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57-462: The first recorded sighting of the lake was in 1870 by Edmund Watt and Henry Alfred Alford Nicholls , two Englishmen working in Dominica at that time. In 1875, Henry Prestoe, a government botanist, and Nicholls were commissioned to investigate this natural phenomenon. They measured the water temperature and found it to range from 180 to 197 °F (82–92 °C) along the edges, but could not measure

114-479: A Royal Academician , was also engaged in the rebuilding of the Church of St Bartholomew-the-Less in 1823 and donated the fountain in the hospital's courtyard. By 1872, Barts contained 676 beds. About 6,000 in-patients were admitted every year, as well as 101,000 out-patients. The average income of the hospital was £40,000 (derived chiefly from rents and funded property) and the number of governors exceeded 300. In 1993

171-722: A cost of circa £500 million, were completed in early 2016. Barts continues to be associated with excellence at its medical school's significant research and teaching facilities on the Charterhouse Square site. Barts, along with the Royal London Hospital and London Chest Hospital , was part of Barts and The London NHS Trust . There are 388 beds in Barts and 675 beds in the Royal London. These hospitals amalgamated with Whipps Cross and Newham hospitals on 1 March 2012 to form

228-515: A course on physiology. He graduated in medicine ( MB and CM ) at the University of Aberdeen in 1873, and gained his MD degree from St Bartholomew's Hospital in 1875. Almost immediately he emigrated to Dominica , to serve as Assistant Medical Officer to Dr John Imray who had been there since 1832. Nicholls married Marion Crompton, the "shy and retiring third daughter" of John Corney Crompton and Marianne Félicité Renault, on 6 September 1877. In

285-469: A distinctive identity. It is now known as Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry . It occupies some space at the Barts site in Farringdon , with a presence a short walk away at Charterhouse Square . The main preclinical teaching domain of the medical school is at Whitechapel in the award-winning Blizard Building . The present School of Nursing and Midwifery was formed in 1994 from merging

342-461: A new Barts Heart Centre and new cancer care facilities were created. The Queen Mary Wing was demolished and the façade of the George V building was retained within a new hospital building. A new main entrance was established on King Edward Street. The three James Gibbs blocks were refurbished and car parking was removed from the area. The works, which were designed by HOK and undertaken by Skanska at

399-663: A precarious position by removing its income. It was refounded by Henry VIII in December 1546, on the signing of an agreement granting the hospital to the Corporation of London . The hospital became legally styled as the "House of the Poore in Farringdon in the suburbs of the City of London of Henry VIII's Foundation", although the title was never used by the general public. The first superintendent of

456-546: A reputation, and were in special demand; but ingenuity tries other tracks besides the beaten one. Dr. Nicholls had a manufactory of citric acid which had been found equally excellent in Europe. Everything which he produced was turning to gold, except donkeys, seven or eight of which were feeding under his windows, and which multiplied so fast that he could not tell what to do with them. In 1889 The Royal Agricultural and Commercial Society of British Guiana sought and received advice on

513-466: A significant part of the workload of A&E services) but urgent and major work goes to other hospitals. A plan was formulated for Barts to develop as a centre of excellence in cardiac care and cancer. The plan came under threat when it was announced that the works would be procured under a private finance initiative contract; the Save Barts campaign continued to protest. The opposition subsided and

570-472: A wide variety of topics and was awarded a knighthood for his services just before his death. Nicholls was born on 27 September 1851 in Spitalfields and baptised at nearby Christ Church on 31 December. He was the eldest of five children of Elizabeth Ann Pitkin and Thomas William Nicholls, a surgical instrument manufacturer. The family lived at 258 Kingsland Road , where Thomas practised his trade; later he

627-505: Is a teaching hospital located in the City of London . It was founded in 1123 by Rahere , and is currently run by Barts Health NHS Trust . Barts was founded in 1123 by Rahere (died 1144, and entombed in the nearby Priory Church of St Bartholomew the Great ), a favourite courtier of King Henry I . The dissolution of the monasteries did not affect the running of Barts as a hospital, but left it in

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684-433: Is a monument of your ... ability as a scientific expert". Following this recognition Nicholls was able to write an authoritative chapter on yaws and its treatment. Nicholls was editor of The Leeward Islands Medical Journal . He was also interested in tetanus, malaria and the hookworm disease ancylostomiasis . His most senior appointment before retirement was Principal Medical Officer of Dominica, made in 1922. Nicholls

741-483: Is easily viewed in its perpetual rolling-boil state which looks like a giant pot of water cooking and steaming on a stove. The basin's water is replenished by rainfall and two small streams which drain into the area. The water then seeps down to the magma and is heated to the boiling point. The trail leads through another volcanic area called the Valley of Desolation. The air around the area is hot, steamy and moist, supported by

798-458: Is the oldest hospital in Britain still providing medical services which occupies the site it was originally built on, and has an important current role as well as a long history and architecturally important buildings. The Henry VIII entrance to the hospital continues to be the main public entrance and features a statue of Henry VIII above the gate . Its main square was designed by James Gibbs in

855-532: The Barts Health NHS Trust online catalogue, which contains information on over 50,000 entries and covering an 800-year span. Also on the site is the Barts Pathology Museum, which has over 4,000 medical specimens on display and has been described by CNN as one of the "world's 10 weirdest medical museums". This museum is only open by appointment and for special events. Both museums are part of

912-432: The Barts Health NHS Trust . In 2018, Nuffield Health , a not-for-profit healthcare organisation, was granted planning permission to redevelop the former pathology and residential staff quarters building into a new private hospital . It is the only private hospital in the City of London , and has 48 beds and 4 operating theatres. It opened in 2022, at a cost of £60 million. It is physically and operationally separate from

969-563: The Boiling Lake Trail , which is an 8.1-mile (13 km) hike between the lake and the nearest road. The hike can be divided into three parts that take about one hour each: Two members of a three-man hiking party – a hiker and a Dominican guide – died at the Boiling Lake in 1900 after being asphyxiated by a sudden release of volcanic gases and falling to their deaths. On 6 July 2007, adventure-film maker George Kourounis became

1026-682: The London Museums of Health & Medicine group. A chemical laboratory at Barts was the location of the initial meeting of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson in Arthur Conan Doyle 's 1887 novel A Study in Scarlet . Barts was Watson's alma mater. This fictional connection led to a donation by the Tokyo "Sherlock Holmes Appreciation Society" to the Save Barts Campaign in the 1990s. In 2012,

1083-539: The Save Barts Campaign , supported by staff, residents, local MPs and the City of London Corporation . Some facilities were saved, but the accident and emergency department closed in 1995, with facilities relocated to the Royal London Hospital (a hospital in the same trust group, but a couple of miles away in Whitechapel ). A minor injuries unit was established at Barts for small cases (which often represent

1140-624: The "highest point in the island, Morne Diablotin , 5,314 feet high, nearly a thousand feet higher than the highest point in Great Britain, Ben Nevis ." Nicholls was a frequent publicist for Dominica . At the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in South Kensington in 1886, he had a large showcase containing samples of many of Dominica's natural products, including essential oils, cocoa , sulphur , bark , coffee , annato [ sic ] and vanilla. It

1197-611: The 1730s. Of the four original blocks, three survived; they include the block containing the Great Hall and two flanking blocks that contained wards . The first wing to be built was the North Wing, in 1732, which includes the Great Hall and the canvas paintings by William Hogarth . The South Wing followed in 1740, the West in 1752 and finally the East Wing in 1769. In 1859, a fountain was placed at

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1254-564: The Quebec Steamship Company on its West Indies to New York line "there is no reason why the planters of the island should not participate in the profits from the banana trade", which currently was dominated by Jamaica. With his usual clarity and precision he went on to describe the conditions necessary for successful propagation of the fruit. In 1887, James Anthony Froude travelled to the West Indies. During his visit to Dominica he

1311-699: The Schools from St Bartholomew's Hospital and the Royal London Hospital to become the St Bartholomew School of Nursing & Midwifery . In 1995 the new School was incorporated into the City University . Both Schools have a strong and respected history dating back over 120 years and have produced many nurse leaders and educators. The School has since been incorporated into the School of Health Sciences, City University London . St Bartholomew's Hospital museum tells

1368-694: The West India Committee, J Pierpont Morgan Jr. who was visiting Trinidad and J H Menzies in Canada, who wrote of Nicholls in an article entitled "The Uncrowned King of Dominica". Nicholls was a leading member of the Anglican Church. After an impressive funeral, with many public figures attending, he was, as a mark of honour, "buried next to the church in Roseau rather than in the general church graveyard some distance away at Newtown." The white marble cross bears

1425-480: The bodily suffering which has been your lot in your well earned rest period, realising as we do that present loss of health is due to the years of faithful toil which you have given to this Presidency. We pray that your health may be restored, and that you and Lady Nicholls may be spared to us in health and happiness for years to come. Sadly, Sir Henry died on 9 February 1926. Condolences were received from far and wide, including Sir Algernon Edward Aspinall, Secretary of

1482-465: The collection there. Soon after his election as a Corresponding Member of the Zoological Society of London (CMZS), Nicholls donated two common boas and seven slender-fingered frogs to the zoo. Nicholls' passion for expanding the export of fruit was expressed in his booklet on The cultivation of the banana in Dominica . He noted that now that Dominica had become the last port of call by

1539-409: The controversial Tomlinson Review of London hospitals was published and concluded that there were too many hospitals in central London. It recommended that the service should be delivered closer to where people lived. Barts was identified as a hospital with a catchment area that had a low population and the hospital was threatened with closure. A determined campaign was mounted to save the hospital by

1596-572: The final episode of the second series of the BBC drama Sherlock , " The Reichenbach Fall ", had Holmes appearing to have deliberately leapt to his death from the roof of St Bartholomew's as a surrogate for the waterfall of the original story " The Final Problem ". The hospital was again used as the location for the resolution to Holmes' faked suicide, in the first series three episode " The Empty Hearse ". London Buses routes 4 , 8 , 17, 25 , 45, 46, 56, 59, 63, 76, 100, 153, 172, 242, N8, N63 and N76 serve

1653-510: The first person to ever cross Boiling Lake from above, suspended by ropes over the most violently boiling section. This event was filmed for the TV series Angry Planet . Henry Alfred Alford Nicholls Sir Henry Alfred Alford Nicholls CMG FLS (27 September 1851 – 9 February 1926) was a physician , disease specialist, horticulturist , zoologist and legislator in, and publicist for Dominica for over 50 years. He published on

1710-672: The first trip. Nicholls wrote an article about a volcanic explosion which took place about a mile southwest of Boiling Lake on 4 January 1880. In 1883 he wrote a letter giving a vivid description of the impact of a hurricane on 4 September, with 5 churches destroyed and over 400 families homeless in Roseau. In 1902 he gave a detailed account of events associated with the massive eruption of Mount Pelée in Martinique. On 28 February 1880, Nicholls escorted 14 year-old George Prince of Wales (the future King George V ), and his elder brother Prince Albert Victor , first on ponies and then on foot to

1767-465: The historical narrative of the hospital and its work in caring for the sick and injured. The museum collections include historic surgical instruments , sculptures, medieval archives, and works of art, including paintings by William Hogarth . The museum is located under the North Wing archway. It closed in September 2023 for renovation works, expected to last through 2024. The collections are searchable on

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1824-591: The hospital can be seen not only in its early-20th century stained glass window of a nurse, a gift from the Worshipful Company of Glaziers , but also in commemorative plaques adorning its interior. Throughout the whole of the 19th century, the Hardwick family were major benefactors of the hospital. Thomas Hardwick Jr. (1752–1825), Philip Hardwick (1792–1870), and Philip Charles Hardwick (1822–1892) were all architects/surveyors to Barts Hospital. Philip Hardwick,

1881-494: The hospital precincts of the ancient priory were redesignated as an Anglican ecclesiastical parish , with St Bartholomew-the-Less becoming the parish church – a unique situation amongst English hospital foundations. St Barts-the-Less is the only survivor of five chapels originally within the hospital's estate, the others failing to survive the Reformation. The church has a 15th-century tower and vestry, and its connections with

1938-425: The hospital was Thomas Vicary , sergeant-surgeon to King Henry, and an early writer on anatomy. It was here that William Harvey conducted his research on the circulatory system in the 17th century, Percivall Pott and John Abernethy developed important principles of modern surgery in the 18th century, and Mrs Bedford Fenwick worked to advance the nursing profession in the late 19th century. From 1839 to 1872,

1995-434: The hospital's official entrance hall. On the walls of the staircase are two canvases painted by William Hogarth, The Pool of Bethesda (1736) and The Good Samaritan (1737). They can only be seen at close quarters on Friday afternoons. Hogarth was so outraged by the news that the hospital was commissioning art from Italian painters that he insisted on painting the canvases without a fee, as a demonstration that English painting

2052-583: The hospital, with bus stops located outside or near the hospital. The nearest Underground stations are Barbican and Farringdon on the Circle , Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines and St Paul's on the Central line . Farringdon is also served by Thameslink trains. Since 2022 Bedrock Radio (a registered charity) broadcasts to St Bartholomew's Hospital and wider Barts Health Trust . Bedrock replaced Whipps Cross Hospital Radio (WXHR) who formally served

2109-654: The inscription "Life's Work Well Done. Then Comes Rest". William Alford Nicholls died in the Westminster registration district in 1970. There is no record of a marriage. As a final tribute to the Nicholls family, some of the characters in The Orchid House are clearly inspired by them at their home at L'Aromatique, with Old Master being Nicholls himself, and Rufus the errant Ralph. St Bartholomew%27s Hospital St Bartholomew's Hospital , commonly known as Barts ,

2166-473: The island, in what is now known as Morne Trois Pitons National Park . There, with the help of their carriers (four men and some boys) they climbed up through heavily forested slopes and found Boiling Lake – "a large sheet of water in a constant state of ebullition." On a second trip, in April, the lake's altitude was found to be 2425 feet (739 metres), and its size about 150 by 80 yards, much smaller than estimated on

2223-426: The lake level rose again, refilling the lake in just one day. The rapid draining and refilling of the lake implies that it is suspended well above the local water table and that a continuous flux of steam or gas generated by an underlying magmatic intrusion drives water up into the lake. A disturbance to the supply of gas can cause the lake to drain through the porous connection that normally allows steam to rise and heat

2280-424: The lake. The lake rests at the bottom of a large sinkhole-like basin. More accurately, it is a flooded fumarole, generally located within the vicinity of a volcano, which emits steam and gases escaping from molten magma below. Currently, the lake is viewable from a broad, cliff-top ledge about 100 feet (30 m) directly above its shore. High rock walls surround and create the basin. The lake's grayish-blue water

2337-509: The moist climate, and was growing with profuse luxuriance. Each tree, each plant had been personally attended to, pruned when it needed pruning, supported by bamboos if it was overgrowing its strength, while the ground about the house was consecrated to botanical experiments, and specimens were to be seen there of every tropical flower, shrub, or tree, which was either remarkable for its beauty or valuable for its chemical properties. His limes and coffee went principally to New York, where they had won

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2394-501: The mortality reports show that surgical trauma and postoperative infection were the greatest causes of death. Tuberculosis, however, remained the most fatal nontraumatic cause of death. Nurses were expected to work 12 hours a day, and sometimes 14, with meal breaks in 1890. They had 2 weeks annual holiday. Upon the creation of the National Health Service in 1948, it officially became known as St Bartholomew's Hospital. Barts

2451-574: The packing of fruit for export. Nicholls gave precise instructions on when and how to cut oranges and limes , wrap them in a special paper, and pack them in specific designs of crate or barrel. His instructions were later printed for distribution. Henry Nicholls learned of his knighthood by telegram from the Governor of Dominica: "It gives me much pleasure to inform you that His Majesty has been graciously pleased to approve of K.B. (Knight Bachelor) Nicholls. Please convey my hearty congratulations." The event

2508-453: The period 1878 to 1891 they had 10 children: 4 boys and 6 girls. The family had two homes. One was at St Aroment - a thirty-acre estate on the outskirts of Roseau, which Nicholls inherited from Dr Imray; the other was Kingsland House, a one-story wooden town house "with a broad veranda". Very soon after his arrival in Dominica , Nicholls and three companions went from Roseau to the interior of

2565-717: The preferred soils and the need for shelter trees to protect from hurricanes. In the early 1880s - during Hooker's last few years as Director of Kew - Nicholls was the Kew correspondent for Dominica. For that reason Nicholls dedicated his Text-Book on Tropical Agriculture to Sir Joseph. The demand for it was such that the book was reprinted seven times at intervals of about five years; it was also translated into several languages along with Swiss - Venezuelan geographer and botanist Henri François Pittier . Nicholls wrote many letters to Hooker, Sir William Thiselton-Dyer , Daniel Morris and others at Kew. He also contributed plants and seeds to

2622-446: The rest of the hospital, and known as Nuffield Health at St Bartholomew's Hospital . In 1843, St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College was established to train medics although considered to have been started by John Abernethy when the hospital built a theatre for his lectures at the beginning of the century. In 1995 the college, along with that attached to the Royal London, merged into Queen Mary University of London , but maintains

2679-409: The sharp, acrid smell of sulphur. The area is known to have been filled with vapors and gases that escape from bubbling and boiling sulfur-water pots, small spraying and hissing geysers, cracks and holes, and a small stream that runs through and beneath the terrain. Tiny invisible sprays of steam will easily burn an ankle or foot. There is no road leading directly to the lake. The lake is accessible via

2736-508: The square's centre with a small garden. St Bartholomew's Hospital has existed on the same site since its founding in the 12th century, surviving both the Great Fire of London and the Blitz . Its museum, which is open Tuesdays to Fridays every week, shows how medical care has developed over this time and explains the history of the hospital. Part-way around the exhibition is a door which opens on to

2793-565: The staircase leads is the hospital's Great Hall, a double-height room in Baroque style. Although there are a few paintings inside the Great Hall, nearly all are on movable stands: the walls themselves are mostly given over to the display of the very many large, painted plaques which list, in detail, the sums of money given to the hospital by its benefactors. After the Dissolution of the Monasteries,

2850-468: The temperature at the centre where the lake is actively boiling. They recorded the depth to be greater than 195 feet (59 m). Periodically, there have been fluctuations in the level and activity of the lake. In the 1870s it was deep; after a phreatic eruption nearby in 1880, the lake disappeared and formed a fountain of hot water and steam. Another phreatic eruption lowered the lake level by some 33 feet (10 m) from December 2004 to April 2005; later

2907-575: Was "a trophy of multum in parvo " by exhibiting so compactly such a wide range of resources from the island. One of Nicholls' first papers after arrival in Dominica was on "Extraction of Foreign Bodies from the Ear" in which he differed from a previous correspondent, Mr Walter Rivington (surgeon in charge of the aural department at the London Hospital), on the best approach to adopt, and taking Rivington to task for relying only on syringing. In 1877 Nicholls

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2964-616: Was appointed Medical Superintendent of the Dominica Yaws Hospital and, when Dr Imray retired, he succeeded him as Medical Officer of Public Institutions in 1880. In 1891 the Secretary of State for the Colonies appointed him as Special Commissioner to inquire into the prevalence of yaws in the West Indies. His report was published as a Blue book in 1894, and won warm praise from the then Secretary of State, Lord Knutsford : "your report

3021-530: Was celebrated at a gathering of Sir Henry & Lady Nicholls and relatives at Government House, at which Edward Carlyon Eliot , Administrator of Dominica and Nicholls' grandson by marriage, said: Sir Henry and Lady Nicholls, I feel it a great privilege to-day to convey to you, in the presence of your family and old friends, the King's gracious pleasure in conferring on you, Sir, the Honour of Knighthood [...] We deplore, Sir,

3078-475: Was equal to the task. The Pool of Bethesda is of particular medical interest, as it depicts a scene in which Christ cures the sick: display material on the first floor speculates in modern medical terms about the ailments from which Christ's patients in the painting are suffering. The canvases are to be restored in 2023, with a grant from the National Lottery Heritage Fund . The room to which

3135-569: Was in business there with his second son, Walter James. Nicholls attended the Whitechapel Foundation School . He entered St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College on 25 October 1869 from where, in 1870, he was awarded, in the examination of practical anatomy at St Bartholomew's Hospital , a certificate, examiner's prize, and the Proctorship . The following year he delivered a lecture at school on "The digestive system", concluding

3192-421: Was invited by Nicholls to visit his home, where he saw the very successful cultivation of lime trees: I do not know the exact extent of the property which was under cultivation; perhaps it was twenty-five or thirty acres. The chief part of it was planted with lime trees, the limes which I saw growing being as large as moderate-sized lemons; most of the rest was covered with Liberian coffee, which does not object to

3249-517: Was particularly interested in expanding the cultivation of coffee in Dominica . In his paper on the subject he began by noting that "Liberian coffee was introduced into the West Indies from the Royal Gardens at Kew in the year 1874, when a few plants were sent by Sir Joseph Hooker to the Botanic Gardens at Jamaica and Trinidad , and to the late Dr Imray of Dominica." He goes on to describe

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