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54-475: Bob Minor may refer to: Plain bob minor, a course of bell change ringing; see Change ringing#Plain Bob Robert Lee Minor (born 1944), American stunt performer Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Bob Minor . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

108-422: A "composition" which they have to commit to memory. This enables the other ringers to produce large numbers of unique changes without memorising huge quantities of data, without any written prompts. Ringers can also ring different methods, with different "works" on different numbers of bells - so there is a huge variety of ways of ringing changes in method ringing. For some people, the ultimate goal of this system

162-411: A conductor would use to call them: Thus it can be seen how these ways of calling differ: In all cases, the ringer of the bell immediately above (behind) the swapping pair must also be alert, as that bell follows a new bell after the swap. Rarer forms of change calling may name just one of the moving bells, call the moving bell by position rather than number, or call out the full change. The example on

216-453: A half hours. (When in 1963 ringers in Loughborough became the only band in history to achieve this feat on tower bells, it took them just under 18 hours. ) An extent on 12 bells would take over thirty years. Since extents are obviously not always practicable, ringers more often undertake shorter performances. Such ringing starts and ends with rounds, having meanwhile visited only a subset of

270-560: A hybrid of these two methods, known as body ringing : ringers standing in a line each hold one bell, exchanging places in the line so that the changes sound correctly when the bells are rung in sequence from right to left. Change ringing as we know it today emerged in England in the 17th century. To that era we can trace the origins of the earliest ringing societies, such as the Lincoln Cathedral Guild , which claims to date to 1612 or

324-411: A larger arc approaching a full circle, control of the strike interval can be exercised by the ringer. This culminated in the technique of full circle ringing, which enabled ringers to independently change the speeds of their individual bells accurately to combine in ringing different mathematical permutations, known as "changes". Speed control of a tower bell is exerted by the ringer only when each bell

378-411: A popular and commonplace sound, often issuing from a church tower before or after a service or wedding. While on these everyday occasions the ringers must usually content themselves with shorter "touches", each lasting a few minutes, for special occasions they often attempt a quarter-peal or peal, lasting approximately 45 minutes or three hours respectively. If a peal attempt succeeds, towers sometimes mark

432-505: A staple in the design of homes and perfect to withstand the pressures of future cyclonic conditions. Cyclone homes have always been synonymous with louver windows, louver blades have been tested for ‘debris type B’ for cyclonic regions. Rear window louvers are also available as an accessory for some automobiles. They have also been used over the years in hoods, trunk lids, and other various body panels; typically hot rods , but by no means exclusive to that period. Their purpose in this regard

486-575: A technique called lapping , or cross and stretch is used. Ringers stand or sit in a straight line at a single convenient table on which the bells are placed. They pick up a bell each time they ring it, and then put it down. As the bell sequence changes, however, the ringers physically swap the bells accordingly—so the bells move up and down the table and each row is rung in strict sequence from right to left. Ringers in cross and stretch thus do not have responsibility for their own personal bell, but handle each as it comes. Some handbell change ringers practice

540-424: Is against this that the ball strikes. Beyond the ball is a flight , which controls the speed of the clapper. In very small bells this can be nearly as long as the rest of the clapper. Below the bell chamber there may be one or more sound chambers, (one of which is likely to house the clock mechanism if the church has one) and through which the rope passes before it drops into the ringing chamber or room. Typically,

594-425: Is appreciably below the centreline of the trunnion supports, giving a pendulous effect to the assembly, and this dynamic is controlled by the ringer's rope. The headstock is fitted with a wooden stay , which, in conjunction with a slider , limits maximum rotational movement to a little less than 370 degrees. To the headstock a large wooden wheel is fitted and to which a rope is attached. The rope wraps and unwraps on

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648-415: Is known as the treble , and the lowest is the tenor . For convenience, the bells are referred to by number, with the treble being number 1 and the other bells numbered by their pitch—2, 3, 4, etc.—sequentially down the scale. (This system often seems counter-intuitive to musicians, who are used to a numbering that ascends with pitch.) The bells are usually tuned to a diatonic major scale , with

702-466: Is made at the next "handstroke" (when the sally on the bell rope is pulled), after the call. In calling, the conductor usually has a strategy or plan to achieve the desired progression of rows, rather than remembering each call, and an example of these is shown in the example on eight bells. Conductors can space out the calls at will, but each row is normally struck twice at least because of the difficulty of calling continuous changes. Calls are usually of

756-567: Is mouth upwards and moving slowly near the balance point; this constraint and the intricate rope manipulation involved normally requires that each bell have its own ringer. The considerable weights of full-circle tower bells also means they cannot be easily stopped or started and the practical change of interval between successive strikes is limited. This places limitations on the rules for generating easily-rung changes; each bell must strike once in each change, but its position of striking in successive changes can only change by one place. Change ringing

810-525: Is practised worldwide, but it is by far most common on church bells in English churches, where it first developed. Change ringing is also performed on handbells , where conventionally each ringer holds two bells, and chimed on carillons and chimes of bells, though these are more commonly used to play conventional melodies. Today, some towers have as many as sixteen bells that can be rung together, though six or eight bells are more common. The highest pitch bell

864-463: Is quite popular in its own right. Many record-length peals , including the longest peal ever rung, are by handbell ringers. Normally each ringer has a bell in each hand and sit or stand in a circle (like tower ringers). The tower bell terms of handstroke and backstroke are retained, referring to an upwards and downwards ring of the bell respectively; and as in towers, the ringing proceeds in alternate rows of handstroke and backstroke. Occasionally,

918-971: Is that louvers are fixed position. Jalousies are installed within a movable adjustable mechanism which positions all jalousies into any parallel position with respect to each other. Louvers are rarely seen as primary design elements in the language of modern architecture , but rather simply a technical device. Louvers are part of the design of Demerara windows to help keep 18th and 19th century buildings cool in hot climates and block direct sunlight. Some modern louver systems serve to improve indoor daylighting . Fixed mirrored louver systems can limit glare and of redirect diffuse light. Such louvers may be integrated in between two panes of double glazing . In industrial facilities such as steel foundries and power plants , louvers are very common. They are utilized for natural ventilation and temperature control. Louvers are frequently found in bell towers , where they are utilised to let out as much sound as possible, while having

972-697: Is to ring all the permutations, to ring a tower's bells in every possible order without repeating – what is called an extent (or sometimes, formerly, a full peal ). The feasibility of this depends on how many bells are involved: if a tower has n bells, they have n ! (read factorial ) possible permutations, a number that becomes quite large as n grows. For example, while six bells have 720 permutations, eight bells have 40,320; furthermore, 10! = 3,628,800, and 12! = 479,001,600. Estimating two seconds for each change (a reasonable pace), one finds that while an extent on six bells can be accomplished in half an hour, an extent on eight bells should take nearly twenty-two and

1026-820: The Antient [ sic ] Society of Ringers of St Stephen in Bristol, which was founded in 1620 and lasted as a ringing society until the late 19th century. The recreation began to flourish in earnest in the Restoration era; an important milestone in the development of method ringing as a careful science was the 1668 publication by Richard Duckworth and Fabian Stedman of their book Tintinnalogia , which promised in its subtitle to lay down "plain and easie Rules for Ringing all sorts of Plain Changes". Stedman followed this in 1677 with another famous early guide, Campanalogia. Throughout

1080-570: The City of London by the Ancient Society of College Youths . Today over 4000 peals are rung each year. Louver A louver ( American English ) or louvre ( British English ; see spelling differences ) is a window blind or shutter with horizontal slats that are angled to admit light and air, but to keep out rain and direct sunshine. The angle of the slats may be adjustable, usually in blinds and windows, or fixed. Louvers originated in

1134-453: The Middle Ages as lantern-like constructions in wood that were fitted on top of roof holes in large kitchens to allow ventilation while keeping out rain and snow. They were originally rather crude constructions consisting merely of a barrel. Later, they evolved into more elaborate designs made of pottery, taking the shape of faces where the smoke and steam from cooking would pour out through

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1188-405: The bell chamber or belfry usually with louvred windows to enable the sound to escape. The bells are mounted within a bellframe of steel or wood. Each bell is suspended from a headstock fitted on trunnions (plain or non-friction bearings) mounted to the belfry framework so that the bell assembly can rotate. When stationary in the down position, the centre of mass of the bell and clapper

1242-468: The available permutations; but truth is still considered essential — no row can ever be repeated; to do so would make the ringing false . A peal is an extended performance; it must comprise at least 5000 changes (but 5040 on 7 bells). A performance of 1250 changes likewise makes a quarter peal ( quarter for short); a peal or a quarter tends to last about three hours or 45 minutes, respectively. Change ringing can also be performed on handbells , and

1296-409: The bell is rung up such that the clapper is resting on the lower edge of the bell when the bell is on the stay. During each swing, the clapper travels faster than the bell, eventually striking the soundbow and making the bell sound. The bell speaks roughly when horizontal as it rises, thus projecting the sound outwards. The clapper rebounds very slightly, allowing the bell to ring. At the balance point,

1350-564: The bell slightly or having the bell hung dead and using a mechanical hammer.) The simplest way to sound a ring of bells is by ringing rounds . This is a repeated sequence of bells descending from the highest to lowest note, which is from the lightest to the heaviest bell. This was the original sequence used before change ringing was developed, and change ringing always starts and ends with this sequence. Two forms of ringing changes have developed; Most ringers begin their ringing career with call change ringing; they can thus concentrate on learning

1404-406: The bells are rung up . In the down position, the bells are safe if a person touches them or pulls a rope. A bell that is up is dangerous to be near, and only expert ringers should ever contemplate entering a bell chamber or touching a rope when the bells are up. To raise a bell, the ringer pulls on the rope and starts the bell swinging. Each time the bell swings the ringer adds a little more energy to

1458-417: The bells remain unexposed to the weather. There are examples of architects who use louvers as part of the overall aesthetic effect of their buildings. The most well-known example is Finnish modernist architect Alvar Aalto who would create aesthetic effects in the facades of his buildings through the combination of different types and sizes of louvers, some fixed some moveable, and made mostly from wood (e.g.,

1512-444: The clapper passes over the top and rests against the soundbow. In change ringing where the order the bells are struck in is constantly altered, it is necessary to time the swing so that this strike occurs with precise positioning within the overall pattern. Precision of striking is important at all times. To ring quickly, the bell must not complete the full 360 degrees before swinging back in the opposite direction; while ringing slowly,

1566-419: The diagram shows the order of striking after each change. Plain hunt consists of a plain undeviating course of a bell between the first and last places in the striking order, by moving a place in the sequence at each change, but with two strikes in the first and last position to enable a turn-around as the internal bells change over. Thus each bell moves one position at each succeeding change, unless they reach

1620-553: The eyes and mouth, or into constructions that were more like modern louvers, with slats that could be opened or closed by pulling on a string. Modern louvers are often made of aluminum , metal, wood, or glass. They may be opened and closed with a metal lever, pulleys, or through motorized operators. The Australian Standard specifies requirements for the construction of buildings using louver in bushfire -prone areas in order to improve their resistance to bushfire attack from burning embers, radiant heat, flame contact and combinations of

1674-445: The first or last position, where they remain for two changes then proceed to the other end of the sequence. All of the bells are doing this at every change, without any words of command. This simple rule can be extended to any number of bells, however it repeats the sequence after twice the number of bells hunting. To enable a greater number of changes to be rung without repetition, more advanced methods were developed, many based upon

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1728-400: The form "X to (or after) Y" or "X and Y"; in which X and Y refer to two of the bells by their physical numbers in the tower ( not by their positions in the row). All cause two bells to swap. The first form is used for calling up and calling down , and the second form swaps the two bells mentioned. As an example of calling up and down, consider the following sequence of rows, and the calls

1782-479: The individual sequences, but using a variety of techniques such as: There are thousands of different methods, of which two methods on six bells are explained in detail below. In method ringing, plain hunt is the simplest form of generating changing permutations in a continuous fashion, and is a fundamental building-block of many change ringing methods. The accompanying diagram shows plain hunt on six bells. The course of two bells only are shown for clarity. Each row in

1836-424: The invention of English full-circle tower bell ringing in the early 17th century, when bell ringers found that swinging a bell through a much larger arc than that required for swing-chiming gave control over the time between successive strikes of the clapper. Ordinarily a bell will swing through a small arc only at a set speed governed by its size and shape in the nature of a simple pendulum, but by swinging through

1890-463: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob_Minor&oldid=804062573 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Change ringing#Plain Bob Change ringing originated following

1944-586: The occasion with a peal board mounted on the wall of the ringing chamber; at St Peter Mancroft in Norwich there is one documenting what is generally considered to have been the first true peal: 5040 changes of Plain Bob Triples (a method still popular today), rung 2 May 1715. There is some evidence there may have been an earlier peal (also Plain Bob Triples), rung January 7, 1690 at St Sepulchre-without-Newgate in

1998-412: The order of the bells, as distinct from method ringing , where the ringers memorise the course of bells as part of a continuous pattern. In call change ringing each different sequence of the bells, known as a "row", is specifically called out by one ringer, the "conductor", who instructs the other ringers how to change their bells' places from row to row. This command is known as a "call". The change

2052-442: The physical skills needed to handle their bells without needing to worry about "methods". There are also many towers where experienced ringers practise call change ringing as an art in its own right (and even exclusively), particularly in the English county of Devon . The technique was probably developed in the early 17th century in the early days of change ringing. Call change ringing requires one ringer to give commands to change

2106-526: The plain hunt. "Plain Bob" is one of the oldest and simplest of these, and is shown as an example above. A "plain course" of plain bob minor is shown in diagrammatic form , which has the characteristics: The red bell track shows the order of "works", which are deviations from the plain hunt. And then it repeats. Each bells starts at a different place in this cyclical order. A dodge means just that: two bells dodge round each other, thus changing their relationship to

2160-400: The right shows called changes eight bells being called using the "down" system. The sequence of calls shown gives three well-known musical rows, which are Whittingtons, Queens, and Tittums. Method ringing is the continuously changing form of change ringing, and gets its name from the use of a particular method to generate the changes. After starting in repetitive rounds, at a given command,

2214-414: The rim of the wheel as the bell rotates backwards and forwards. This is full circle ringing and quite different from fixed or limited motion bells, which chime . Within the bell the clapper is constrained to swing in the direction that the bell swings. The clapper is a rigid steel or wrought iron bar with a large ball to strike the bell. The thickest part of the mouth of bell is called the soundbow and it

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2268-526: The ringer waits with the bell held at the balance, before allowing it to swing back. To achieve this, the ringer must work with the bell's momentum, applying just the right amount of effort during the pull that the bell swings as far as required and no further. This allows two adjacent bells to reverse positions, the quicker bell passing the slower bell to establish a new pattern. Although ringing up certainly involves some physical exertion, actual ringing should rely more on practised skill than mere brute force. Even

2322-416: The ringers vary the bells' order, to produce a series of distinct sequences known as rows or changes . In this way permutation of the bells' striking order proceeds. For example 123456 can become 214365 in the next sequence. The method is committed to memory by each ringer, so that only a few commands are given by the ringer in charge (the conductor). Learning the method does not consist of memorising

2376-421: The rope back onto the other side of the wheel as it rises and the ringer can slow (or check ) the rise of the bell if required. The rope is attached to one side of the wheel so that a different amount of rope is wound on and off as it swings to and fro. The first stroke is the handstroke with a small amount of rope on the wheel. The ringer pulls on the sally and when the bell swings up it draws up more rope onto

2430-408: The rope's length is such that it falls close to or on to the floor of the ringing chamber. About 5 feet (1.5 m) from the floor, the rope has a woollen grip called the sally (usually around 4 feet (1.2 m) long) while the lower end of the rope is doubled over to form an easily held tail-end . Unattended bells are normally left hanging in the normal ("down") position, but prior to being rung,

2484-427: The ropes are pulled in a circular sequence, usually clockwise, starting with the lightest (treble) bell and descending to the heaviest (tenor). To ring the bell, the ringer first pulls the sally towards the floor, upsetting the bell's balance and swinging it on its bearings. As the bell swings downwards the rope unwinds from the wheel and the ringer adds enough pull to counteract friction and air resistance. The bell winds

2538-498: The smallest bell in a tower is much heavier than the person ringing it. The heaviest bell hung for full-circle ringing is in Liverpool Cathedral and weighs 82 long cwt 0 qr 11 lb (9,195 lb or 4,171 kg). Despite this colossal weight, it can be safely rung by one (experienced) ringer. (Whilst heavier bells exist – for example Big Ben – they are generally only chimed, either by swinging

2592-401: The system, similar to pushing a child's swing. Eventually there is enough energy for the bell to swing right up and be left over-centre just beyond the balance point with the stay resting against the slider to hold the bell in position, ready to be rung. Bellringers typically stand in a circle around the ringing chamber, each managing one rope. Bells and their attendant ropes are so mounted that

2646-408: The tenor bell being the tonic (or key) note of the scale. Some towers contain additional bells so that different subsets of the full number can be rung, still to a diatonic scale. For instance, many 12-bell towers have a flat sixth , which if rung instead of the normal number 6 bell allows 2 to 9 to be rung as light diatonic octave; other variations are also possible. The bells in a tower reside in

2700-398: The three attack forms. The revised building standard details various construction methods and materials that must be used depending on the homes level of bushfire risk. This includes changes to the window and glazing requirements for homes located in a Bushfire Attack Level category greater than BAL-Low. Often used interchangeably by mistake, the key difference between louvers and jalousies

2754-447: The treble, and giving rise to different changes. The plain bob pattern can be extended beyond the constraints of the plain course of 60 changes, to the full unique 720 changes possible (this is 6 factorial on 6 bells, which is 1×2×3×4×5×6 = 720 changes). To do this, at set points in the sequences one of the ringers, called the "conductor" calls out commands such as "bob" or "single", which introduce further variations. The conductor follows

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2808-523: The various buildings of the Helsinki University of Technology ). A second example, taking influence from Aalto, is the second-generation modernist architect Juha Leiviskä . Louvers may be used as a type of flood opening , usually covered by one or more moving flaps. They are designed to allow floodwaters to enter and leave the building, equalizing hydrostatic pressure on the walls and mitigating structural damage due to flooding. Louver windows are

2862-437: The wheel and the sally rises to, or beyond, the ceiling. The ringer keeps hold of the tail-end of the rope to control the bell. After a controlled pause with the bell, on or close to its balancing point, the ringer rings the backstroke by pulling the tail-end, causing the bell to swing back towards its starting position. As the sally rises, the ringer catches it to pause the bell at its balance position. In English-style ringing

2916-584: The years since, the group theoretical underpinnings of change ringing have been pursued by mathematicians . "Changes" can be viewed as permutations; sets of permutations constitute mathematical groups , which in turn can be depicted via so-called Cayley graphs , which in turn can be mapped onto polyhedra . Bells have been installed in towers around the world and many rings in the British Isles have been augmented to ten, twelve, fourteen, or even sixteen bells. Today change ringing is, particularly in England,

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