fish or lobster. Sesame seeds and oil are used extensively in India. In most parts of the country, sesame seeds mixed with heated jaggery , sugar, or palm sugar are made into balls and bars similar to peanut brittle or nut clusters and eaten as snacks. In Manipur , black sesame
264-788: A Scottish Robert Lindsay mentions a Sylheti man called Saeed Ullah cooking a curry for Lindsay's family. This is possibly the oldest record of Indian cuisine in the United Kingdom . Staple foods of Indian cuisine include pearl millet ( bājra ), rice , whole-wheat flour ( aṭṭa ), and a variety of lentils , such as masoor (most often red lentils ), tuer ( pigeon peas ), urad (black gram), and moong ( mung beans ). Lentils may be used whole, dehusked—for example, dhuli moong or dhuli urad —or split. Split lentils, or dal , are used extensively. Some pulses , such as channa or cholae ( chickpeas ), rajma ( kidney beans ), and lobiya ( black-eyed peas ) are very common, especially in
330-400: A baked salted wheat-flour cake filled with sattu (baked chickpea flour) and some special spices, which is served with baigan bharta , made of roasted eggplant ( brinjal ) and tomatoes. Among meat dishes, meat saalan is a popular dish made of mutton or goat curry with cubed potatoes in garam masala . Sesame Sesame ( / ˈ s ɛ s ə m i / ; Sesamum indicum ) is
396-762: A capsule that bursts when the seeds are ripe. The time of this bursting, or "dehiscence", tends to vary, so farmers cut plants by hand and place them together in an upright position to continue ripening until all the capsules have opened. The discovery of an indehiscent mutant (analogous to nonshattering domestic grains) by Langham in 1943 began the work towards the development of a high-yielding, dehiscence-resistant variety. Although researchers have made significant progress in sesame breeding, harvest losses due to early dehiscence continue to limit domestic US production. Agronomists in Israel are working on modern cultivars of sesame that can be harvested by mechanical means. Since sesame
462-714: A consequence of the Neolithic Revolution and the diffusion of agriculture. Wheat and barley were first grown around 7000 BCE, when agriculture spread from the Fertile Crescent to the Indus Valley. Sesame and humped cattle were domesticated in the local farming communities. Mehrgarh is one of the earliest sites with evidence of farming and herding in South Asia . By 3000 BCE, turmeric , cardamom , black pepper and mustard were harvested in India. From Around 2350 BCE
528-414: A distinctive garam masala blend—individual chefs may also have their own. The spices chosen for a dish are freshly ground and then fried in hot oil or ghee to create a paste. The process is called bhuna , the name also being used for a type of curry . There are other spice blends which are popular in various regions. Panch phoron is a spice blend which is popular in eastern India. Goda masala
594-509: A guaranteed minimum oil content (not less than 40%) packed according to international standards. Seeds that do not meet these quality standards are considered unfit for export and are consumed locally. In 2008, by volume, premium prices, and quality, the largest exporter was India, followed by Ethiopia and Myanmar. Dried whole sesame seeds are 5% water, 23% carbohydrates , 50% fat , and 18% protein . The byproduct that remains after oil extraction from sesame seeds, also called sesame oil meal,
660-683: A higher price. Immature or off-sized seeds are removed and used for sesame oil production . In 2022, world production of sesame seeds was 6.7 million tonnes , led by Sudan , India, and Myanmar , which together accounted for 41% of the total (table). The white and other lighter-colored sesame seeds are common in Europe, the Americas, West Asia, and the Indian subcontinent. The black and darker-colored sesame seeds are mostly produced in China and Southeast Asia . In
726-708: A laxative as well as a treatment for dysentery and cholera. After arriving in North America, the plant was grown by slaves to serve as a subsistence staple as a nutritional supplement to their weekly rations. Since then, it has become a part of various American cuisines. In Caribbean cuisine , sugar and white sesame seeds are combined into a bar resembling peanut brittle and sold in stores and street corners, like Bahamian Benny cakes. In Asia, sesame seeds are sprinkled onto some sushi -style foods. In Japan, whole seeds are found in many salads and baked snacks, and tan and black sesame seed varieties are roasted and used to make
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#1732891785977792-461: A plant in the genus Sesamum , also called simsim , benne or gingelly . Numerous wild relatives occur in Africa and a smaller number in India. It is widely naturalized in tropical regions around the world and is cultivated for its edible seeds, which grow in pods. World production in 2018 was 6 million tonnes (5,900,000 long tons; 6,600,000 short tons), with Sudan , Myanmar , and India as
858-660: A result of variation in local culture, geographical location (proximity to sea, desert, or mountains), and economics. It also varies seasonally, depending on which fruits and vegetables are ripe. Seafood plays a major role in the cuisine of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Staples of the diet of the Indigenous Andamanese traditionally include roots, honey, fruits, meat, and fish, obtained by hunting and gathering. Some insects were also eaten as delicacies. Immigration from mainland of India, however, has resulted in variations in
924-495: A rich, nutty flavor, it is a common ingredient in cuisines around the world. Like other foods, it can trigger allergic reactions in some people and is one of the nine most common allergens outlined by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The word "sesame" is from Latin sesamum and Greek σήσαμον: sēsamon ; which in turn are derived from ancient Semitic languages , e.g., Akkadian šamaššamu . From these roots, words with
990-668: A variety of lentils ( dal ), whole-wheat flour ( aṭṭa ), rice, and pearl millet ( bājra ), which has been cultivated in the Indian subcontinent since 6200 BCE. Over time, segments of the population embraced vegetarianism during the Śramaṇa movement while an equitable climate permitted a variety of fruits, vegetables, and grains to be grown throughout the year. A food classification system that categorised any item as saatvic , raajsic , or taamsic developed in Yoga tradition. The Bhagavad Gita proscribes certain dietary practices (chapter 17, verses 8–10). Consumption of beef
1056-536: A variety of non-food sources may also trigger a reaction to sesame, including cosmetics and skin-care products. Prevalence of sesame allergy is on the order of 0.1–0.2%, but higher in countries in the Middle East and Asia where consumption is more common as part of traditional diets. In the United States, sesame allergy possibly affects 1.5 million individuals. Canada requires sesame labeling as an allergen. In
1122-516: Is taboo , due to cows being considered sacred in Hinduism. Beef is generally not eaten by Hindus in India except for Kerala , parts of southern Tamil Nadu and the north-east. While many ancient Indian recipes have been lost in history, one can look at ancient texts to see what was eaten in ancient and pre-historic India. During the Middle Ages , several Indian dynasties were predominant, including
1188-463: Is a popular beverage in Arunachal Pradesh and is consumed as a refreshing drink. Assamese cuisine is a mixture of different indigenous styles, with considerable regional variation and some external influences. Although it is known for its limited use of spices, Assamese cuisine has strong flavours from its use of endemic herbs, fruits, and vegetables served fresh, dried, or fermented . Rice
1254-649: Is a small, flat seed, it is difficult to dry it after harvest because the small seed makes the movement of air around the seed difficult. Therefore, the seeds need to be harvested as dry as possible and stored at 6% moisture or less. If the seed is too moist, it can quickly heat up and become rancid. After harvesting, the seeds are usually cleaned and hulled. In some countries, once the seeds have been hulled, they are passed through an electronic color-sorting machine that rejects any discolored seeds to ensure perfect color, because sesame seeds with consistent appearance are perceived to be of better quality by consumers, and sell for
1320-510: Is a sweet spice mix which is popular in Maharashtra . Some leaves commonly used for flavouring include bay leaves ( tejpat ), coriander leaves, fenugreek ( methi ) leaves, and mint leaves. The use of curry leaves and roots for flavouring is typical of Gujarati and South Indian cuisine . Sweet dishes are often seasoned with cardamom, saffron , nutmeg , and rose petal essences. Cuisine differs across India's diverse regions as
1386-507: Is another popular cooking medium. Butter-based ghee , or deshi ghee , is used commonly. Many types of meat are used for Indian cooking, but chicken and mutton tend to be the most commonly consumed meats. Fish and beef consumption are prevalent in some parts of India, but they are not widely consumed except for coastal areas, as well as the north east. The most important and frequently used spices and flavourings in Indian cuisine are whole or powdered chilli pepper ( mirch , introduced by
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#17328917859771452-416: Is often also used to sprinkle over artisan breads and baked in traditional form to coat the smooth dough, especially on whole-wheat flatbreads or artisan nutrition bars, such as alegrías . Sesame oil is sometimes used as a cooking oil in different parts of the world, though different forms have different characteristics for high-temperature frying . The "toasted" form of the oil (as distinguished from
1518-540: Is popular. Fresh aquatic fish is one of its most distinctive features; Bengalis prepare fish in many ways, such as steaming , braising , or stewing in vegetables and sauces based on coconut milk or mustard . East Bengali food, which has a high presence in West Bengal and Bangladesh, is much spicier than the West Bengali cuisine, and tends to use high amounts of chilli, and is one of the spiciest cuisines in India and
1584-571: Is rice, along with fish, meat, and leaf vegetables . Native tribes of Arunachal are meat eaters and use fish, eggs, beef, chicken, pork, and mutton to make their dishes. Many varieties of rice are used. Boiled rice cakes wrapped in leaves are a popular snack. Thukpa is a kind of noodle soup common among the Monpa tribe of the region. Lettuce is the most common vegetable, usually prepared by boiling with ginger, coriander, and green chillies. Apong or rice beer made from fermented rice or millet
1650-424: Is rich in protein (35–50%) and is used as feed for poultry and livestock . As many seeds do, whole sesame seeds contain a significant amount of phytic acid , which is considered an antinutrient in that it binds to certain nutritional elements consumed at the same time, especially minerals, and prevents their absorption by carrying them along as they pass through the small intestine. Heating and cooking reduce
1716-489: Is the same for the hull and the fruit. Sesame fruit is a capsule , normally pubescent, rectangular in section, and typically grooved with a short, triangular beak. The length of the fruit capsule varies from 2 to 8 centimetres ( 3 ⁄ 4 to 3 + 1 ⁄ 8 in), its width varies between 0.5 and 2.0 centimetres ( 13 ⁄ 64 and 25 ⁄ 32 in), and the number of loculi varies from four to 12. The fruit naturally splits open ( dehisces ) to release
1782-521: Is the staple food item and a huge variety of endemic rice varieties, including several varieties of sticky rice are a part of the cuisine in Assam. Fish, generally freshwater varieties, are widely eaten. Other non-vegetarian items include chicken, duck, squab, snails, silkworms, insects, goat, pork, venison, turtle, monitor lizard, etc. The region's cuisine involves simple cooking processes, mostly barbecuing, steaming, or boiling. Spices are not fried before use in
1848-555: Is used in the preparation of chikki and cold-pressed oil. Sesame is a common ingredient in many Middle Eastern cuisines. Sesame seeds are made into a paste called tahini (used in various ways, including hummus bi tahini ) and the Middle Eastern confection halvah . Ground and processed, the seed is also used in sweet confections. Sesame is also a common component of the Levantine spice mixture za'atar , popular throughout
1914-619: Is used whole in cooking for its rich, nutty flavour. Sesame seeds are sometimes added to bread, including bagels and the tops of hamburger buns. They may be baked into crackers , often in the form of sticks. In Sicily and France, the seeds are eaten on bread ( ficelle sésame , sesame thread). In Greece, the seeds are also used in cakes. Sesame seed cookies called Benne wafers, both sweet and savory, are popular in places such as Charleston, South Carolina . Sesame seeds, also called benne , are believed to have been brought into 17th-century colonial America by enslaved West Africans. The entirety of
1980-540: The European Union , identifying the presence of sesame, along with 13 other foods, either as an ingredient or an unintended contaminant in packaged food is compulsory. In the United States, the "FASTER Act" was passed in April 2021, stipulating that labeling be mandatory, to be in effect January 1, 2023, making it the ninth required food ingredient for which labeling is mandated within the United States. Sesame seeds contain
2046-429: The European Union , totaling some 50 countries. Products with an organic certification were also affected by the contamination. Regular governmental food inspection for sesame contamination, as for Salmonella and E. coli in tahini , hummus or seeds, has found that poor hygiene practices during processing are common sources and routes of contamination. Sesame seed is a common ingredient in various cuisines. It
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2112-499: The Gupta dynasty . Travel to India during this time introduced new cooking methods and products to the region, including tea . India was later invaded by tribes from Central Asian cultures, which led to the emergence of Mughlai cuisine , a mix of Indian and Central Asian cuisine . Hallmarks include seasonings such as saffron . The Portuguese and British during their rule introduced cooking techniques such as baking, and foods from
2178-434: The Indian subcontinent , leading to diversity of flavours and regional cuisines found in modern-day India. Later, trade with British and Portuguese influence added to the already diverse Indian cuisine. See also: Meluhha , Indus–Mesopotamia relations , and Indian maritime history After 9000 BCE, a first period of indirect contacts between Fertile Crescent and Indus Valley civilizations seems to have occurred as
2244-546: The New World and Europe. The new-world vegetables popular in cuisine from the Indian subcontinent include maize , tomato , potato , sweet potatoes , peanuts , squash , and chilli . Most New World vegetables such as sweet potatoes, potatoes, Amaranth , peanuts and cassava based Sago are allowed on Hindu fasting days. Cauliflower was introduced by the British in 1822. In the late 18th/early 19th century, an autobiography of
2310-485: The New World brought a number of new vegetables and fruits. A number of these such as potatoes , tomatoes , chillies , peanuts , and guava have become staples in many regions of India. Indian cuisine has shaped the history of international relations ; the spice trade between India and Europe was the primary catalyst for Europe's Age of Discovery . Spices were bought from India and traded around Europe and Asia. Indian cuisine has influenced other cuisines across
2376-554: The lignans sesamolin , sesamin , pinoresinol , and lariciresinol . Contamination by Salmonella , E.coli , pesticides , or other pathogens may occur in large batches of sesame seeds, such as in September 2020 when high levels of a common industrial compound, ethylene oxide , was found in a 250- tonne shipment of sesame seeds from India. After detection in Belgium, recalls for dozens of products and stores were issued across
2442-507: The 19th century, many Odia-speaking cooks were employed in Bengal , which led to the transfer of several food items between the two regions. Bengali cuisine is the only traditionally developed multi-course tradition from the Indian subcontinent that is analogous in structure to the modern service à la russe style of French cuisine, with food served course-wise rather than all at once. Bengali cuisine differs according to regional tastes, such as
2508-607: The Indus Valley Civilization. The ancient Hindu text Mahabharata mentions rice and vegetable cooked together, and the word "pulao" or "pallao" is used to refer to the dish in ancient Sanskrit works, such as Yājñavalkya Smṛti . Ayurveda , ancient Indian system of wellness, deals with holistic approach to the wellness, and it includes food, dhyana (meditation) and yoga . Early diet in India mainly consisted of legumes , vegetables , fruits , grains , dairy products , and honey . Staple foods eaten today include
2574-419: The Middle East. In Indian , Middle Eastern , and East Asian cuisines, popular confectionery is made from sesame mixed with honey or syrup and roasted into a sesame candy . In Japanese cuisine , goma-dofu is made from sesame paste and starch . Mexican cuisine and Salvadoran cuisine refer to sesame seeds as ajonjolí . It is mainly used as a sauce additive, such as mole or adobo . It
2640-584: The Portuguese from Mexico in the 16th century), black mustard seed ( sarso ), cardamom ( elaichi ), cumin ( jeera ), turmeric ( haldi ), asafoetida ( hing ), ginger ( adrak ), coriander ( dhania ), and garlic ( lasoon ). One popular spice mix is garam masala , a powder that typically includes seven dried spices in a particular ratio, including black cardamom , cinnamon ( dalchini ), clove ( laung), cumin (jeera), black peppercorns, coriander seeds and anise star . . Each culinary region has
2706-485: The United States most sesame is raised by farmers under contract to Sesaco, which also supplies proprietary seed. Japan is the world's largest sesame importer. Sesame oil, particularly from roasted seed, is an important component of Japanese cooking and traditionally the principal use of the seed. China is the second-largest importer of sesame, mostly oil-grade. China exports lower-priced food-grade sesame seeds, particularly to Southeast Asia . Other major importers are
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2772-599: The United States, Canada, the Netherlands, Turkey, and France. Sesame seed is a high-value cash crop . Prices have ranged between US$ 800 and 1,700 per tonne (810 and 1,730/long ton) between 2008 and 2010. Sesame exports sell across a wide price range. Quality perception, particularly how the seed looks, is a major pricing factor. Most importers who supply ingredient distributors and oil processors only want to purchase scientifically treated, properly cleaned, washed, dried, colour-sorted, size-graded, and impurity-free seeds with
2838-529: The World. Shondesh and Rashogolla are popular dishes made of sweetened, finely ground fresh cheese. For the latter, West Bengal and neighboring Odisha both claim to be the origin of dessert. Each state also has a geographical indication for their regional variety of rasgulla . The cuisine is also found in the state of Tripura and the Barak Valley of Assam. Bihari cuisine may include litti chokha ,
2904-876: The amount of the acid in the seeds. A meta-analysis showed that sesame consumption produced small reductions in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure ; another demonstrated improvement in fasting blood glucose and hemoglobin A1c . Sesame oil studies reported a reduction of oxidative stress markers and lipid peroxidation . Sesame can trigger the same allergic reactions , including anaphylaxis , as seen with other food allergens . A cross-reactivity exists between sesame and peanuts, hazelnuts and almonds. In addition to food products derived from sesame seeds, such as tahini and sesame oil, persons with sesame allergies are encouraged to be aware of foods that may contain sesame, such as baked goods. In addition to food sources, individuals allergic to sesame have been warned that
2970-464: The best yields come from properly fertilized farms. Initiation of flowering is sensitive to photoperiod and sesame variety. The photoperiod also affects the oil content in sesame seed; increased photoperiod increases oil content. The oil content of the seed is inversely proportional to its protein content. Sesame is drought-tolerant, in part due to its extensive root system. However, it requires adequate moisture for germination and early growth. While
3036-458: The crop survives drought and the presence of excess water, the yields are significantly lower in either condition. Moisture levels before planting and flowering affect yield the most. Most commercial cultivars of sesame are intolerant of water-logging. Rainfall late in the season prolongs growth and increases loss to dehiscence, when the seedpod shatters, scattering the seed. Wind can also cause shattering at harvest. Sesame seeds are protected by
3102-516: The cuisine of Assam. A traditional meal in Assam begins with a khar , a class of dishes named after the main ingredient and ends with a tenga , a sour dish. Homebrewed rice beer or rice wine is served before a meal. The food is usually served in bell metal utensils. Paan , the practice of chewing betel nut , generally concludes a meal. Mughal cuisine is a universal influencer in the Bengali palate, and has introduced Persian and Islamic foods to
3168-612: The cuisine. The cuisine of Andhra Pradesh belongs to the two Telugu-speaking regions of Rayalaseema and Coastal Andhra and is part of Telugu cuisine . The food of Andhra Pradesh is known for its heavy use of spices, and the use of tamarind . Seafood is common in the coastal region of the state. Rice is the staple food (as is with all South Indian states) eaten with lentil preparations such as pappu (lentils) and pulusu (stew) and spicy vegetables or curries. In Andhra, leafy greens or vegetables such as bottle-gourd and eggplant are usually added to dal . Pickles are an essential part of
3234-476: The cultivated type, originated in India. Archaeological remnants of charred sesame dating to about 3500-3050 BCE suggest sesame was domesticated in the Indian subcontinent at least 5500 years ago. It has been claimed that trading of sesame between Mesopotamia and the Indian subcontinent occurred by 2000 BC. It is possible that the Indus Valley civilization exported sesame oil to Mesopotamia , where it
3300-465: The diversity in soil, climate, culture, ethnic groups, and occupations, these cuisines vary substantially and use locally available spices , herbs , vegetables , and fruits . Indian food is also heavily influenced by religion, in particular Hinduism and Islam , cultural choices and traditions. Historical events such as invasions, trade relations, and colonialism have played a role in introducing certain foods to India. The Columbian discovery of
3366-455: The emphasis on the use of chilli pepper in the Chittagong district of Bangladesh However, across all its varieties, there is predominant use of mustard oil along with large amounts of spices. The cuisine is known for subtle flavours with an emphasis on fish , meat, vegetables, lentils, and rice. Bread is also a common dish in Bengali cuisine, particularly a deep-fried version called luchi
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#17328917859773432-733: The evidence for imports from the Indus to Ur in Mesopotamia have been found, as well as Clove heads which are thought to originate from the Moluccas in Maritime Southeast Asia were found in a 2nd millennium BC site in Terqa . Akkadian Empire records mention timber, carnelian and ivory as being imported from Meluhha by Meluhhan ships, Meluhha being generally considered as the Mesopotamian name for
3498-552: The eye of the seed (hilum) than at the opposite end. The mass of 100 seeds is 0.203 g. The seed coat (testa) may be smooth or ribbed. Sesame varieties have adapted to many soil types. The high-yielding crops thrive best on well-drained, fertile soils of medium texture and neutral pH. However, these have a low tolerance for soils with high salt and water-logged conditions. Commercial sesame crops require 90 to 120 frost-free days. Warm conditions above 23 °C (73 °F) favor growth and yields. While sesame crops can grow in poor soils,
3564-543: The flavouring gomashio . East Asian cuisines, such as Chinese cuisine , use sesame seeds and oil in some dishes, such as dim sum , sesame seed balls (Cantonese: jin deui ), and the Vietnamese bánh rán . Sesame flavour (through oil and roasted or raw seeds) is also used to marinate meat and vegetables. Chefs in tempura restaurants blend sesame and cottonseed oil for deep-frying. Ground black sesame and rice form an edible paste when mixed with water, called zhimahu ,
3630-471: The generalized meaning "oil, liquid fat" were derived. The word "benne" was first recorded to be used in English in 1769 and comes from Gullah benne which itself derives from Malinke bĕne. Sesame seed is considered to be the oldest oilseed crop known to humanity. The genus has many species, and most are wild. Most wild species of the genus Sesamum are native to sub-Saharan Africa. S. indicum,
3696-400: The largest producers. Sesame seed is one of the oldest oilseed crops known, domesticated well over 3,000 years ago. Sesamum has many other species, most being wild and native to sub-Saharan Africa . S. indicum, the cultivated type, originated in India. It tolerates drought conditions well, growing where other crops fail. Sesame has one of the highest oil contents of any seed. With
3762-437: The local cuisine; popular among those are mango-based pickles such as avakaya and maagaya , gongura (a pickle made from sorrel leaves), usirikaya (gooseberry or amla ), nimmakaya (lime), and tomato pickle. Perugu (yogurt) is a common addition to meals, as a way of tempering spiciness. Breakfast items include dosa , pesarattu (mung bean dosa ), vada , and idli . The staple food of Arunachal Pradesh
3828-644: The northern regions. Channa and moong are also processed into flour ( besan ). Many Indian dishes are cooked in vegetable oil , but peanut oil is popular in northern and western India, mustard oil in eastern India, and coconut oil along the western coast, especially in Kerala and parts of southern Tamil Nadu. Gingelly (sesame) oil is common in the south since it imparts a fragrant, nutty aroma. In recent decades, sunflower , safflower , cottonseed , and soybean oils have become popular across India. Hydrogenated vegetable oil, known as Vanaspati ghee ,
3894-483: The plant, narrowing to just 1 cm ( 13 ⁄ 32 in) broad on the flowering stem. The flowers are tubular, 3 to 5 cm ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 8 to 2 in) long, with a four-lobed mouth. The flowers may vary in colour, with some being white, blue, or purple. Sesame seeds occur in many colours depending on the cultivar. The most traded variety of sesame is off-white coloured. Other common colours are buff, tan, gold, brown, reddish, gray, and black. The colour
3960-546: The region, as well as a number of more elaborate methods of preparing food, like marination using ghee. Fish, meat (chicken, goat meat), egg, rice, milk, and sugar all play crucial parts in Bengali cuisine. Bengali cuisine can be subdivided into four different types of dishes, charbya (চারব্য), or food that is chewed, such as rice or fish; choṣya , or food that is sucked, such as ambal and tak ; lehya (লেহ্য), or foods that are meant to be licked, like chuttney ; and peya (পেয়ে), which includes drinks, mainly milk. During
4026-582: The seeds by splitting along the septa from top to bottom or by means of two apical pores, depending on the varietal cultivar. The degree of dehiscence is of importance in breeding for mechanised harvesting, as is the insertion height of the first capsule. Sesame seeds are small. Their sizes vary with the thousands of varieties known. Typically, the seeds are about 3 to 4 mm long by 2 mm wide and 1 mm thick ( 15 ⁄ 128 to 5 ⁄ 32 × 5 ⁄ 64 × 5 ⁄ 128 ). The seeds are ovate, slightly flattened, and somewhat thinner at
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#17328917859774092-460: The sesame plant was used extensively in West African cuisine. The seeds were commonly used as a thickener in soups and puddings, or could be roasted and infused in water to produce a coffee-like drink. Sesame oil made from the seeds could be used as a substitute for butter, finding use as a shortening for making cakes. Moreover, the leaves on mature plants, which are rich in mucilage, can be used as
4158-609: The world, especially those from Europe ( Britain in particular), the Middle East , Southern African , East Africa , Southeast Asia , North America , Mauritius , Fiji , Oceania , and the Caribbean . World Wildlife Fund (WWF)’s Living Planet Report released on 10 October 2024 emphasized India’s food consumption pattern as the most sustainable among the big economies ( G20 countries ). Indian cuisine reflects an 8,000-year history of various groups and cultures interacting with
4224-410: Was a crop that could be grown by subsistence farmers at the edge of deserts, where no other crops grow. Sesame has been called a survivor crop. Sesame is a perennial plant growing 50 to 100 cm (1 ft 8 in to 3 ft 3 in) tall, with opposite leaves 4 to 14 cm (2 to 6 in) long with an entire margin; they are broad lanceolate , to 5 cm (2 in) broad, at the base of
4290-822: Was known as ilu in Sumerian and ellu in Akkadian , compare Southern Dravidian Kannada and Malayalam eḷḷu , Tamil eḷ . Some reports claim sesame was cultivated in Egypt during the Ptolemaic period , while others suggest the New Kingdom . Egyptians called it sesemt , and it is included in the list of medicinal drugs in the scrolls of the Ebers Papyrus dated to be over 3600 years old. Excavations of King Tutankhamen uncovered baskets of sesame among other grave goods, suggesting that sesame
4356-602: Was present in Egypt by 1350 BC. Archeological reports indicate that sesame was grown and pressed to extract oil at least 2750 years ago in the empire of Urartu . Others believe it may have originated in Ethiopia . Historically, sesame was favored for its ability to grow in areas that do not support the growth of other crops. It is also a robust crop that needs little farming support—it grows in drought conditions, in high heat, with residual moisture in soil after monsoons are gone or even when rains fail or when rains are excessive. It
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