Misplaced Pages

#392607

28-585: Describing Bolotnikov, Paul Avrich states, "Contemporaries depict him as a tall and powerfully-built, and an intelligent and energetic leader." Bolotnikov was a slave of Prince Andrei Teliatevsky, before running away to join the Cossacks along the steppe frontier between Muscovy and the Crimean Khanate . Captured by the Crimean Tatars , he was sold into slavery as a helmsman for a Turkish galley . Liberated in

56-517: A dress manufacturer, respectively. In the early 1950s, he served in the Korean War with the U.S. Air Force . Avrich completed his undergraduate studies at Cornell University in 1952, and his graduate studies at Columbia University in 1961. His doctoral dissertation addressed the labor movement in the Russian Revolution . Avrich was among the first American exchange students to study in

84-563: A letter stating he was a servant of the Tsar Dmitri. Molchanov sent Ivan Bolotnikov to the town of Putyvl to meet a voyevoda named Grigory Shakhovskoy . The latter received him as the new tsar ’s envoy and put him in charge of a Cossack unit. Ivan Bolotnikov used this opportunity to muster a small army of runaway kholops , peasants, outlaws, and vagabonds, disgruntled with social and economic situation in Russia. He promised them to exterminate

112-518: A peasant and go to Kostroma, where Marina joined him and he lived once more in regal state. He made another unsuccessful attack on Moscow, and, supported by the Don Cossacks , recovered a hold over all south-eastern Russia. However, he was killed, while half drunk, on 11 December 1610 by a Tatar princeling, Peter Urusov , whom he had flogged. Hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski described this event in his memoirs: Having drunk deep at dinner... he ordered

140-465: A sea battle by German ships, he was taken to Venice . Journeying back to Muscovy, he passed through Poland, where he heard tales of the Tsar Dmitri. This led Bolotnikov to Sambor , where he met Mikhail Molchanov. Molochanov was part of the group who had murdered Feodor Godunov, and subsequently a confederate of Grigori Shakhovskoi, plotting a revolt against Moscow via a new pseudo-Dmitri. In June or July 1606, Molchanov sent Bolotnikov onwards to Putivl with

168-400: A sleigh to be harnessed, taking flasks of mead to the sleigh. Coming out into the open country, he drank with some boyars. Prince Peter Urusov, together with those several score horsemen with whom he was in league, was riding after him, apparently escorting him. And when the imposter had drunk very well with the boyars, Urusov drew from his holster a pistol which he had ready, and galloping up to

196-480: A whole mob of robbers to meet with Prince Grigory Shakhovskoy. Immediately after this, the latter dispatched Prince Andrei Telyatevsky and his men to help out Ivan Bolotnikov, forcing Prince Mstislavsky to lift the siege of Kaluga. Bolotnikov moved to Tula. Thus, all the rebels met together in one place, their joint forces numbering some 30,000 people. It was then that Vasili Shuisky decided to attack all of them at once and left Moscow on May 21, 1607. He besieged Tula, but

224-587: Is believed to have been either a priest's son or a converted Jew , and was relatively highly educated for the time. He spoke both the Russian and Polish languages and was something of an expert in liturgical matters . He pretended at first to be the Muscovite boyar Nagoy, but falsely confessed under torture that he was Tsarevich Dmitry, whereupon he was taken at his word and joined by thousands of Cossacks , Poles , and Muscovites . Dunning states, "According tradition,

252-500: The Northern Dvina . On 26 November, Istoma Pashkov went over to the tsar. On 2 December, Skopin-Shuisky attacked Kolomenskoe and Zaborie, forcing Bolotnikov to retreat southwards to Serpkhov, then onwards to Kaluga, where he underwent a siege for the next six months. In the spring of 1607, another imposter by the name of False Peter (also known as Ileyka Muromets ; he claimed to be the son of Feodor I of Russia ) came to Tula with

280-681: The Philip Taft Labor History Book Award , and his 1991 book on Sacco and Vanzetti presented the pair as revolutionaries rather than philosophical anarchists. Avrich's last book , in 1995, compiled 30 years of interviews across the anarchist movement. Several of his works were nominated for Pulitzer Prizes . False Dmitry II False Dmitry II (Russian: Лжедмитрий II , romanized : Lzhedmitrii II ; died 21 December [ O.S. 11 December] 1610), historically known as Pseudo-Demetrius II and also called tushinsky vor ("the thief of Tushino "),

308-538: The Soviet Union when it opened during the Khrushchev Thaw . Anarchists he met through his research into the anarchist Yiddish newspaper Freie Arbeiter Stimme sparked his interest in the movement. He later named his cats after Mikhail Bakunin and Piotr Kropotkin . Avrich was married and had two daughters and a sister. As a teacher and historian of the anarchist movement, Avrich had sympathy and affection for

SECTION 10

#1732883619393

336-642: The Humanities Fellowship in 1972. When named a distinguished professor of history in 1982, his announcement quoted him: "Every good person deep down is an anarchist." He retired in 1999. Avrich collected books, photos, and papers from key anarchists and donated a 20,000-item collection to the Library of Congress . He died on February 16, 2006, in Manhattan's Mount Sinai Hospital from complications due to Alzheimer's disease . His Soviet research and documents on

364-485: The United States. He taught at Queens College , City University of New York , for his entire career, from 1961 to his retirement as distinguished professor of history in 1999. He wrote ten books, mostly about anarchism, including topics such as the 1886 Haymarket Riot , the 1921 Sacco and Vanzetti case, the 1921 Kronstadt naval base rebellion , and an oral history of the movement in the United States. As an ally of

392-472: The allegiance of the cities of Yaroslavl , Kostroma , Vologda , Kashin and several others. The arrival of King Sigismund III Vasa at Smolensk caused a majority of his Polish supporters to desert him and join with the armies of the Polish king. At the same time, a strong Russo-Swedish army under Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky and Jacob De la Gardie approached Tushino, forcing him to flee his camp disguised as

420-747: The border and made his way to Starodub. In 1608, following a peace agreement with King Sigismund, Tsar Vasilii agreed to release the father-in-law of False Dmitry I , Jerzy Mniszech , and his widow, Marina Mniszech . They soon joined the second false Dmitry's camp in Tushino , where she "recognized" her late husband in this second Dmitry. According to Dunning, "On the Tushino impostor's boyar council sat such powerful men as Mikhail G. Saltykov and Dmitrii Trubetskoi. They were soon joined by several of Tsar Dmitry's former courtiers, including Grigorii Shakhovskoi and Mikhail Molchanov. The Saltykov and Romanov families were by far

448-472: The boyars drew many common people to his side. The village of Tushino , twelve versts from the capital, was converted into an armed camp where Dmitry gathered his army. His force initially included 7,000 Polish soldiers, 10,000 Cossacks and 10,000 other rag-tag soldiers, including former members of the failed Zebrzydowski Rebellion . His forces soon exceeded 100,000 men. He raised to the rank of patriarch another illustrious captive, Philaret Romanov , and won

476-403: The cause and became a trusted colleague of its major figures. Accordingly, he sought to communicate to his students an affection and solidarity for anarchists "as people, rather than as militants" and challenged the perception of anarchists as amoral and violent. He wanted his work to resurrect the thought of marginalized anarchists, whom he saw as "pioneers of social justice" worth revisiting in

504-464: The future 'Tsar Dmitry' was at the time of his 'discovery' a priest's servant and teacher who lived for some time in the town of Shklov in Belorussia." In the winter of 1606-7, unemployed and reduced to begging, Pan Miechowikci noticed the beggar looked similar to Dmitry, and eventually convinced the beggar to learn the role of the deceased prince. In May 1607, accompanied by two aides, the impostor crossed

532-479: The insurgents managed to hold out until October despite deprivations and hunger. Bolotnikov sent letters to False Dmitry II in Starodub asking for help, but to no avail. Finally, Bolotnikov decided to negotiate his surrender. The tsar promised to pardon the insurgents in return for Tula. On October 10, the rebels surrendered to the authorities. Shuisky, however, did not keep his promise. Instead, he transported all of

560-509: The most influential Russians in Tushino. The arrival in Tushino of Jan Piotr Sapieha with seven thousand cavalrymen in August sped up rebel military activity." He quickly captured Karachev , Bryansk , and other towns, was reinforced by the Poles, and in the spring of 1608 advanced upon Moscow, routing the army of Tsar Vasili Shuisky at Bolkhov . Promises of wholesale confiscation of the estates of

588-476: The movement's major figures, he sought to challenge the portrayal of anarchists as amoral and violent, and collected papers from these figures that he donated as a 20,000-item collection to the Library of Congress . Paul Avrich was born August 4, 1931, in Brooklyn to parents of Jewish and Ukrainian heritage from Odessa . His parents – Rose (née Zapol) Avrich and Murray Avrich – were a Yiddish theater actress and

SECTION 20

#1732883619393

616-525: The rebel leaders to Moscow on October 30, and then executed each of them in a different way. Ivan Bolotnikov was transported to Kargopol , blinded and then drowned. This article includes content derived from the Russian Biographical Dictionary , 1896–1918. Paul Avrich Paul Avrich (August 4, 1931 – February 16, 2006) was an American historian specializing in the 19th and early 20th-century anarchist movement in Russia and

644-544: The rebellion." Many were veterans of the Khlopko Rebellion and False Dmitry I campaign. Bolotnikov led this left wing of rebels from Kromy to Kaluga , to Serpukhov , and onwards to Moscow. A right wing of rebels, composed of a group led by Prokopy Lyapunov , a Riazan militia commander, and Istoma Pashkov, a squire from Tula , advanced on Moscow from Tula. During the Siege of Moscow (1606) , tsar Vasili Shuisky defended

672-509: The revival of libertarianism following the Vietnam War and second-wave feminism . Avrich joined Queens College as a Russian history instructor in 1961, where he remained for the duration of his career, though he also was a member of the City University of New York Graduate Center faculty. He received a Guggenheim Fellowship for Russian history in 1967 and a National Endowment for

700-678: The ruling class and establish a new social system. By the order of Grigory Shakhovskoy, Bolotnikov and his army advanced to Kromy (today's Oryol Oblast ) in August 1606, defeating the Muscovite army under the command of Prince Yury Trubetskoy . From there, he moved towards Serpukhov and ravaged the city. Shakhovskoi made Bolotnikov Bolshoi Woywoden of the Putivl garrison, and according to Avrich, augmented that force with "fugitive peasants, impoverished townsmen, Cossacks, slaves, brigands, and drifters of every description who had flocked to Putivl to join

728-538: The southern portion of Moscow behind wooden walls built, while Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky attacked the rebel bases located at Kolomenskoye and Zaborie, and the Patriarch Hermogenes of Moscow denounced the rebellion as the work of "Satan and his demons." On 15 November, Liapunov, after being offered higher rank, a seat on the boyar council, and much silver, went over to the tsar with his Riazin militia. The tsar received additional reinforcements from Smolensk and

756-693: The suppressed Kronstadt insurrection led to several books on anarchists in the Russian revolution, including Kronstadt, 1921 . He interviewed Soviet exiles in New York, where he first met members of the Freie Arbeiter Stimme . Avrich then moved to major figures in American anarchism and published a book in 1980 on the Ferrer Schools inspired by Francisco Ferrer . His 1984 book on the Haymarket Riot won

784-585: Was the second of three pretenders to the Russian throne who claimed to be Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich , the youngest son of Ivan the Terrible , during the Time of Troubles . The real Dmitry had died under uncertain circumstances, most likely an assassination in 1591 at the age of nine at his widowed mother's appanage residence in Uglich . The second False Dmitry first appeared on the scene around 20 July 1607, at Starodub . He

#392607