114-527: Dina Ercilia Boluarte Zegarra ( Latin American Spanish: [ˈdina eɾˈsilja βoˈlwaɾte seˈɣara] listen ; born 31 May 1962) is a Peruvian politician, civil servant, and lawyer since 2022 serving as the 64th president of Peru . She had served as the first vice president and minister at the Ministry of Development and Social Inclusion under President Pedro Castillo . She served as an officer at
228-543: A state of emergency for 30 days to quell "acts of violence and vandalism." Responding to protests, Boluarte said she does not understand why anyone would protest against her and supported the repressive response of authorities. Boluarte's response has been widely condemned by NGOs, while being supported by more right-leaning parties in Congress. Amnesty International 's Americas head Erika Guevara-Rosas called for governmental restraint, saying: "State repression against protesters
342-494: A considerable offer in terms of university vocational training centers; The following universities and a recognized Professional Technical School for business training operate there: Branches of: Piura is one of the top tourist destinations in Peru. One of the best-known tourist attractions in Piura is La Esmeralda beach, known as Colan beach for it is located near the town of Colan. It is
456-528: A discontent with the abandonment that that region (Puno) has historically had". The former head of the National Directorate of Intelligence (DINI) , General Wilson Barrantes Mendoza, also criticized the Boluarte's response, stating that accusations of foreign involvement were "a distraction to confuse the population, noting that it has an external component. Everything we are experiencing is internal" and that
570-518: A left-wing ideology in support of rural constituents towards a right-wing ideology that repressed previous supporters. Americas Quarterly notes that after Boluarte was expelled from the Peru Libre party, she aligned with the right-wing Congress for political support instead of the constituents that elected her, creating a feeling of betrayal for rural and indigenous voters. According to political scientist David Sulmont, Boluarte sought to be expelled from
684-665: A national unity government to resolve the present political crisis. In the formation of her government, she consulted all the major parties, but selected no members of Congress. Instead she formed what was widely viewed as a technocratic government led by Pedro Angulo Arana , an attorney who faced 13 criminal investigations as of his appointment in December 2022, including abuse of authority, abuse of public administration, abuse of public faith, blackmail, extortion and others. Observers commented that with growing protests and an undefined support base, Boluarte's government will likely not be given
798-487: A number of unrecognized presidents. In 1992 and 2019, after the dissolution of the Congress, the legislative body unsuccessfully removed the president from office and swore in vice presidents as the de facto president. There are 14 presidents that became presidents through a coup d'état. The last successful coup d'état was carried out by Alberto Fujimori in 1992, who was later imprisoned for human rights violations and corruption. Presidential inaugurations take place in
912-552: A pattern of conduct that places us in a dangerous transition to authoritarianism", concluding that "If President Boluarte is only able to offer the country confrontation and violence, she should resign". Notable signers included Steven Levitsky , Lucía Dammert , Martín Tanaka , Daniel Alarcón , Josep Joan Moreso , Gerardo L. Munck , Mirtha Vásquez , Sara Beatriz Guardia and Carmen Mc Evoy . Amnesty International would report in May 2023 that Boluarte "consistently supported and justified
1026-511: A penetrating type, as is the case, they are long-distance. And if the necropsy protocol determines that they went from behind, it means that, at the time of the shooting, the demonstrators were running, fleeing". Edgar Stuardo Ralón Orellana of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights , stated "we do not find in people something that said that they are responding to some kind of another organization, but an authentic manifestation of
1140-503: A precursor, this incentivized the initial drafters of the constitution and the Governing Board to accelerate the process of defining reasonable executive powers, balance the three branches of power, and begin to draft an idea for the roles and powers of the official position of state leader of Peru. The Act of Independence was signed in Lima on 15 August 1821, and soon after the government
1254-680: A red-and-white sash; Supreme Members, Congressmen of the Republic, Magistrates of the Constitutional Court, Members of the National Council of the Magistracy, Supreme Prosecutors, the Ombudsman, etc., wear red-and-white collars with medals that recognize them as such. The necklace is the symbol of the highest authority in the country. It is composed of gold and encrusted with diamonds, bearing at
SECTION 10
#17328865634421368-462: A small presidential staff, the same one used by Ollanta Humala in the military parade on 29 July 2011. The Constitution of 1823, the first constitution of this country, indicates that to be the President of Peru one must: The Constitution of 1826, on the other hand, incorporating some subjective concepts, requires the following: Piura Piura is a city in northwestern Peru located north of
1482-417: A state of emergency and deployed troops to the street." The New York Times would describe Boluarte's response as " hawkish ". On 12 December, following protests that broke out after the removal of Pedro Castillo, President Boluarte announced that she and Congress agreed to move the next general election from April 2024 to April 2026. On 14 December, Alberto Otárola , Boluarte's defense minister, declared
1596-493: A state of emergency in all border areas with Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, and Chile to increase "control of foreign citizens", blaming Venezuelan migrants for the crime in the country. In January 2023, the first public opinion poll for Boluarte was collected by the Institute of Peruvian Studies (IEP). In the poll, 71% of respondents disapproved of Boluarte and 19% approved of her, while 80% of respondents disagree with Boluarte assuming
1710-518: A surprise, since Juan Carlos Liendo is close to right-wing political groups and claimed that the government of Pedro Castillo, to which Dina Boluarte belonged, was an "extension of the terrorist group Shining Path. In a joint statement in January 2023, over 2,000 academics and researchers expressed their "strongest rejection of the authoritarian course that the government of Dina Boluarte and Alberto Otárola" and believed "that these are not isolated events but
1824-491: A vacancy motion due to her response to the protests against her, though Congress voted against proceedings against her. A second motion for vacancy was opened in October 2023 due to some left-wing benches in Congress believing that Boluarte violated Article 115 of the constitution for leading Peru without congressional approval, especially since she did not have a vice president, though right-wing members of Congress refused to vote for
1938-504: A very long beach with warm waters. Local people like to go there during holidays. There are also great spots for surfers, like Playa Cangrejos, Mancora Beach and Cabo Blanco. Cabo Blanco was made famous by visitor Ernest Hemingway in 1956, where he supervised the filming of The Old Man and the Sea . Piura is host to a stunning mestizo culture (one of the oldest in South America, for Piura
2052-460: A wealthy middle class." Boluarte also said that if Castillo were to be removed from office, she would resign in support of him. While campaigning in Piura , Diario Correo reported on counter-terrorism police documents that alleged Boluarte was seen working beside members of MOVADEF , an alleged arm of Shining Path . On 29 July 2021, she was appointed minister of Development and Social Inclusion in
2166-426: Is 66%. The mean atmospheric pressure is 1008.5 hPa, while winds are mainly from the north at an average speed of 3 m/s. Annual rainfall varies between 10 and 200 mm at altitudes of 100–500 m; between 200 and 800 mm at altitudes of 500–1500 m; and averages 1,550 mm at altitudes above 1500 m. Most of the region is arid, with rainfall concentrated in the high Andean areas, while on
2280-532: Is as follows: I, [ complete name of presidential elect ], swear to God, to the Homeland, and to all Peruvians that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the Republic of Peru that has been entrusted to me by the Nation for the period [ start of mandate ] to [ end of mandate ], that I will defend the sovereignty of the nation as well as the physical and moral integrity of the Nation, that I will comply and enforce
2394-561: Is determined mainly by the amount of rainfall originating in the Pacific Ocean . This rainfall is itself determined by the meeting of two ocean currents on the southern coast of the department, around the bay of Sechura : the cold Humboldt current at 13-19 °C, and the warm El Niño at 21-27 °C. These conditions lead to fluctuations in offshore sea temperatures, which are 18-23 °C in winter and spring, and 23-27 °C in summer and sometimes in autumn. The mean annual humidity
SECTION 20
#17328865634422508-413: Is elected to a term of five years without immediate re-election. A presidential inauguration is held every five years on 28 July in Congress. The last directly elected president was Pedro Castillo, who was elected for a term from 2021 to 2026. His Vice President, Dina Boluarte, a former civil servant , succeeded him as president following his impeachment after a failed coup attempt . There have also been
2622-645: Is elected to direct the general policy of the government, work with the Congress of the Republic and the Council of Ministers to enact reform, and be an administrator of the state, enforcing the Constitution of 1993 which establishes the presidential requirements, rights, and obligations. The executive branch is located at the Palacio de Gobierno , located in the historic center of Lima . The building has been used and occupied by
2736-405: Is experiencing strong development of its commercial sector with the installation of large shopping centers and department stores in no less than five points of the city considered strategic by investors. Furthermore, in recent years the city has expanded considerably with the creation of new developments and human settlements. Likewise, its industrial sector was also developed with the inauguration of
2850-453: Is only deepening the crisis in Peru." Protests have for the most part, been the most fierce and disruptive in Quechua majority regions, the center of Castillo's support. Given the harshness of the Boluarte government's response, this has led some to draw comparison between Boluarte's actions and that of previous anti-Native governments of Peru, which drew comparisons between indigenous groups and
2964-525: Is the date of independence from Spain and thus a national holiday . The Congress of the Republic has the power to end a president's term prematurely through impeachment . Under Article 113 of the Constitution of 1993 , the president can be removed due to death, "permanent moral or physical disability" determined by Congress, resignation, fleeing national territory without permission from Congress, or dismissal for committing infractions outlined in Article 117 of
3078-460: Is the most recent instance in Peruvian history where the first vice president succeeded a president who could no longer serve, after First Vice President Martín Vizcarra became president upon the resignation of President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski in 2018. Peru has had seven presidents from 2015 to 2022. In her first speech to the Congress, she denounced President Castillo and declared her will to form
3192-414: Is the third Spanish city founded on that continent) most famous for gastronomical dishes like Seco de chabelo, algarrobina-based drinks, many types of seafood and fish, like ceviche and Natilla Sweets . Popular crafts include Chulucana pottery, and Catacaos is famous for its hats and its silversmithing. The small town of Simbila, is very popular for its handcrafts and pottery. The tondero and cumanana are
3306-433: Is to shoot the vital segments of the human body". Sources close to Boluarte, according to La Republica , reported that she wanted to resign from the presidency following the massacre, though defense minister Alberto Otárola convinced her that if she were to resign, her and other ministers would lose their immunity and possibly be prosecuted for crimes. Otárola then promised to Boluarte that he could build support for her from
3420-408: The 2019 Bolivian political crisis . The latter presidents continue to support Pedro Castillo's claims he is the rightful president under a "government of exception." According to CNN , the Boluarte government "has responded to protesters with both stick and carrot ; President Boluarte has offered the possibility of holding early elections, while her Defense Minister Luis Alberto Otárola ... declared
3534-487: The Armed Forces and National Police of Peru . The office of president corresponds to the highest magistracy in the country, making the president the highest-ranking public official in Peru. Due to broadly interpreted impeachment wording in the 1993 Constitution of Peru , the Congress of Peru can impeach the president without cause, effectively making the executive branch subject to the legislature. The president
Dina Boluarte - Misplaced Pages Continue
3648-567: The Congress of the Republic of Peru in the capital city of Lima . Presidential inaugurations always take place on 28 July of its respective year, although in the case of constitutional succession, an inauguration is on the day that the presidential successor arrives in Lima, Peru. The presidential inauguration precedes the National Parade of the Military of Peru. Foreign dignitaries have often assisted
3762-683: The Muchik culture eventually took control, and the mixture of these evolved into the Vicús culture . The Chimor , Moche and Wari Empire used to occupy the area surrounding the city. Centuries later, Piura came under the rule of Tupac Inca Yupanqui of the Inca Empire for at least 40 years before the Spanish arrived. Francisco Pizarro came to the area and established it as the third Spanish city in South America, and Spain's first city in Peru. He originally went all
3876-536: The National Registry of Identification and Civil Status (RENIEC) from 2007 until 2022. Boluarte is the first woman to become President of Peru. She was a member of the Marxist political party Free Peru , and was sworn in following Castillo's attempt to dissolve Congress and subsequent impeachment and arrest . Boluarte's presidency has generally been described as conservative . Boluarte has aligned herself with
3990-631: The Peruvian Armed Forces and right-wing groups according to La Republica . Boluarte would then make Otárola her prime minister on 21 December 2022. In addition to the prime minister, she named a new interior minister, defense minister and education minister. Boluarte's new Minister of Education, Óscar Becerra , was reported to have a history of being a Fujimorist and making homophobic comments. At least 18 people were killed and over 100 injured by police responding to protests in Juliaca , with all of
4104-690: The Sechura Desert on the Piura River . It is the capital of the Piura Region and the Piura Province . Its population was 484,475 as of 2017 and is the 7th most populous city in Peru. The city is located in the central eastern part of the Piura Region, 981 kilometers from the country's capital, Lima and is near to the border with Ecuador . It was here that Spanish Conqueror Francisco Pizarro founded
4218-487: The Shining Path , as to persecute them. Boluarte would also state that the demonstrations occurred due to blackmail and provocations by Bolivian officials, something the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights said they did not observe while The New York Times said that "The government has yet to provide clear evidence to back up ... claims of high-level coordination by a terrorist organization or illicit funding behind
4332-542: The United States , which promoted the industrialization and development of the city and the region, and strong immigration. of English, German and Spanish, in that order, and to a lesser extent Italians and Chinese, who brought their customs and also their knowledge of commerce and industry. Many Americans also arrived. They quickly incorporated themselves into the social fabric, forming families with local ladies and inevitably creating new tastes and habits. Even Piura's cuisine
4446-609: The Viceroyalty of Peru . In 1532, the Spanish conquerors arrived in the territory, imposed their dominion and managed to establish a Spanish dependency. This dependence began as governorships corresponding to the conquerors, with the title of Governor. The Governorate of the New Toledo ( Diego de Almagro ) – which otherwise never consolidated – had as its capital the city of Cusco , the current historical capital of Peru . The Governorate of
4560-536: The War of the Pacific against Chile , Miguel Grau Seminario was born in Piura on July 27, 1834. He became a hero during the naval Battle of Angamos . According to historians and the Peruvian state, since 2011, they have given the official birthplace of Grau not to Piura but to the port of Paita. Miguel Grau is the most renowned and iconic Peruvian naval officer, being known as el Caballero de los Mares (Spanish for "Gentleman of
4674-550: The central Andes was the Wari civilization , whose system of government has not yet been fully unraveled. Later, between the thirteenth century and the sixteenth century , the Inca civilization developed, whose State, based on the political management of reciprocity and alien to all European conceptions of then and now, had the Sapa Inca at its head. The modern Peruvian state is the heir of
Dina Boluarte - Misplaced Pages Continue
4788-571: The extraordinary parliamentary elections in 2020 for Free Peru, though she did not obtain a congressional seat. In the 2021 presidential election she was part of the presidential ticket of Pedro Castillo , which was victorious in the run-off. During the campaign, Boluarte was widely viewed to position herself more moderately than Castillo, saying that she would not support overriding the Constitutional Court of Peru , but still stated "the wealthy middle class of Lima will surely cease to be
4902-497: The "Piura Futura" industrial estate, northwest of Piura. Piura Department has a desert and semi-desert climate on the coast and the western slopes of the Andes , whereas on the eastern slopes the climate is subtropical . Precipitation is sparse except during El Niño events, when rainfall is abundant and water flows through normally dry watercourses, causing flooding and large-scale land movements. The hydrography of Piura Department
5016-515: The Association for Human Rights (Aprodeh) who analyzed human rights abuses during the internal conflict in Peru , said officers likely ordered troops to simply "eliminate the enemy" and did not specify actions to take against protesters, with the attorney stating officers "had to explain to them that in case of need they had to shoot into the air, to the ground. If they take them out without giving them specific orders, they will do what they learn, which
5130-525: The Constitution or the laws that the President of the Republic incurs or that are agreed upon in the council, even if they save their vote unless they resign immediately. The Constitution of 1993 , a product of the Presidency of Alberto Fujimori (1990–2000), is the constitution that is currently in place. The presidential sash is the most distinctive feature that the President wears and has been used since
5244-511: The Constitution. Four presidents of Peru have attempted to resign: Guillermo Billinghurst (forced resignation), Andrés Avelino Cáceres , Alberto Fujimori , and Pedro Pablo Kuczynski . Three presidents have been impeached unsuccessfully, Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, Martín Vizcarra (first impeachment), and Pedro Castillo (first and second impeachments) while the impeachments of Billinghurst, Fujimori, Vizcarra (second impeachment), and Castillo (third impeachment) have been successful. The president
5358-468: The Executive Power resides in a Life President, a Vice President, and four Secretaries of State. By 1827, an outline of an executive along with the executive branch had been drawn out to prevent a Bolivarian dictatorship which would be seen by the populace as a general return to Spanish tyrannical rule. As a result, on 28 July 1827, Manuel Salazar assumed the formal office of the presidency and became
5472-484: The First Republic of Peru, which still holds until the present day. The governing board, led by Luna Pizarro, declared Peruvian autonomy from Spain and a Catholic state . Additionally, the Constitution defined the three powers of the government, the executive , judicial and the legislative power. The governing board , a colloquial terminology that was used to classify the ten politicians that devised these 24 items,
5586-512: The New Castile ( Francisco Pizarro ) had as its capital the City of Kings, as Lima was also called initially and it was on this that the viceroyalty was instituted after the civil wars. In 1542, the Viceroyalty of Peru was established, whose government was held by the representative of the king of Spain (head of state) with the title of Viceroy of Peru (head of government). The true organizer of
5700-571: The PNP used long rifles to fire at demonstrators and individuals nearby. Dany Humpire Molina, former manager of Expertise at the Public Prosecutor's Office and a doctor in forensic science , stated "The projectiles seem to have been fired by AKM rifles, which is weapons used by the National Police, ... If the bullets were found inside the body, they are described as penetrating. When the shots are of
5814-502: The Peruvian Forensic Anthropology Team (EPAF), forensic anthropologist Carmen Rosa Cardoza, analysed evidence surrounding those who were killed, saying that the military was shooting to kill and that the gunshot wounds in the head and torso were consistent with wounds suffered during human rights violations, explaining that wounds during an armed conflict are usually found on the extremities. Gloria Cano, attorney for
SECTION 50
#17328865634425928-507: The President of the Republic are: The powers of the President of the Republic are: The President of the Republic, in addition to the Head of State, is the Head of the national Government. Its functions are explicit in the Constitution and the Organic Law of the Executive Power. The acts of the President of the Republic that lack ministerial endorsement are null. It corresponds to the President of
6042-612: The Republic President Javier Arévalo Vela [ es ] The President of Peru (Spanish: Presidente del Perú ), officially called the Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru (Spanish: presidente constitucional de la República del Perú ), is the head of state and head of government of Peru . The president is the head of the executive branch and is the Supreme Head of
6156-531: The Republic carries a plaque in the left upper pocket of the bag in the manner of a lanyard with the insignia of the military command that recognizes them as the Supreme Chief of the Armed Forces. It is the heir of the distinctive and military honors worn by presidents belonging to the Armed Forces throughout the history of the country. It is golden and has the shape of a radiant sun. The staff originates from
6270-557: The Republic to preside over the Council of Ministers when it is convened or when he attends its sessions. The President of the Republic appoints and removes the President of the council. Appoints and removes the other ministers, on the proposal and with an agreement, respectively, from the President of the council. The ministers are individually responsible for their own acts and for the presidential acts they endorse. All ministers are jointly and severally liable for criminal acts or violations of
6384-529: The Seas"). In the 1980s, Piura and the department again experienced an ascending and thriving commercial, industrial and socioeconomic development, despite having been devastated in the 1983 disaster, as a consequence of the El Niño phenomenon , manifested in torrential rains for six months. that affected its industry, commerce and its urban infrastructure. The El Niño phenomenon that occurred from late 1997 to mid-1998 found
6498-499: The Spanish custom of symbolizing power with a cane. The custom was introduced in the eighteenth century in the Andes, after the rebellion of José Gabriel Túpac Amaru and Túpac Catari in 1780 to represent the dignity of mayor of Incas. Unlike Argentina, the use of a cane that symbolizes the power and office of President (symbolically, varayoc), has not been common in the history of the Peruvian presidency and has been replaced innumerable times by
6612-591: The accusation of "a 'terrorist inurgency' is stupid". On 10 January 2023, Attorney General of Peru Patricia Benavides announced investigations for the alleged crimes of genocide , aggravated homicide and serious injuries against Boluarte, along with Prime Minister Alberto Otárola, Minister of the Interior Víctor Rojas and Minister of Defense Jorge Chávez. Groups in Congress opposed to Boluarte then opened an impeachment motion against her on 25 January 2023, citing moral incapacity. In April 2023, Boluarte faced
6726-527: The actions of law enforcement agencies, despite increasingly clear evidence of their unlawful actions" and that her government " stigmatized protesters as terrorists and violent, contributing to the escalation of violence and encouraging law enforcement to continue to act in the same way". Boluarte would respond to criticism saying that she did not have control of the Peruvian Armed Forces. Since at least December 2022, opposition protesters often chant
6840-519: The actions of the armed forces. On 10 January 2023, attorney General of Peru Patricia Benavides announced she was opening an investigation to determine if Boluarte, Prime Minister Alberto Otárola , Minister of the Interior Víctor Rojas, and Minister of Defense Jorge Chávez committed genocide and aggravated homicide . Some Latin American governments, including Bolivia, Colombia, Honduras, Mexico and Venezuela have continued to recognize Pedro Castillo as
6954-478: The appointment of Riva Agüero) recognizes the position, and says ex officio: "Article 72. Resides exclusively the exercise of executive power in a citizen with the name of President of the Republic." Only two constitutions have been contrary, partially, to the presidential republican system, the Lifetime Political Constitution of 1826 emanating from Simón Bolívar and expressing: The exercise of
SECTION 60
#17328865634427068-461: The armed and police forces to shoot the bodies of unarmed civilians cannot say that he belongs to a moderate variant, ... Boluarte looks like ... the worst versions of the extreme right". Sulmont would say that Boluarte became a figurehead for Congress, serving the legislative body as a "shield between the population and the right-wing Congress" due to her sacrificing her political legitimacy by resorting to repression. In April 2023, Boluarte declared
7182-586: The armed forces: one in 1995 and the inauguration of Mercedes Aráoz in 2019 amidst a confrontation between the executive and legislative powers of Peru. There is also an emphasis on Christianity and the Roman Catholic Church in the oath of office. All presidents of Peru have been Catholic and have taken the oath of office alongside the Christian Bible, and in front of a Catholic Crucifix . The first state recognizable as such under current concepts in
7296-453: The beginning of the Republic. It was inherited from the last Viceroys . The placement and delivery of the presidential sash symbolize a democratic transition of power. The band is used by the President of Congress until the new president is sworn in. It is a bicolor band that carries the national colors (red and white). This band is worn diagonally from the right shoulder to the left side of
7410-496: The census carried out by the Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática in 2020. The Metropolitan area of Piura is made up of the urban centers of the districts of Piura, Veintisirse de Octubre, Castilla and Catacaos, with the city of Piura being the main urban nucleus, in accordance with the "Urban Development Plan of the districts of Piura, Twenty-sixth of October, Castilla and Catacaos in 2032". The city of Piura has
7524-494: The center a medal that contains the coat of arms of Peru. Presidents Oscar R. Benavides Larrea , Manuel Prado y Ugarteche and Jose Luis Bustamante y Rivero notably used the large necklace and other insignias. Its use disappeared after the administration of Fernando Belaúnde Terry . Recently its use was 'revived' by Alan García Pérez in the European Union Summit held precisely in Lima in May 2008. The President of
7638-488: The city better prepared, although two of its bridges fell and were subsequently replaced. When it seemed that it was going to be a dry season, in February 2017 it began to rain heavily in what later became known as the coastal Niño phenomenon, and in the early hours of March 27, the river overflowed over the center and northern areas. of the city, causing unforeseen damage, affecting health networks and communication routes. Piura
7752-460: The coastal region. The river Quiroz, a tributary of the Piura, supplies the huge artificial lake of San Lorenzo. On the Huancabamba, in the mountains, there is a hydroelectric power station supplying energy to the region. Piura is the 7th most populous city in Peru, after Lima , Arequipa , Trujillo , Chiclayo , Huancayo and Iquitos . The city has an estimated population of 630,244 according to
7866-473: The deaths being attributed to gunshot wounds . While discussing the violence, Boluarte said that Bolivia was responsible, stating "Today we know that a type of firearms and ammunition would have entered the country through southern Peru" and that protesters were not shot by authorities, saying the ammunition found in victims was used "neither by the National Police nor by the Armed Forces". According to La República , videos and photographic evidence showed that
7980-742: The democratic transition of power in Peru. The contemporary placed presidential oath in Spanish is as follows: Yo, Martín Alberto Vizcarra Cornejo, juro por Dios, por la patria, y por todos los peruanos que ejerceré fielmente el cargo de Presidente de la República que me ha confiado el nación para el periodo 2018 a 2021, que defenderé la soberanía nacional y la integridad física y moral de la República, que cumpliré y hare cumplir la constitución política y las leyes del Perú, y que reconocerá, respetando la libertad de corto, la importancia de la Iglesia Católica en la formación cultural y moral de los peruanos. Martín Alberto Vizcarra Cornejo , Presidential Oath of Office July 28, 2018 In English The English translation
8094-535: The democratically elected President of Peru and have refused to recognize Boluarte. Boluarte was born in Chalhuanca, Apurímac on 31 May 1962. She graduated as a lawyer from the University of San Martín de Porres and did postgraduate studies at that university. In 2004, she co-authored a book, The Recognition of Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law, which was later investigated for plagiarism after 55% of
8208-457: The democratically elected President of Peru following the events in December 2022 and refused to recognize Boluarte. Left-wing Latin American leaders such as Nicolás Maduro of Venezuela, Andrés Manuel López Obrador of Mexico, Gustavo Petro of Colombia, Alberto Fernández of Argentina, and Luis Arce of Bolivia denounced Boluarte's government as a right wing coup, comparing the situation as similar to ascension of Bolivia's Jeanine Áñez during
8322-437: The dissolution of a police anti-corruption unit. In March 2024, the Public Ministry of Peru began investigating Boluarte for graft and illicit enrichment after she was seen wearing luxury Rolex watches at public events, with the controversy being dubbed "Rolexgate." Boluarte's use of Rolex watches was first reported by news website La Encerrona on 14 March 2024;
8436-429: The first president of Peru to be elected by the populace, marking the start of the Presidency of Peru. The President is head of the general administration of the Republic, and their authority extends both to the preservation of public order internally, and to external security in accordance with the Constitution and laws. The duties exclusive to the President have been defined in the 1823 Constitution as: The powers of
8550-499: The government of Pedro Castillo. On 23 January 2022, during an interview with La República , Boluarte stated that she never embraced the ideology of Free Peru. The party's general secretary, Vladimir Cerrón , subsequently expelled Boluarte from Free Peru and posted on Twitter, "Always loyal, traitors never." Cerrón also claimed that Boluarte's comment threatened party unity. Party members later requested her expulsion, stating Boluarte "does nothing more than create division and discredit
8664-407: The government of Peru as the democratic president of the Republic of Peru, symbolized by the president of the Congress passing the presidential sash. The nominee is recognized as the president of Peru with and only with the presidential sash. As of 2019, there have been two illegitimate presidential inaugurations performed by the Congress of Peru , but not recognized by either the executive branch or
8778-430: The heads of state of Peru, dating back to Francisco Pizarro and the viceroys of Peru . The current president of Peru is Dina Boluarte , who succeeded Pedro Castillo on 7 December 2022. Ordinarily, the president is elected to a five-year term, and is barred from immediate reelection . A former president can run again after being out of office for a full term. The change of government takes place on 28 July, which
8892-453: The host cities for the 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship , where its stadium, Estadio Miguel Grau , hosted. The stadium is named after the Peruvian war hero, Miguel Grau Seminario and has a capacity of 25,000. The Pan-American Highway goes right through Piura and connects it to other cities in Peru and South America. Mototaxi 's are a common form of transportation in the city, offering taxi or business's services. Buses are also common in
9006-568: The image" of Cerrón. On 25 November 2022, she resigned from her position as the minister of Development and Social Inclusion, but remained as first vice president. On 5 December 2022, after voting 13 in favor and 8 against, a constitutional complaint was filed by the Subcommittee on Constitutional Accusations against Boluarte, alleging that she operated a private club named the Apurímac Club ( Spanish : Club Departamental de Apurímac ) while she
9120-520: The independence of Quito, taking part in the Battle of Pichincha, on May 24, 1822. In 1861, the Department of Piura was created and Piura became the departments capital. The department consisted other three provinces at the time, Piura , Paita and Ayabaca . In the 1860s, the city of Piura became more dynamic with the cultivation of Pima cotton , brought by Don Emilio Hilbck from the state of Arizona in
9234-453: The last viceroys of Peru were parallel to Jose de San Martin and his first successors. Joaquín de la Pezuela and José de la Serna faced the liberating armies and the last of them signed the capitulation. Finally, Pío Tristán was the interim viceroy in charge of transferring power to the patriots. In July 1821, during the Peruvian War of Independence , the autonomous states lying in
9348-543: The liberating expedition of José de San Martín , the Piuran population enthusiastically joined the liberating cause, and on January 4, 1821, the independence of Piura was proclaimed in the atrium of the temple of San Francisco. The proclamation was an feat led by the heroes José de Lama, Tomás Cortés, Baltazar Taboada, Tomás Diéguez, the Seminario brothers and others. Likewise, the Piura division of 1,000 men contributed victoriously to
9462-484: The party because she predicted Castillo would be removed from office and that she could assume the presidency. Political scientist Daniel Encinas described Boluarte as an " opportunist ", noting that though she was elected vice president under a left-wing government, she aligned with right-wing figures in Congress following her accession to the presidency. Sociologist Carlos Reyna, discussing Boluarte's response to protests, stated "A person who manages, covers up and supports
9576-479: The performance of Congress suffered under Boluarte's leadership. Boluarte can speak Spanish and Quechua . She was married to David Gómez Villasante. They have two sons, David Eduardo Gómez Boluarte and Daniel Felwig Gómez Boluarte. She has a brother, Nicanor Boluarte, who was arrested in 2024 on suspicion of influence-peddling. Supporting Parties Supporting Parties Before 2021: After 2021: After 2021: President of Peru Supreme Court of
9690-478: The political constitution and laws of Peru, and that I will recognize, respecting freedoms, the importance of the Roman Catholic Church in the cultural and moral formation of Peruvians. The president of Congress conventionally holds the presidential sash before the president-elect takes the oath of office. Once the president-elect has taken the oath of office, the president is recognized by all branches of
9804-515: The presidency. A Datum poll in mid-2023 showed a disapproval rate of 77% among respondents, though an Ipsos Perú poll showed that 71% of Peruvian CEOs approved of Boluarte and 88% approved of her maintaining the presidency until 2026. A poll conducted by the IEP in October 2023 saw 84% of respondents say that they disapproved of the way Boluarte was leading the country, with only 10% of respondents approving of Boluarte's presidency. 90% of respondents felt that
9918-419: The proceedings. On 1 April 2024, a third motion for vacancy was opened by lawmakers from various parties, citing tax investigations against Boluarte and her failure to solve other issues such as crime. Another vacancy motion was filed on 17 May citing “moral incapacity” in the wake of investigations into her ownership of luxury watches and the arrest of her brother on suspicion of influence-peddling, in addition to
10032-568: The result of my effort and my work." While Boluarte said that the Rolex watch was a dated model, La República contacted an American watch store that said the model was possibly from 2023 and valued it at US$ 19,535, with the newspaper saying that Boluarte's response was "an alleged contradiction". Days later, Henry Shimabukuro, a businessman who assisted with Boluarte's political campaign, said that assistants for Boluarte suggested gifts of jewelry when meeting with her. A preliminary investigation
10146-477: The rice fields and replace the slaves; and also Roma Gypsies who came as pirates looking for pearls , or incognito as Spanish horsemen. The Spanish named the city from the Quechuan word pirhua , meaning "abundance". Nowadays, Piura is known as the "Ciudad del eterno calor" meaning "The city of eternal heat" because it is hot all year round. In 1820, with the incursions of Admirals Guillermo Brown and Cochrane of
10260-672: The right-wing of the Peruvian Congress and received support from Peruvian Armed Forces . Boluarte's use of military and the police against protestors has been controversial, some even accusing her government of being a dictatorship . During her first months as president, protests against her government emerged across Peru , during which authorities perpetrated the Ayacucho massacre and Juliaca massacre . Analysts said that Boluarte's crackdown on protestors has undermined democracy . Despite significant international concerns, Boluarte has praised
10374-502: The saber or the sword of the military presidents. There is only a handful of remarkable cases. Mariano Ignacio Prado, José Balta and Augusto B. Leguía used it in pictures and presidential photographs. Recently, Alejandro Toledo, made use of the cane in his symbolic assumption to the charge in Cusco and also on a few other occasions. Its most recent use corresponds to 29 July 2008, the date of the traditional military parade, when Alan García carried
10488-528: The situation intensified when the military deployed helicopters to fire at protesters, who later tried to take over the city's airport, which was defended by the Peruvian Army and the National Police of Peru . Troops responded by firing live ammunition at protesters, resulting in ten dead and 61 injured; 90% of the injured had gunshot wounds while those killed were shot in the head or torso. The founder of
10602-459: The slogan «Dina asesina» (‘Dina the murderer’) and even sing a song of the same name. Moreover, social and political opponents have nicknamed her «Dina Balearte» ( blending of her name and balearte ‘to shoot you’) as a reference to aforementioned deaths. On 15 December 2022, the Peruvian Army massacred protesters in Ayacucho demonstrating against the Boluarte government. During the protests,
10716-599: The space, either by Congress or the people, to succeed. International recognition of Boluarte's government has been mixed. Members of the São Paulo Forum like Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva of Brazil and Gabriel Boric of Chile recognize Boluarte. The United States has recognized Boluarte as president. Spain was also in support, championing a return to "constitutional order." Latin American governments, including Argentina , Bolivia , Colombia , Honduras , Mexico and Venezuela have continued to recognize Pedro Castillo as
10830-528: The text included was marked as plagiarized from a 2002 post on the National Human Rights Commission of Mexico's website according to Turnitin software. She has worked at National Registry of Identification and Civil Status as an attorney and officer since 2007. She ran unsuccessfully for mayor of Lima's Surquillo district in 2018, representing the Free Peru party. She also participated in
10944-600: The third Spanish city in South America and first in Peru, under the name of San Miguel de Piura , in July or August of 1532. Piura declared its independence from Spain on 4 January 1821, a few months before Peru gained its independence on 28 July 1821. It is the commercial and administrative center of the Department of Piura . Like most of northern Peru, the territory of Piura has been inhabited by their autochthonous group of natives called tallanes and yungas . These groups lived without an organization or single leader to rule until
11058-499: The traditional music of mestizo Piura and northern parts of Lambayeque . There are also several famous Peruvian Waltz that came from these regions (northern Peruvians have their own style). The most popular sport in Piura is Association football (soccer). The cities largest football club is Atlético Grau , which participates in the Peruvian Primera División . Another popular club is Atlético Torino . Piura were one of
11172-478: The viceregal state was Francisco de Toledo . This period had only two stages corresponding to the two Spanish dynasties, the houses of Habsburg and Bourbon , and lasted 282 years from its establishment in 1542 to the Capitulation of Ayacucho in 1824, despite the independence of Peru in 1821 . José Fernando de Abascal was in charge of centralizing Spanish political and military power in Peru. His successors,
11286-535: The viceroyalty of Peru declared themselves as independent and sovereign from influence and mediation from the Spanish Empire . Recognizing the impending threat of Spanish backlash to regain their lost colonies, the autonomous viceroyalty began to draft a constitution on which they would decide to base the sovereign nation . Working closely with the Constituent Congress of Peru in 1822 , a formal constitution
11400-505: The violent attacks." "We don't have any power over them. I can be the Supreme Chief of the Armed Forces, but I have no command and the protocols are decided by them" — Dina Boluarte The government appointed ex-colonel Juan Carlos Liendo to head the National Intelligence Service , who claimed that the demonstrations in the country were not social in nature but part of a "terrorist insurrection. This appointment comes as
11514-525: The waist. At the waist, like a brooch, the band was embroidered in golden thread the Coat of arms of Peru . There is a Lima family that has traditionally made them. They are made to measure for each President and have been used normally with formal suit: suit, tuxedo or military uniform . Since 2006, the Shield was moved up to chest height. A symbolic act narrated by Ricardo Palma in his famous Peruvian Traditions
11628-420: The way to what is now Tumbes but decided it was not a suitable base for his operations. With the arrival of the Spanish in 1532, the current mestizo and creole cultures of Piura were born. This mestizo culture includes influences from Spanish Extremadura and Andalucia ; African influence, owing to the arrival of slaves from Madagascar ( Malgache slaves); Chinese coolies who migrated from Canton to work
11742-401: The website reviewed about 10,000 images and detailed how her watches became increasingly luxurious as her time in public office progressed. Reviewing La Encerrona 's work, the Associated Press noted that one of the Rolex watches Boluarte used was three times her monthly salary. When asked about her watches at a press conference on 15 March, Boluarte said "what I have is
11856-527: The wide plains the main water sources are seasonal rivers flowing from the north: the Chira and the Piura. The southern half of the plain consists of the Sechura Desert , which supports herbaceous vegetation. The main rivers are the Piura, the Huancabamba and the Chira. The reservoir of Poechos has been created within the course of the Chira. It has a capacity of 1,000,000,000 cubic metres and irrigates large portions of
11970-453: Was 18 carat gold, covered with 204 diamonds and had an estimated value of more than US$ 54,000. On 30 March 2024, about 20 police and 20 public ministry officials raided Boluarte's home in Surquillo , breaking down her door with a sledgehammer while saying their involvement was "for the purpose of search and seizure." After searching her home, the authorities then entered the Government Palace for further investigations; Boluarte
12084-527: Was created, named the Constitution of 1823 . Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro , a Peruvian politician, presided and led the Constituent Congress of Peru, leading to him being subjectively regarded as the first informal President of Peru. The first articles of the 1823 Constitution consisted of 24 items, known as the "Bases". These bases formally defined the borders of the Andean nation and formally created
12198-444: Was enriched. In agriculture, the use of the steam pump and specialized machinery was introduced, allowing more cropland to be irrigated, expanding the network of canals since the success of Piuran cotton in the international market was a great stimulus for agriculture. New industries appeared such as deep-sea fishing by whaling fleets, mass production and export trade of toquilla straw hats from Catacaos and annexes. Peruvian war hero of
12312-415: Was left under the charge of José de San Martín with the title of Protector. Later, the legislative branch occupied the executive branch. In 1823 the Congress appointed José de la Riva Agüero as the first President of the Republic of the history of Peru. Since then, that has been the main denomination that has held the great majority of the rulers of Peru. The same first Political Constitution of 1823 (after
12426-478: Was made during the confused first half of the 1840s, by President Justo Figuerola . This, in front of the protests made by the pope in front of his home, he asked his daughter to take the presidential band out of the dresser drawer and give it to the people from the balcony. The crowd left happy and alive to Figuerola and went to find someone to impose the garment, which, so many times coveted, this time did not find who wanted to stick it. The Ministers of State wear
12540-479: Was minister of Development. On 7 December 2022, during the Peruvian political crisis , after Pedro Castillo attempted to dissolve the Congress of the Republic of Peru during impeachment proceedings against him, Boluarte condemned the move as a "breakdown of the constitutional order" and assumed the presidency after the impeachment of Castillo. Boluarte thus became Peru's first female president. Boluarte's presidency
12654-628: Was opened by the Public Ministry on 18 March 2024 to investigate Boluarte on allegations of illicit enrichment. The Financial Intelligence Unit of the Superintendency of Banks and Insurance Companies (SBS) said that Boluarte received 1.1 million Peruvian soles (US$ 330,000) from unidentified accounts between 2016 and 2022, according to a report by El Comercio on 25 March. On 29 March, La Republica identified a Cartier bracelet used by Boluarte that
12768-509: Was part of Free Peru , a left-leaning and socialist-influenced party; after she was expelled from the party in 2022, she adopted more right-wing views and appointed conservative figures in her cabinet. Analysts described Boluarte's government as authoritarian , saying that she had allied with right wing and far-right groups in Congress following her ascension to the presidency. According to La República , analysts reported that Boluarte's political inexperience has resulted with her shifting from
12882-424: Was present. Boluarte's prime minister, Gustavo Adrianzén , condemned the actions of authorities, stating "The political noise that is being made is serious, affecting investments and the entire country... What has happened in the last few hours is disproportionate and unconstitutional actions." Six ministers of her new cabinet resigned following the incident. During the 2021 Peruvian general election , she
12996-412: Was the first representation of executive power and the executive branch in Peruvian history . Later, issues arose around the bases which granted the protectorate of Peru , Simon Bolivar , overwhelming power over the legislative and executive organs of the Peruvian government. At the same time, Bolivar was already undergoing a campaign to establish a dictatorship around Andean Latin American nations. As
#441558