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56-719: The Dune and Bulb Region stretches from the area around the lower reaches of the Old Rhine west of Leiden to just south of Haarlem . Since it is not a municipality or administrative region, the region's borders are not clearly defined. The Dune and Bulb Region proper is made up of the towns from Katwijk to Hillegom , and from the coast to the Kaag Lakes . Officials consider six municipalities to be part of this region: Hillegom , Katwijk , Lisse , Noordwijk , Noordwijkerhout and Teylingen . However, towns just outside these boundaries also consider themselves to be part of this region. Most of

112-407: A catastrophe struck the city when a boat loaded with 17,400 kg (38,360 lb) of gunpowder blew up in the middle of Leiden. 151 people were killed, over 2,000 were injured and some 220 homes were destroyed. King Louis Bonaparte personally visited the city to provide assistance to the victims. Although located in the centre of the city, the area destroyed remained empty for many years. In 1886

168-552: A towpath along large sections of the river, many parts of which have since been upgraded to roads or cycle paths. The city of Utrecht was founded at a ford near the fork of the Kromme Rijn into the Vecht to the north and the Oude Rijn to the west. Of the original fork, little remains today, and both Vecht and Rijn start from the city moat . For the first few kilometres of its course,

224-563: A L st god den heer V erdroot gaf h I V ns W eder broot zo V ee L WI CV nsten W ens C hen. (Dutch: "When the Black Famine had brought to the death nearly six thousand persons, then God the Lord repented, and gave bread again as much as we could wish".) Zorg en Zekerheid Leiden is the basketball club of Leiden. In 2011, 2013 and 2021 they won the National Title, in 2010 and 2012

280-625: A business continued by his descendants through 1712. In 1572, the city sided with the Dutch Revolt against Spanish rule and played an important role in the Eighty Years' War . It was besieged from May to October 1574 by the Spanish but was relieved by the cutting of the dikes, thus enabling ships to carry provisions to the inhabitants. William I of Orange founded the University of Leiden in 1575 as

336-553: A reward for their heroic defense. The end of the siege is still celebrated in Leiden on October 3 each year. According to tradition, the citizens of Leiden were offered the choice between a university and a certain exemption from taxes and chose the university. The siege is notable also for being the first instance in Europe of the issuance of paper money, with paper taken from prayer books being stamped using coin dies when silver ran out. Leiden

392-521: A separate museum called the SieboldHuis . The Bibliotheca Thysiana occupies an old Renaissance building of the year 1655. It is especially rich in legal works and vernacular chronicles. Noteworthy are also the many special collections at Leiden University Library among which those of the Society of Dutch Literature (1766) and the collection of casts and engravings. In recent years the university has built

448-593: A signatory to the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works . He felt that international copyright restrictions would stifle the Dutch publishing industry. Leiden began to expand beyond its 17th-century moats around 1896 and the number of citizens surpassed 50,000 in 1900. After 1920, new industries were established in the city, such as the canning and metal industries. During World War II , Leiden

504-535: A so-called High Water Authority or in Dutch Hoogheemraadschap , the first of its kind in The Netherlands. The organisation has been privileged in 1255 by Count William II of Holland and Zeeland as central coordinator of all waterworks in the area and later was given the name Hoogheemraadschap van Rijnland. Early works were the building of draining canals around the city of Leiden. From 1408 on, with

560-399: Is a city and municipality in the province of South Holland , Netherlands . The municipality of Leiden has a population of 127,046 (31 January 2023), but the city forms one densely connected agglomeration with its suburbs Oegstgeest , Leiderdorp , Voorschoten and Zoeterwoude with 215,602 inhabitants. The Netherlands Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) further includes Katwijk in

616-707: Is a branch of the Rhine delta in the Dutch provinces of Utrecht and South Holland , starting west of Utrecht , at Harmelen , and running by a mechanical pumping station into the North Sea at Katwijk . Its present-day length is 52 kilometres. In ancient times, it was the lower part of the main River Rhine, which forked at the Betuwe into a northern branch, the Rhine, and a southern branch,

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672-530: Is known as the place where the Pilgrims and some of the settlers of New Amsterdam lived, operating a printing press for a time in the early 17th century before their departure to Massachusetts and New Amsterdam in the New World . Leiden prospered in the 17th century, in part because of the impetus to the textile industry by refugees from Flanders . The city had lost about a third of its 15,000 citizens during

728-514: Is named after the mayor Pieter Adriaansz. van der Werff  [ nl ] , who defended the city against the Spaniards in 1574. The city was beleaguered for months and many died from famine. The open space for the park was formed by the accidental explosion of a ship loaded with gunpowder in 1807, which destroyed hundreds of houses, including that of the Elsevier family of printers . Because of

784-669: Is the Bloemencorso Bollenstreek in April, during which floral floats, magnificently decorated cars and marching bands parade slowly from Noordwijk aan Zee through Sassenheim , Lisse , Hillegom , Heemstede to Haarlem . In August there is another flower parade from Leiden through Rijnsburg to Katwijk aan Zee . Other attractions in the region include: 52°14′16″N 4°28′31″E  /  52.2379°N 4.4752°E  / 52.2379; 4.4752 Oude Rijn (Utrecht and South Holland) The Oude Rijn ("Old Rhine")

840-697: The Stedelijk Museum De Lakenhal (the municipal museum of fine arts), and the Bibliotheca Thysiana . The growing city needed another church and the Marekerk was the first Protestant church to be built in Leiden (and in Holland) after the Reformation . It is an example of Dutch Classicism . In the drawings by Van 's Gravesande the pulpit is the centrepiece of the church. The pulpit is modelled after

896-526: The Leiden Bio Science Park at the city's outskirts to accommodate the Science departments. Bus transport in Leiden is provided by Arriva . Railway stations within the municipality of Leiden are: The following is a selection of important Leidenaren throughout history: Leiden is twinned with: Nae z W arte H V nger-noot Gebra C ht had tot de doot b I naest zes-d VI zent M ens C hen;

952-633: The Morspoort , both dating from the end of the 17th century. Apart from one small watch tower on the Singel nothing is left of the town's city walls . Another former fortification is the Gravensteen . Built as a fortress in the 13th century it has since served as house, library and prison. Presently it is one of the university's buildings. The chief of Leiden's numerous churches are the Hooglandse Kerk (or

1008-526: The Oude Rijn , which enter Leiden on the east, unite in the centre of the city. The city is further intersected by numerous small canals with tree-bordered quays . On the west side of the city, the Hortus Botanicus and other gardens extend along the old Singel , or outer canal. The Leidse Hout park, which contains a small deer park, lies on the northwest border with Oegstgeest . The Van der Werf Park

1064-638: The Waal . The Oude Rijn was then much wider than it is now, and tidal. During the Roman occupation, the river formed part of the northern border of the Empire . In medieval times, the River Lek became the main outlet for the Rhine, and the Oude Rijn silted up. The river was still important as a drain for the surrounding lowlands, for the clay industry, and as a transport and trade route. Ships were towed by horse and human power, using

1120-512: The Zijl stream begin here. The Nieuwe Rijn ("New Rhine") is a short branch that, together with the Oude Rijn, forms part of Leiden's moat system; the two branches merge in the city's centre. The stream Korte Vliet discharges into the Oude Rijn and it continues through Valkenburg and Rijnsburg to Katwijk . At Katwijk aan den Rijn the Oegstgeesterkanaal merges with the Oude Rijn. From here

1176-477: The Bulb Region. The region is characterised by wide sandy ridges of flat land (cleared from dunes from 1650 to 1955 for agricultural use and human habitation), sandy soil between the dunes and polders ( geestgrond ), bulb fields and pasture land ( weiland ), all of which is protected from the North Sea by an extensive dune area. The climate and soil of the region are excellent for bulb cultivation. Proximity to

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1232-467: The Dutch Constitution in April 1848 in his house at Garenmarkt 9 in Leiden. Leiden's reputation as the "city of books" continued through the 19th century with the establishment of publishing dynasties by Evert Jan Brill and Albertus Willem Sijthoff . Sijthoff, who rose to prominence in the trade of translated books, wrote a letter in 1899 to Queen Wilhelmina regarding his opposition to becoming

1288-567: The Kaag Lakes ( Kagerplassen ) lies just to the northeast of Leiden. A university city since 1575, Leiden has been one of Europe 's most prominent scientific centres for more than four centuries. University buildings are scattered throughout the city and the many students from all over the world give the city a bustling, vivid and international atmosphere. Many important scientific discoveries have been made here, giving rise to Leiden's motto: 'City of Discoveries'. The city houses Leiden University ,

1344-432: The agglomeration which makes the total population of the Leiden urban agglomeration 282,207 and in the larger Leiden urban area also Teylingen , Noordwijk , and Noordwijkerhout are included with in total 365,913 inhabitants. Leiden is located on the Oude Rijn , at a distance of some 20 km (12 mi) from The Hague to its south and some 40 km (25 mi) from Amsterdam to its north. The recreational area of

1400-630: The at that time unpopulated locations, evolved into cities and villages. In Valkenburg, the layout of the Roman castellum has been marked in the pavement. At Woerden and Zwammerdam, Roman ships have been excavated. Martin Hendriksma, "De Rijn. Biografie van een rivier", Publisher De Geus, 2017 Leiden Leiden ( / ˈ l aɪ d ən / LY -dən , Dutch pronunciation: [ˈlɛidə(n)] ; in English and archaic Dutch also Leyden )

1456-420: The autumn, a further display occurs when gladioli , dahlias , carnations and asters flower. These flowers are often grown primarily for the bulb, not the flower. After they have bloomed, the flowers are decapitated. The flower may be used in floral wreaths. In the summer the bulbs are dug out and the plant remains are burned in the fields. The bulbs are sorted, the bulbs large enough to flower being sold and

1512-443: The bulb fields are in bloom, this region is one of the most colourful (and the most visited) in the world. Keukenhof in particular attracts 850,000 to 1,000,000 (foreign) visitors every year. The combination of flowers, windmills, quaint villages and Dutch charm is irresistible. The people in this area are in the flower business and make no apologies for it. There are a few "flower parades" ( bloemencorso ) in this area. One of them

1568-405: The castles of Poelgeest, Ter Does, Hoichmade, de Zijl, ter Waerd, Warmond and de Paddenpoel. On 24 June the army appeared before the walls of Leiden. On 17 August 1420, after a two-month siege, the city surrendered to John of Bavaria. The burgrave Filips of Wassenaar was stripped of his offices and rights and lived out his last years in captivity. Leiden flourished in the 16th and 17th century. At

1624-460: The church of St Pancras , built in the 15th century and containing a monument to Pieter Adriaansz. van der Werff) and the Pieterskerk (church of St Peter (1315)) with monuments to Scaliger , Boerhaave and other famous scholars. From a historical perspective the Marekerk is interesting too. Arent van 's Gravesande designed that church in 1639. Other fine examples of his work in Leiden are in

1680-420: The close of the 15th century, the weaving establishments of Leiden (mainly broadcloth ) were very important. In the same period, Leiden developed an important printing and publishing industry. Printers Lucas van Leyden and Otto van Veen lived here, and so did Christoffel Plantijn . One of Christoffel's pupils was Lodewijk Elzevir (1547–1617), who established the largest bookshop and printing works in Leiden,

1736-457: The course of two to three days and includes parades, a hutspot feast, historical reenactments, a funfair and other events. Since 2006, the city has also hosted the annual Leiden International Film Festival . Leiden has important functions as a shopping and trade centre for communities around the city. The city also houses the Eurotransplant , the international organization responsible for

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1792-496: The decline of the textile industries. The baize manufacture was given up at the beginning of the 19th century, although industry remained central to Leiden economy. This decline can be seen in the fall in population, which had sunk to 30,000 between 1796 and 1811, and in 1904 was 56,044. Leiden was the publishing place from the 17th to the early 19th century of the important journal Nouvelles Extraordinaires de Divers Endroits , known also as Gazette de Leyde . On 12 January 1807,

1848-481: The early 17th century played a particularly important role in its development. The bulbs are planted in the autumn. The earth is covered with straw and packed down to help protect the bulbs from the frost. The flower season begins with the flowering of crocuses in March, followed at the end of March by the combined flowering of tulips , narcissus (also known as daffodils) and hyacinths , which extends into early May. In

1904-461: The early 18th century in Leiden with Boerhaave. Leiden is a city with a rich cultural heritage, not only in science, but also in the arts. One of the world's most famous painters, Rembrandt , was born and educated in Leiden. Other Leiden painters include Lucas van Leyden , Jan van Goyen and Jan Steen . Leiden was formed on an artificial hill (today called the Burcht van Leiden ) at the confluence of

1960-467: The economic decline from the end of the 17th until the middle of the 19th century, much of the 16th- and 17th-century city centre is still intact. It is the second largest 17th-century town centre in the Netherlands, the largest being Amsterdam's city centre. A hundred buildings in the centre are decorated with large murals of poetry, part of a wall poem project active from 1992, and still ongoing. At

2016-652: The first at Zoeterwoude, wind-powered pumps were installed along the Old Rhine, to pump water from the lowlands into the river. The river silted up in the course of the Middle Ages and became much smaller. In 1572 near the North Sea the Water Authority had a canal built through the dunes to allow the Rhine water to flow into the sea, but due to war circumstances, it did silt. In 1807, a large water management system with locks

2072-426: The first time (1908) and later managed to reach a temperature of less than one degree above the absolute minimum . Albert Einstein also spent some time at Leiden University during his early to middle career. The city's biggest and most popular annual festival is celebrated on 3 October and is called simply 3 Oktober . The people of Leiden celebrate the end of the Spanish siege of 1574. It typically takes place over

2128-462: The mediation and allocation of organ donation procedures in Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Slovenia. Leiden also houses the headquarters of Airbus , a global pan-European aerospace and defence corporation and a leading defence and military contractor worldwide. The group includes Airbus , the leading manufacturer of commercial aircraft worldwide. The two branches of

2184-670: The oldest university of the Netherlands, and Leiden University Medical Center . Leiden University is one of Europe's top universities, with thirteen Nobel Prize winners. It is a member of the League of European Research Universities and positioned highly in all international academic rankings. It is twinned with Oxford , the location of the United Kingdom's oldest university . Leiden University and Leiden University of Applied Sciences ( Leidse Hogeschool ) together have around 35,000 students. Modern scientific medical research and teaching started in

2240-581: The one in the Nieuwe Kerk at Haarlem (designed by Jacob van Campen ). The building was first used in 1650, and is still in use. The Heilige Lodewijkkerk is first catholic church in Leiden that was built after the Reformation. This church was given to the Catholics after the gunpowder explosion in 1807, which killed 150 inhabitants and destroyed a large part of the city centre. The 'Waalse Kerk' (Breestraat 63)

2296-465: The other local noblemen of the Hook faction assumed that the duke would besiege Leiden first and send small units out to conquer the surrounding citadels. But John of Bavaria chose to attack the citadels first. He rolled the cannons along with his army but one which was too heavy went by ship. By firing at the walls and gates with iron balls the citadels fell one by one. Within a week John of Bavaria conquered

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2352-678: The river has been straightened into a canal (called the Uitwateringkanaal ); it empties into the North Sea through a pumping station, preventing high tides inland and silting up of the river mouth. Around 1000 CE the river silted up, causing floodings of the lowlands. As prevention, around 1100 CE a dam with locks was built at the village of Zwammerdam, upstream at the border to Utrecht, an area reigned by German Emperor Frederick Barbarossa . Continuing problems in water management in wide areas along Oude Rijn were reason for civilians with administrative responsibilities to collaborate and to establish

2408-582: The river is channelised and known as the Leidse Rijn (Leiden Rhine). It becomes the Oude Rijn after the railway bridge near Harmelen (municipality Woerden ). Then it flows westward through Woerden where first the Lange Linschoten branches off to the south and then the Oude Rijn forms part of the city moats . After Woerden, the River Grecht branches off to the north and the Oude Rijn continues through

2464-499: The rivers Oude and Nieuwe Rijn (Old and New Rhine). The settlement was called Leithon . The name is from Germanic * leitha (canal). Leiden has erroneously been associated with the Roman outpost Lugdunum Batavorum . This was thought to be located at the Burcht of Leiden, and the city's name was thought to be derived from the Latin name Lugdunum. However, the castellum was in fact closer to

2520-429: The sea results in a substantial amount of rain. The mild autumn and winter, the cool but sunny spring and the drier summer ensures a growing season lasting from the early spring to the late autumn. Floriculture , the processing of bulbs for export, and other activities in the floral industry are major economic activities in this area. Bulb cultivation in this area began at the end of the 16th century. Tulip mania in

2576-459: The siege of 1574, but it quickly recovered to 45,000 in 1622 and may have come near to 70,000 c.  1670 . During the Dutch Golden Era, Leiden was the second largest city of Holland after Amsterdam. It played a crucial role in the establishment of modern chemistry and medicine due to the work by Herman Boerhaave (1668–1738). Leiden slumped from the late 17th century on, mainly due to

2632-454: The smaller bulbs replanted. The bulbs are peeled, usually by students or foreign workers. They are then disinfected and dried out at a high temperature in huge bulb sheds ( bollenschuren ), a characteristic building in this area. The bulbs are traded at flower auctions in Rijnsburg , Lisse and Aalsmeer and then exported from nearby Schiphol Airport to many countries throughout the world. When

2688-511: The space was turned into a public park, the Van der Werff park. In 1842, the railroad from Leiden to Haarlem was inaugurated and one year later the railway to The Hague (Den Haag) was completed, resulting in some social and economic improvement. Perhaps the most important piece of Dutch history contributed by Leiden was the Constitution of the Netherlands . Johan Rudolf Thorbecke (1798–1872) wrote

2744-451: The strategically important junction of the two arms of the Oude Rijn stands the old castle de Burcht , a circular tower built on an earthen mound. The mound probably was a refuge against high water before a small wooden fortress was built on top of it in the 11th century. The citadel is a so-called motte-and-bailey castle. Of Leiden's old city gates only two are left, the Zijlpoort and

2800-482: The town of Katwijk , whereas the Roman settlement near Leiden was called Matilo . In 1420, during the Hook and Cod wars , Duke John III of Bavaria along with his army marched from Gouda in the direction of Leiden in order to conquer the city since Leiden did not pay the new Count of Holland Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut , his niece and only daughter of Count William VI of Holland . Burgrave Filips of Wassenaar and

2856-502: The towns in this area are in an administrative region called "Holland Rijnland", a regional collaboration ( samenwerkingsverband ) consisting of various municipalities in the Duin- en Bollenstreek and the Leiden area. This area is the southern part of a larger flower-growing area called the Bulb Region ( Bollenstreek ). However, it is not unusual for the Dune and Bulb Region itself to be referred to as

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2912-602: The towns of Nieuwerbrug , Bodegraven , and Zwammerdam . Here the Meije  [ nl ] stream empties into the Oude Rijn. In Alphen aan den Rijn , the Aar Canal joins the river and the Gouwe branches off to the south. It then flows through Koudekerk aan den Rijn and Hazerswoude-Rijndijk . After Zoeterwoude-Rijndijk and Leiderdorp , where the short River Does ends, the Oude Rijn flows through Leiden . The Rhine-Schie Canal and

2968-399: The university are the national institution for East Indian languages, ethnology and geography ; the botanical gardens, founded in 1587; the observatory (1860); the museum of antiquities ( Rijksmuseum van Oudheden ); and the ethnographical museum, of which P.   F. von Siebold's Japanese collection was the nucleus ( Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde ). This collection is now housed in

3024-653: Was established to allow the water to flow out at low tide. In 1880 a steam driven mechanical pumping station was built. In Roman times, the river Oude Rijn formed part of the Roman Empire's northern border ( Limes Germanicus ). At strategic locations the Romans did build guarding-towers and border-guarding castella and castra , including: Laurum ( Woerden ), Nigrum Pullum ( Zwammerdam ), Albaniana ( Alphen aan den Rijn ), Matilo (Leiderdorp), Praetorium Agrippinae ( Valkenburg ), and Lugdunum Batavorum (Katwijk). Many of

3080-488: Was hit hard by Allied bombardments. The areas surrounding the railway station and Marewijk were almost completely destroyed. The University of Leiden is famous for its many discoveries including Snell's law (by Willebrord Snellius ) and the famous Leyden jar , a capacitor made from a glass jar, invented in Leiden by Pieter van Musschenbroek in 1746. Another development was in cryogenics : Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1913 Nobel prize winner in physics ) liquefied helium for

3136-595: Was originally part of the Katharina Hospital. In 1584 it became the church of Protestant refugees from the Southern Netherlands (Brugge) and France. Later churches in the centre include the St. Joseph in expressionistic style. The city centre contains many buildings that are in use by the University of Leiden . The Academy Building is housed in a former 16th-century convent . Among the institutions connected with

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