88-498: The National Democratic Front of Boroland ( NDFB ) was an armed separatist outfit which sought to obtain a sovereign Boroland for the Bodo people . It is designated as a terrorist organisation by the Government of India. NDFB traces its origin to Bodo Security Force, a militant group formed in 1986. The current name was adopted in 1994, after the group rejected Bodo Accord signed between
176-778: A proposed state in Northeast India . It is made up of five districts on the north bank of the Brahmaputra River below the foothills of Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh . It is administered by an elected body known as the Bodoland Territorial Council which came into existence under the terms of a peace agreement signed in February 2003 and its autonomy was further extended by an agreement signed in January 2020. The region covers an area of over nine thousand square kilometres and
264-465: A cabinet of 14 executive members each looking after a specific area of control. The Bodoland region is made up of five districts which are further subdivided into 10 Civil Subdivisions and 40 Development Blocks. The area and population of these districts has been estimated as follows: Under the terms of a peace agreement signed in January 2020, new districts will be created with the existing four districts reorganised into seven districts. The area of
352-489: A people." William Schabas states "ethnic cleansing is also a warning sign of genocide to come. Genocide is the last resort of the frustrated ethnic cleanser." Multiple genocide scholars have criticized distinguishing between ethnic cleansing and genocide , with Martin Shaw arguing that forced deportation necessarily results in the destruction of a group and this must be foreseen by the perpetrators. The resettlement policy of
440-551: A policy they called "territorial cleansing" to "drain" the Chouf of Maronite Christians in order to deny them of resisting the advance of the PSP. As a result, 163,670 Christian villagers were displaced due to these operations. In response to these massacres, the Lebanese Forces conducted a similar policy, which resulted in 20,000 Druze displaced. Ethnic cleansing was a common phenomenon in
528-584: A slight majority. Bodoland will also have the right to autonomously be represented at national level sports and cultural events such as the National Games of India and the Khelo India Youth Games . The agreement also makes the Bodo language with Devnagri script an associate official language of Assam. The region is administered by an elected body known as the Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC) which
616-1036: Is 3.2 million out which the ST population is around 38% of which only 3% of the total population live in urban areas. The average density of the population in BTC is 326 per Sq.K.m. compared to 340 per Sq.K.m. of Assam. Amongst the ST/SC population Bodos, and others Indigenous tribes like Rabha, Sarania-Kachari, Modahi-Kachari and less quantity of Assamese speaking SC caste Kaibarta, Hira, Bania are inhabiting in this area. The other ethnic groups like Kamatapuri speaking Koch-Rajbanshi, Nath-Jogi, Kalita, Sutradhar are inhabiting in large part of BTC. Adivasi communities including Santhal , Oraon etc. are also available in sizeable numbers. Moreover, other general communities like ethnic Assamese Muslim like Garia, Maria and Deshi(Uzani) and large number of Bengali speaking Miya Muslim and Bengali Hindu people, Gorkha and few numbers of Hindi speaking people are also found in
704-410: Is a forest-grown entirely by local JFMC of 35 members with the help of Forest department of Assam. Spread across more than 6 km , the forest contains more than 1.4 million plus trees of over 35 varieties. A number of animals, birds and reptiles can also be spotted in the area. Visitors can trek through the trail in the forest and stay the night in their guest house. Baukungri hill trekking
792-458: Is a more appropriate term. Circassian genocide, also known as " Tsitsekun ", is often regarded by various historians as the first large-scale ethnic cleansing campaign launched by a state during the 19th century industrial era . Imperial Russian general Nikolay Yevdakimov , who supervised the operations of Circassian genocide during 1860s, dehumanised Muslim Circassians as "a pestilence" to be expelled from their native lands. Russian objective
880-581: Is an adventurous event held annually in Kokrajhar , Bodoland Territorial Council . It is organised every year on first day of the year according to the Bodo calendar which falls in mid April. Religions in Bodoland (2011) Bodos constitute the largest Tribal group in the region numbering around 1.2 million (31.5%) followed by Bangla-speaking Miya people , who form the largest minority group as per 2011 Census. The population of BTC area as per 2011 Census report
968-452: Is considered by some authors to be one of the first episodes of state-sponsored ethnic cleansing in the modern western world. Raphael Lemkin , who coined the term "genocide", considered the displacement of Native Americans by American settlers as a historical example of genocide. Others, like historian Gary Anderson, contend that genocide does not accurately characterize any aspect of American history, suggesting instead that ethnic cleansing
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#17330846545321056-472: Is dissolved and a new national council was formed to fight for the liberation of sovereign, independent Boroland. The NDFB signed a peace treaty with the government in 2020 and disbanded itself. The main grievances of the group are the under-development in the region and the influx of immigrants. It aims to address these issues by seceding from India, and establishing a sovereign Boroland . The NDFB constitution, adopted on 10 March 1998, lists its objectives as
1144-576: Is in the Northwestern part of Assam. Kokrajhar town the Administrative Head Quarter lies roughly between 26° 25' N latitude and 90° 16' 38'' E Longitude. Its strategic location is blessed with beautiful forests full of flora and fauna. The economy is largely agricultural based and is lagging behind in urbanization and development. The region is industrially backward with most of its population depending on agriculture for livelihood. Most of
1232-401: Is intended to displace a persecuted population from a given territory, while genocide is intended to destroy a group. Some academics consider genocide to be a subset of "murderous ethnic cleansing". Norman Naimark writes that these concepts are different but related, for "literally and figuratively, ethnic cleansing bleeds into genocide, as mass murder is committed in order to rid the land of
1320-818: Is no international treaty that specifies a specific crime of ethnic cleansing; however, ethnic cleansing in the broad sense—the forcible deportation of a population—is defined as a crime against humanity under the statutes of both the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY). The gross human rights violations integral to stricter definitions of ethnic cleansing are treated as separate crimes falling under public international law of crimes against humanity and in certain circumstances genocide . There are also situations, such as
1408-562: Is not only a significant National Park of India but also an important migratory corridor for the elephant population of the entire Indo-Bhutan region. Manas is also included in the much ambitious plan nomenclature as Indian Rhino Vision −2020 (IRV-2020) since 2006, with the support of Govt. of Assam in collaboration with Wildlife Trust of India, (WTI) , Bodoland Territorial Council, WWF-India, International Rhino Foundation , and US Fish and Wildlife Service. Situated in Udalguri 's Bhairabkunda , it
1496-596: Is predominantly inhabited by the Bodo people and other indigenous communities of Assam. The Plains Tribes Council of Assam had demanded, since its inception in 1967, for a separate union territory for the Boro and other plain tribes to be called Udayachal . With the failure of PTCA, the All Bodo Students' Union launched the Bodo Movement in 1987 with the demand for a separate state to be called Bodoland , ending with
1584-462: Is strongly related to the creation of democracies. He argues that murderous ethnic cleansing is due to the rise of nationalism , which associates citizenship with a specific ethnic group . Democracy, therefore, is tied to ethnic and national forms of exclusion. Nevertheless, it is not democratic states that are more prone to commit ethnic cleansing, because minorities tend to have constitutional guarantees. Neither are stable authoritarian regimes (except
1672-418: Is the systematic forced removal of ethnic , racial , or religious groups from a given area, with the intent of making the society ethnically homogeneous . Along with direct removal such as deportation or population transfer , it also includes indirect methods aimed at forced migration by coercing the victim group to flee and preventing its return, such as murder, rape, and property destruction. Both
1760-639: Is usually directed by states or other authoritative powers, perpetrators are usually state powers or institutions with some coherence and capacity, not failed states as it is generally perceived. The perpetrator powers tend to get support by core constituencies that favour combinations of nationalism , statism , and violence. Ethnic cleansing was prevalent during the Age of Nationalism in Europe (19th and 20th centuries). Multi-ethnic European engaged in ethnic cleansing against minorities in order to pre-empt their secession and
1848-416: Is virtually indistinguishable from forced emigration and population exchange while at the other it merges with deportation and genocide. At the most general level, however, ethnic cleansing can be understood as the expulsion of a population from a given territory." Terry Martin has defined ethnic cleansing as "the forcible removal of an ethnically defined population from a given territory" and as "occupying
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#17330846545321936-677: The 1982 Lebanon War such as the Sabra and Shatila Massacre committed by Lebanese Maronite forces backed by Israel against Palestinian refugees and Lebanese Shia civilians. After the Israeli withdrawal from the Chouf, the Mountain War broke out, where ethnic cleansings (mostly in the form of tit-for-tat killings) occurred. During that time, the Syrian backed, mostly Druze dominated People's Liberation Army used
2024-588: The Bhutan -Assam border. After suffering major reverses during Royal Bhutan Army 's Operation All Clear , NDFB signed a ceasefire with the Indian authorities in May 2005. This was followed by a split in the group: NDFB (P), the progressive faction supported peace talks with the government, while the faction led by Nabla opposed the talks. In 2012, following the arrest of their chairman, NDFB of Nabla faction split further, leading to
2112-663: The Bhutan -Assam border. During 2003–2004, the Royal Bhutan Army destroyed these camps as part of its Operation All Clear . NDFB chief Ranjan Daimary was offered amnesty by the Assam Chief Minister Tarun Gogoi in December 2003, but rejected the offer. On 8 October 2004, the NDFB announced a six-month-long unilateral ceasefire , that came into effect on 15 October. However, the Government continued its operations against
2200-570: The Garo Hills region of Meghalaya . It has used the neighbouring Bhutan as a refuge, crossing the border in the Manas National Park area. In December 2003, the Royal Bhutan Army initiated a crackdown on the group's activities in Bhutan. Between 1992 and 2001, the violence involving NDFB resulted in the deaths of 167 security forces personnel and over 1200 civilians: The attacks attributed to
2288-728: The Goalpara region (which was outside the Ahom kingdom) were under Bhutan's control, but the administration of the Duars to east were shared between Bhutan or Tibet and the Ahom kingdom under different mechanisms. The Duars in the Kamrup region followed the posa system in which the Bhutanese were given possession of the duars in lieu of an annual payment; and those in the Darrang region were alternately controlled by
2376-602: The Government of India that a separate state (within the Indian Union) be created comprising the seven districts of Kokrajhar , Chirang , Baksa , Udalguri , Sonitpur , Lakhimpur and Dhemaji of Assam which have a significant Bodo population. On the other hand, it is also claimed as a sovereign state (complete independence from India) by the separatist insurgent group NDFB . Following an agreement in 1993, Bodoland became an autonomous administrative unit constituted under
2464-550: The Kosovo Serbs in the 1980s, and entered widespread use during the Yugoslav Wars in the 1990s. Since then, the term has gained widespread acceptance due to journalism. Although research originally focused on deep-rooted animosities as an explanation for ethnic cleansing events, more recent studies depict ethnic cleansing as "a natural extension of the homogenizing tendencies of nation states " or emphasize security concerns and
2552-479: The North Eastern Region of India , where one of the main students organization, All Bodo Students Union (ABSU), allied with National Democratic Front of Boroland – Progressive (NDFB-P) , National Democratic Front of Boroland – D.R. Nabla faction , People's Joint Action Committee for Boroland Movement (PJACBM) which is an amalgamation of over three dozen Bodo organisations and its supporters are demanding from
2640-680: The Sixth Schedule area of the Constitution of India covering an area of 8,795 km administered by the Bodoland Autonomous Council. Following a further peace agreement, the Bodoland Territorial Council was formed in 2003, with a mission to accomplish development in the area of economic, education, preservation of land right, linguistic aspiration, socio-culture and ethnic identity of Bodos and above all to speed up
2728-409: The expulsion of Germans after World War II , where ethnic cleansing has taken place without legal redress (see Preussische Treuhand v. Poland ). Timothy v. Waters argues that similar ethnic cleansing could go unpunished in the future. Mutual ethnic cleansing occurs when two groups commit ethnic cleansing against minority members of the other group within their own territories. For instance in
National Democratic Front of Boroland - Misplaced Pages Continue
2816-503: The genocidal massacres they committed against Bosniaks and Croats between 1941 and 1945. The Russian phrase очистка границ ( ochistka granits ; lit. "cleansing of borders") was used in Soviet documents of the early 1930s to refer to the forced resettlement of Polish people from the 22-kilometre (14 mi) border zone in the Byelorussian and Ukrainian SSRs . This process of
2904-596: The population transfer in the Soviet Union was repeated on an even larger scale in 1939–1941, involving many other groups suspected of disloyalty. In its complete form, the term appeared for the first time in the Romanian language ( purificare etnică ) in an address by Vice Prime Minister Mihai Antonescu to cabinet members in July 1941. After the beginning of the invasion by the Soviet Union , he concluded: "I do not know when
2992-650: The 1920s, Turkey expelled its Greek minority and Greece expelled its Turkish minority following the Greco-Turkish War . Other examples where mutual ethnic cleansing occurred include the First Nagorno-Karabakh War and the population transfers by the Soviets of Germans, Poles, and Ukrainians after World War II . According to Michael Mann , in The Dark Side of Democracy (2004), murderous ethnic cleansing
3080-456: The 1996 Assam Legislative Assembly elections led to the formation of Adivasi Cobra Force , a rival militant group. After 1996, NDFB was also involved in conflicts with the militant group Bodo Liberation Tigers Force (which surrendered in 2003). Since 2000, NDFB has increasingly targeted Bangladeshi migrants in what it claims to be the Boro territory. During the 1990s, NDFB established 12 camps on
3168-649: The 7th Assam Police Battalion headquarters at Choraikhola in Kokrajahar district, and decamped with 160 self-loading rifles (SLR) and 5 light machine guns (LMG). The Bodoland movement was mainly led by the political organisations All Bodo Students Union (ABSU) and Bodo Peoples' Action Committee (BPAC). In 1993, these two groups signed the Bodo Accord with Indian government, agreeing to the formation of Bodoland Autonomous Council within Assam. BdSF opposed this Accord. Shortly after
3256-789: The Accord, the Assam State Government refused to hand over 2,750 villages to the proposed Council, arguing that Bodos formed less than 50% of the population in these villages. Following this, the BdSF was renamed to National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB) on 25 November 1994. The NDFB then launched an ethnic cleansing campaign, attacking non-Bodo communities in these villages. During the 1996 Assam Legislative Assembly elections, it killed hundreds of Santhal , Munda and Oraon adivasis (tribals), whose ancestors had been brought to Assam as tea labourers during British Raj (1858 - 1947). In response,
3344-548: The Ahoms. Eventually these clashes came to an end with a written agreement. Duars between Sankosh river and Manas River were collectively known as the Eastern Duars , those between Manas River and Barnadi River were collectively known as Kamrup Duars , and those between Barnadi River and Dhansiri River were collectively known as Darrang Duars . The duars to the west of Goalpara were called Western Duars . The Duars in
3432-505: The Bhutanese and the Ahoms in an annual cycle. The Bhutanese control over these regions were via local authorities, not ethnic Bhutanese, who were appointed by Bhutanese provincial governors called Ponlops After the British took control of Ahom kingdom in 1826, they maintained the Ahom-Bhutan arrangement for a while but the payments made in kind and the shared administration were something
3520-472: The Bodo Accord of 1993 with the formation of Bodoland Autonomous Council. Bodoland is named after Bodo , an alternative spelling of the Boro people who live primarily in the Dooars regions of Goalpara and Kamrup districts. Originally a part of Bhutan , this region came under the control of Koch king Vishwa Singha in the early 16th century. Around 1562, the successor king Nara Narayan determined that
3608-546: The Bodo Security Force was formed in 1986. It was renamed as NDFB in 1994. Our fight has finally come to an end after 34 years of armed struggle within and outside the country... from Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Bhutan. We believe that the NDFB movement has been a successful one and so we are disbanding the group. " Bodoland The Bodoland Territorial Region ( BTR ) is an autonomous division in Assam , India , and
National Democratic Front of Boroland - Misplaced Pages Continue
3696-547: The Council area. The Bodos have a distinct culture from the rest of the world, ranging from dance and music to festivals and attires. Football is popular in the region with clubs like Bodoland FC , competing in Durand Cup ; and United Chirang Duar FC playing in the fourth tier of Indian football, I-League 3 . Many clubs from the region also participate in the state football league. Ethnic cleansing Ethnic cleansing
3784-401: The Government of India and ABSU- BPAC . The group has carried out several attacks in Assam , targeting non-Bodo civilians as well as the security forces. In particular, it has targeted Santhal , Munda and Oraon adivasis (tribals), whose ancestors had been brought to Assam as tea labourers during British Raj . Its involvement in attacks on Adivasis during Bodo-Adivasi ethnic clash during
3872-648: The Governor of Assam from the unrepresented Communities. Thus there are altogether 46 members of the council, representing all communities of BTC Area known as Member of Council Legislative Assembly (MCLA). A new peace agreement was signed on 27 January 2020 between the Government of India and the Government of Assam on one side and the National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB), the All Bodo Students’ Union and United Bodo People's Organisation on
3960-615: The Meches and Koches peoples north of the newly constructed Gohain Kamal Ali could follow their indigenous customs whereas peoples to its south had to follow Hindu Brahmanical rites. After the split of the Koch kingdom and subsequent collapse of the eastern Koch Hajo due to the Mughals and during the period of Ahom-Mughal conflicts in early 17th century the Bhutan kingdom pushed south and took control of
4048-610: The NDFB have attacked Adivasi many times. The Assam Government has accused it of launching an ethnic cleansing campaign against the Oriya Adivasis and Bengali Muslim settlers in the region. The group primarily operates in the region to the north and north-west of the Brahmaputra river . It is active in the Bongaigoan , Kokrajhar , Darrang , Barpeta , Barpeta , Nalbari and Sonitpur districts of Assam . It has also been active in
4136-562: The NDFB include (SATP). Some incident don't have evidence but NDFB is believed to be involved. NDFB disbanded itself at two locations in accordance with a clause in Memorandum of Settlement (MoS) signed by the four factions and the other stakeholders with the Indian Government on 27 January 2020. While disbanding, the NDFB (P) leader Gobinda Basumatry said " To find a solution to political, economic, social and cultural issues of Bodo people,
4224-724: The Neo-Assyrian Empire in the 9th and 7th centuries BC is considered by some scholars to be one of the first cases of ethnic cleansing. During the 1980s, in Lebanon , ethnic cleansing was common during all phases of the conflict, notable incidents were seen in the early phase of the war, such as the Damour massacre , the Karantina massacre , the Siege of the Tel al-Zaatar Palestinian refugee camp , and during
4312-494: The Romanians will have such chance for ethnic cleansing." In the 1980s, the Soviets used the term "etnicheskoye chishcheniye" which literally translates to "ethnic cleansing" to describe Azerbaijani efforts to drive Armenians away from Nagorno-Karabakh . It was widely popularized by the Western media during the Bosnian War (1992–1995). In 1992, the German equivalent of ethnic cleansing ( German : ethnische Säuberung , pronounced [ˈʔɛtnɪʃə ˈzɔɪ̯bəʁʊŋ] )
4400-433: The Serbs; and Herzeg-Bosnia by the Croats). Survivors of the ethnic cleansing were left severely traumatized as a consequence of this campaign. Israeli herders have engaged in a systemic displacement of Palestinian herders in Area C of the West Bank as a form of nationalist and economic warfare. When enforced as part of a political settlement, as happened with the expulsion of Germans after World War II through
4488-416: The actions of all participants in the Balkan Wars contained various new terms to describe brutalities committed toward ethnic groups. During the Holocaust in World War II , Nazi Germany pursued a policy of ensuring that Europe was "cleaned of Jews" ( judenrein ). The Nazi Generalplan Ost called for the genocide and ethnic cleansing of most Slavic people in central and eastern Europe for
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#17330846545324576-432: The boundary of the region will be adjusted to include contiguous Bodo inhabited areas from neighbouring districts and exclude the non-Bodo inhabited territories which are currently under the jurisdiction of the BTC. On 26 January 2023, Assam Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma have decided to include 60 more villages which have at least 80% Bodo population in the Bodoland Territorial Region, in order to make Bodo-speakers
4664-427: The central part of a continuum between genocide on one end and nonviolent pressured ethnic emigration on the other end." Gregory Stanton , the founder of Genocide Watch , has criticised the rise of the term and its use for events that he feels should be called "genocide": because "ethnic cleansing" has no legal definition, its media use can detract attention from events that should be prosecuted as genocide. There
4752-424: The colonial administration was unwilling to maintain and annexed the Kamrup and Darrang Duars in 1841 and the Kariapar Duar in 1844; and following the Duar War in 1865 took complete possession of the Duars and removed Bhutanese interest from the Goalpara and Western Duars for good. The duars associated with the historical regions of Goalpara , Kamrup , and Darrang were then added to these districts. Along with
4840-467: The creation of Bodo-majority Bodoland . While majority of the Bodos envisaged Bodoland as an autonomous territory or state within India, a small section demanded complete sovereignty. NDFB was formed by secessionist Bodos on 3 October 1986 as the Bodo Security Force (BdSF), under the leadership of Ranjan Daimary , in Odla Khasibari village (near Udalguri ). BdSF carried out several violent attacks against non-Bodo civilians. On 12 December 1992, it attacked
4928-421: The definition and charge of ethnic cleansing is often disputed, with some researchers including and others excluding coercive assimilation or mass killings as a means of depopulating an area of a particular group. Although scholars do not agree on which events constitute ethnic cleansing, many instances have occurred throughout history. The term was first used to describe Albanian nationalist treatment of
5016-611: The dense jungle and grassland at the confluence of Indian, Ethiopian and Indo Chinese realms enhances it as one of the richest region of wild animals. The Park harbours 60 species of mammals of which 23 has been listed in Schedule 1 under the Indian Wildlife Protection Act 1972 . The Park also has a recorded count of 36 species of reptiles and 476 species of birds. The Park is home for Elephant , Rhino , Tiger , Gaur , Wild Buffalo , Deer , Wild Hogs , and many other Reptiles, Birds and Insects including some highly endangered species like Pygmy Hog , Golden Langur & Bengal Florican . It
5104-419: The effects of democratization , portraying ethnic tensions as a contributing factor. Research has also focused on the role of war as a causative or potentiating factor in ethnic cleansing. However, states in a similar strategic situation can have widely varying policies towards minority ethnic groups perceived as a security threat. Ethnic cleansing has no legal definition under international criminal law , but
5192-456: The ex-BLTF (Bodo Liberation Tiger Force). On 5 June 2006, two former BLTF cadres were killed by NDFB militants in the Karbi Anglong district , and one former member of the disbanded group was lynched by suspected NDFB militants in Golaghat district on 3 June 2007. In 2008, the group split into two after Ranjan Daimary's name appeared in the 2008 Assam bombings case. NDFB (P), the pro-talks factions led by B Sungthagra supported peace talks with
5280-446: The faction led by Ranjan Daimary who rejected it was then known as the Anti-Talks Faction, which further split into two factions. NDFB have a sizeable number of sophisticated weapons including AK-series rifles. Since they have camps in Myanmar across Arunachal Pradesh, they have easy access to the latest weapons. NDFB has carried out bombings, kidnappings and murders in Assam. Due to armed conflict between NDFB and Adivasi Cobra Force ,
5368-404: The following: The promotion of the Roman script for the Bodo language is also a significant objective of NDFB and are against the use of Devanagari script for the language. The Bodos are an ethno-linguistic community native to the Brahmaputra Valley in Assam state of India. In the mid-1980s, Bodo politicians, alleging discrimination against Bodos in Assam, intensified their campaign for
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#17330846545325456-525: The forced resettlement of ethnic Germans to Germany in its reduced borders after 1945, the forced population movements, constituting a type of ethnic cleansing, may contribute to long-term stability of a post-conflict nation. Some justifications may be made as to why the targeted group will be moved in the conflict resolution stages, as in the case of the ethnic Germans, some individuals of the large German population in Czechoslovakia and prewar Poland had encouraged Nazi jingoism before World War II, but this
5544-441: The formation of another new faction, which was led by a non-Bodo I. K. Songbijit as an interim president of the interim council. This faction continued to indulge in militancy, and has been blamed by the government for May and December 2014 attacks. The general assembly of the outfit held on 14 and 15 April 2015 vowed to revamp their national struggle and declared that the former interim national council of NDFB led by Songbijit
5632-574: The former Yugoslavia ] " 'ethnic cleansing' has been carried out by means of murder, torture, arbitrary arrest and detention , extra-judicial executions, rape and sexual assaults, confinement of civilian population in ghetto areas, forcible removal, displacement and deportation of civilian population, deliberate military attacks or threats of attacks on civilians and civilian areas, and wanton destruction of property. Those practices constitute crimes against humanity and can be assimilated to specific war crimes . Furthermore, such acts could also fall within
5720-405: The general secretary of the outfit that they must amend their proposition instead of negotiation at table or in other words they were forced to revise it, amend it and write a new memorandum. There would have been no talks and extension of ceasefire unless the proposition was revised and amended which was submitted by the faction now known as National Democratic Front of Boroland - Progressive and
5808-405: The governments. NDFB (R), led by Daimary, refused to give up militancy. In December 2008, the NDFB (P) indicated its plans to indirectly or directly participate the Lok Sabha elections. In 2012, I. K. Songbijit, the chief of the NDFB (R) faction's "Boroland Army", announced the formation of a nine-member "interim national council", resulting in a split. NDFB (S), the faction led by Songbijit, is now
5896-414: The group. On 15 April 2005, NDFB extended the ceasefire. The Government released its general secretary Govinda Basumatary to open a channel of communication with the organisation's Bangladesh -based leadership. This resulted in a ceasefire agreement between NDFB and the Government on 25 May 2005. The agreement stated that the NDFB agree to cease hostile action against security forces and civilians. In return,
5984-452: The industries like oil, gas and major industries of the state are located in upper Assam . Tourism in the region is regulated by the department of Bodoland Tourism. Manas National Park is the major tourist attraction of the region. It also has many wildlife sanctuaries, reserve forests, site seeings, picnic spots, and events. Manas, the nature's abode is at the foothills of Bhutan with its unique biodiversity and landscape. The blending of
6072-460: The infrastructure development of communities in the Bodoland area. The actual functioning of the council was started on 7 December 2003 by constituting the 12 members of the Council provisionally. After the Council Election on 13 May 2005 and subsequent bye-election in November 2005, the 40-member Legislative Council has been formed to look after the development works in the Bodoland Territorial Area Districts. The remaining six members are nominated by
6160-412: The loss of territory. Ethnic cleansing was particularly prevalent during periods of interstate war. Ethnic cleansing has been described as part of a continuum of violence whose most extreme form is genocide . Ethnic cleansing is similar to forced deportation or population transfer . While ethnic cleansing and genocide may share the same goal and methods (e.g., forced displacement ), ethnic cleansing
6248-438: The meaning of the Genocide Convention . The official United Nations definition of ethnic cleansing is "rendering an area ethnically homogeneous by using force or intimidation to remove from a given area persons of another ethnic or religious group." As a category, ethnic cleansing encompasses a continuum or spectrum of policies. In the words of Andrew Bell-Fialkoff , "ethnic cleansing ... defies easy definition. At one end it
6336-650: The methods by which it is carried out are considered crimes against humanity and may also fall under the Genocide Convention . An antecedent to the term is the Greek word andrapodismos ( ἀνδραποδισμός ; lit. "enslavement"), which was used in ancient texts. e.g., to describe atrocities that accompanied Alexander the Great 's conquest of Thebes in 335 BCE . The expulsion of the Moriscos from Spain between 1609 and 1614
6424-546: The most dreaded faction. Amit Shah signed a historic peace treaty with factions on NDFB in February 2020. After the Operation All Clear in 2003 the then united NDFB decided to go for ceasefire and talk to resolve the political issue in 2004. The proposal was submitted in 2008 and there was a meeting of the joint military council in Manipur. The secretary in the ministry of development of north east region, Naveen Verma, told
6512-435: The nazi and communist regimes) which are likely perpetrators of murderous ethnic cleansing, but those regimes that are in process of democratization. Ethnic hostility appears where ethnicity overshadows social classes as the primordial system of social stratification. Usually, in deeply divided societies, categories such as class and ethnicity are deeply intertwined, and when an ethnic group is seen as oppressor or exploitative of
6600-404: The other parts of Northeast India , regional aspiration in the region reached a turning point in the 1980s. The isolation of the region, its complex social character, and its backwardness compared to other parts of the country have all resulted in the complicated set of demands ranging from demand for autonomy and opposition to migrants to movements for secession. The region is also the gateway to
6688-426: The other, serious ethnic conflict can develop. Michael Mann holds that when two ethnic groups claim sovereignty over the same territory and can feel threatened, their differences can lead to severe grievances and danger of ethnic cleansing. The perpetration of murderous ethnic cleansing tends to occur in unstable geopolitical environments and in contexts of war. As ethnic cleansing requires high levels of organisation and
6776-560: The other. Under the terms of this agreement, a Bodoland Territorial Region was formed with enhanced executive and legislative powers. The Bodoland Territorial Council will have competency over almost all areas defined by the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India and its membership will be increased to 60. The boundary of BTR will be redrawn to make Boro speakers majority within the region. This will be done by forming new districts and
6864-667: The purpose of providing more living space for the Germans. During the Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia , the euphemism čišćenje terena ("cleansing the terrain") was used by the Croatian Ustaše to describe military actions in which non-Croats were purposely systematically killed or otherwise uprooted from their homes. The term was also used in the December 20, 1941 directive of Serbian Chetniks in reference to
6952-624: The region down to the Gohain Kamal Ali. Following the Battle of Itakhuli in 1681 the Ahom kingdom consolidated their rule up to the Manas river in the west and the region north of the Gohain Kamal Ali, divided into different Duars , fell into its possession. The Ahoms soon faced trouble from the Bhutanese, in the form of incursions, raids, and violent opposition, beginning about 1688, to tax collection by
7040-551: The region will be enlarged and will also include two new districts created from areas currently outside the region. The total number of districts within the Bodoland region will therefore be nine. In January 2022, Tamulpur district was created by separating the Tamulpur sub-division from Baksa district . The geographical boundary of the BTR lies between 26° 7'12'' N to 26° 47' 50'' N Latitude and 89° 47' 40'' E to 92° 18' 30'' E Longitude and
7128-529: The security forces would not carry out operations against the group's members. The agreement also stipulated that NDFB members would disarm and live in camps protected by the military for a year, and would refrain from assisting other militant groups. The pact came into force on 1 June 2005. However, certain factions of NDFB continued militancy. In May 2006, five members of the security forces were abducted and killed by suspected NDFB members in Assam's Udalguri district . The group also continued to clash with cadres of
7216-540: The tribals formed Adivasi Cobra Force , their own militant group. In the mid-1990s, NDFB also faced a rival within the Bodo community, in form of Bodo Liberation Tigers Force (BLTF). The BLTF had evolved from an older militant group called the Bodo Volunteer Force. It considered NDFB's secessionist agenda unrealistic and unattainable, and focused on establishment of an autonomous Bodo territory within India. After 1996,
7304-447: The two groups clashed violently for supremacy. BLTF allied with Bengali Tiger Force to protect Bengalis from NDFB attacks, and also supported Indian security forces against NDFB. The conflicts between Christian-dominated NDFB and Hindu-dominated BLTF polarised the Bodoland movement along religious lines. In 2003, BLTF surrendered en masse in return for the establishment of the Bodoland Territorial Council . NDFB had established 12 camps on
7392-703: The wars in Croatia, Kosovo, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. This entailed intimidation, forced expulsion , or killing of the unwanted ethnic group as well as the destruction of the places of worship, cemeteries and cultural and historical buildings of that ethnic group in order to alter the population composition of an area in the favour of another ethnic group which would become the majority. According to numerous ICTY verdicts and indictments, Serb and Croat forces performed ethnic cleansing of their territories planned by their political leadership to create ethnically pure states ( Republika Srpska and Republic of Serbian Krajina by
7480-658: Was established according to the Memorandum of Settlement of 10 February 2003. BTC came into existence immediately after the surrender of Bodo Liberation Tigers Force (BLTF). The BLTF laid down their weapons on 6 December 2003 under the leadership of Hagrama Mohilary and Shri Hagrama Mohilary was sworn in as the Chief Executive Member (CEM) on 7 December 2003. The BTC has 46 members (30 seats reserved for scheduled Tribes, 5 seats for non-scheduled tribes and 5 open seats) and 6 seats of which are nominated by Governor of Assam from unrepresented communities. The council appoints
7568-401: Was forcibly resolved. According to historian Norman Naimark , during an ethnic cleansing process, there may be destruction of physical symbols of the victims including temples , books, monuments, graveyards, and street names: "Ethnic cleansing involves not only the forced deportation of entire nations but the eradication of the memory of their presence." In many cases, the side perpetrating
7656-639: Was named German Un-word of the Year by the Gesellschaft für deutsche Sprache due to its euphemistic, inappropriate nature. The Final Report of the Commission of Experts established pursuant to Security Council Resolution 780 defined ethnic cleansing as: a purposeful policy designed by one ethnic or religious group to remove by violent and terror-inspiring means the civilian population of another ethnic or religious group from certain geographic areas", [noting that in
7744-602: Was the annexation of land; and the Russian military operations that forcibly deported Circassians were designated by Yevdakimov as “ ochishchenie ” (cleansing). In the early 1900s, regional variants of the term could be found among the Czechs ( očista ), the Poles ( czystki etniczne ), the French ( épuration ) and the Germans ( Säuberung ). A 1913 Carnegie Endowment report condemning
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