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35-524: Boa Vista Creole is the name given to the variant of Cape Verdean Creole spoken mainly in the Boa Vista Island of Cape Verde . It belongs to the Barlavento Creoles branch. This form of Cape Verdean Creole was spoken by 5,000 ppl. (1.13% of the national population) in 2007 and is the least spoken form of Creole in the language. Literature is rarely recorded but one of the speakers who was born on

70-401: A post-creole speech continuum. In the early 1970s Derek Bickerton popularized these terms (as well as mesolect for intermediate points in the continuum) to refer to the phenomenon of code-switching used by some users of creole languages who also have some fluency in the standard language upon which the contact language is based. University of Chicago linguist Salikoko Mufwene explains

105-488: A society is so stratified as to have little to no contact between groups who speak the creole and those who speak the superstrate (dominant) language, a situation of diglossia occurs, rather than a continuum. Assigning separate and distinct functions for the two varieties will have the same effect. This is the case in Haiti with Haitian Creole and French . Use of the terms acrolect , mesolect and basilect attempts to avoid

140-417: A state of diglossia , and code switching occurs between the creole and standard Portuguese in informal speech. Due to this overall presence of Portuguese, a decreolization process occurs for all the different Cape Verdean Creole variants. Check in this fictional text: In this text, several cases of decreolization / Portuguese intromission can be noted: The same text "corrected": As a consequence there

175-590: A total of sixteen vowels: The personal pronoun that represents the subject form of the first person singular has a variable pronunciation according to the islands. This pronoun comes from the object form of the first person singular in Portuguese mim , and it is phonetically reduced to the sound [m] . This pronunciation is nowadays found in the Barlavento variants. In the Sotavento variants that consonant [m]

210-420: Is Cape Verdean Creole ( kabuverdianu ), but in everyday usage the creole is simply called "Creole" ( kriolu/kriol ) by its speakers. The history of Cape Verdean Creole is hard to trace due to a lack of written documentation and to ostracism during the Portuguese administration of Cape Verde. There are presently three theories about the formation of Cape Verdean Creole. The monogenetic theory claims that

245-453: Is a Portuguese-based creole language spoken on the islands of Cape Verde . It is the native creole language of virtually all Cape Verdeans and is used as a second language by the Cape Verdean diaspora . The creole has particular importance for creolistics studies since it is the oldest living creole. It is the most widely spoken Portuguese-based creole language. The full, formal name

280-587: Is a continuum between basilectal and acrolectal varieties. In spite of Creole not being officialized, a 2005 government resolution put forth the necessary conditions for the officialization of Creole, which in turn has been superseded by a 2015 resolution. This officialization has not yet occurred, mostly because the language is not yet standardized , for several reasons: That is the reason why each speaker when speaking (or writing) uses their own dialect , their own sociolect , and their own idiolect . To overcome these problems, some Creole advocates propose

315-472: Is a decreolized form of a slave creole. After emancipation, African-Americans' recognition and exercise of increased opportunities for interaction created a strong influence of Standard American English onto the speech of Black Americans so that a continuum exists today with Standard English as the acrolect and varieties closest to the original creole as the basilect. In Jamaica , a continuum exists between Jamaican English and Jamaican Patois . In Haiti,

350-470: Is common in Portuguese (e.g. "Nunca ninguém foi lá"), triple negation is a little bit uncommon. Only the animated nouns (human beings and animals) have gender inflection. Ex.: In some cases the distinction between sexes is made putting the adjectives mátchu "male" and fémia "female" after the nouns. Ex.: The nouns in Creole have number inflection (plural marks) only when they are well determined or known in

385-795: The New Testament in the Kabuverdianu-Sotaventu, and they have published Luke and Acts. The publication of Luke has won two awards in Cape Verde. Sérgio Frusoni translated Bartolomeo Rossetti 's version of the Romanesco Italian poem Er Vangelo Seconno Noantri , which is a poem based on the Four Gospels . Frusoni translated the poem in the São Vicente Creole, Vangêle contód d'nôs móda . The only writing system officially recognized by

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420-531: The affricate consonants /dʒ/ and /tʃ/ (written "j" (in the beginning of words) and "ch", in old Portuguese) which are not in use in today's Portuguese, and the pre-tonic vowels were not reduced as in today's European Portuguese . In terms of innovative features, the phoneme /ʎ/ (written "lh" in Portuguese) has evolved to /dʒ/ and the vowels have undergone several phonetic phenomena. There are eight oral vowels and their corresponding nasal counterparts, making

455-413: The value judgement inherent in earlier terminology, by which the language spoken by the ruling classes in a capital city was defined as the "correct" or "pure" form while that spoken by the lower classes and inhabitants of outlying provinces was "a dialect" characterised as "incorrect", "impure" or "debased". It has been suggested ( Rickford 1977 ; Dillard 1972 ) that African American Vernacular English

490-504: The 18 different ways of rendering the phrase I gave him one in Guyanese English : The continuum shown has the acrolect form as [aɪ ɡeɪv hɪm wʌn] (which is identical with Standard English ) while the basilect form is [mɪ ɡiː æm wan] . Due to code-switching, most speakers have a command of a range in the continuum and, depending on social position, occupation, etc. can implement the different levels with various levels of skill. If

525-458: The Portuguese language tend to pronounce this pronoun as a nasal vowel úm [ũ] instead of m ' [m] . Before some forms of the verb sêr this pronoun takes back its full form mí [mi] , in whatever variant: mí ê [mi e] ('I am'), mí éra [mi ˈɛɾɐ] ('I was'). In this article, this pronoun is conventionally written m ' , no matter the variant. Even though over 90% of Cape Verdean Creole words are derived from Portuguese,

560-457: The Portuguese one. Linguists like Chomsky and Bickerton argue that Cape Verdean Creole was formed spontaneously, not by enslaved people from continental Africa, but by the population born in the islands, using the grammar with which all human beings are born; this would explain how creoles located many miles apart have similar grammatical structures , even though they have a different lexical basis. According to A. Carreira, Cape Verdean Creole

595-653: The authorities in Cape Verde is called the Alfabeto Unificado para a Escrita da Língua Cabo-verdiana (ALUPEC, lit.   ' Unified Alphabet for the Writing of the Cape Verdean Language ' ), which was approved for official use on an experimental basis in 1998 by Decree-Law No. 67/98. In 2009, Decree-Law No. 8/2009 officially institutionalized the use of the ALUPEC. In spite of having been officially recognized by

630-486: The context. Ex.: When the noun refers to something in general that noun does not have number inflection. Ex.: If in a sentence there are several grammatical categories, only the first bears the plural marker. Ex.: According to their function, the pronouns can be subject pronouns or object pronouns. Furthermore, in each of these functions, according to the position within the sentence the pronouns can be unstressed or stressed. The unstressed subject pronouns generally bear

665-461: The creole was formed by the Portuguese by simplifying the Portuguese language in order to make it accessible to enslaved African people. That is the point of view of authors like Prudent, Waldman, Chaudenson and Lopes da Silva. Authors like Adam and Quint argue that Cape Verdean Creole was formed by enslaved African people using the grammar of Western African languages and replacing the African lexicon with

700-594: The development of two standards: a North (Barlavento) standard, centered on the São Vicente variant, and a South (Sotavento) standard, centered on that of Santiago. If so, Creole would become a pluricentric language . There exists no complete translation of the Bible. However, the "Asosiason Kabuverdianu pa Traduson di Bíblia" was established with the goal of translating the entire Bible in Kabuverdianu-Sotaventu and Kabuverdianu-Barlaventu. They have translated approximately 40% of

735-448: The expression cabéça ("head") after the possessive determiner. Ex.: There are no reciprocal pronouns. To indicate reciprocity, Creole uses the expression cumpanhêru ("companion"). Ex.: The verbs have only minimal inflection (two forms). They have the same form for all the persons, and the notions of tense, mood and aspect are expressed through the presence (or absence) of certain morphemes (called "verbal actualizers" by Veiga ), as in

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770-432: The figures oscillate between 90 and 95% of words from Portuguese. The remaining comes from several languages from Western Africa ( Mandingo , Wolof , Fulani , Temne , Balanta , Mandjak , etc.), and the vocabulary from other languages (English, French, Latin ) is negligible. Cape Verdean Creole's phonological system comes mainly from 15th-through-17th-century Portuguese. In terms of conservative features, Creole has kept

805-429: The function of the subject and come before the verb. Ex.: The stressed subject pronouns bear the function of some kind of vocative and usually are separated from the verb ( disjunctive pronouns ). Ex.: The object pronouns, as the name shows, bear the function of the object (direct or indirect). The unstressed object pronouns are used with the present-tense forms of verbs. Ex.: The stressed object pronouns are used with

840-560: The government, the ALUPEC is neither required nor mandatorily used. In spite of being the only system officially recognized, the same law allows the use of alternative writing models, "as long as they are presented in a systematic and scientific way". As not all users are familiarized with ALUPEC or the IPA , in this article a slightly different system will be used to make it easier for the reader: The vocabulary of Cape Verdean Creole comes mainly from Portuguese. Although several sources do not agree,

875-429: The grammar is very different, which makes it extremely difficult for an untrained Portuguese native speaker even to understand a basic conversation. On the other hand, the grammar shows a lot of similarities with other creoles, Portuguese-based or not (see syntactic similarities of creoles ). The basic sentence structure in Creole is Subject – Verb – Object. Ex.: When there are two objects,

910-507: The indirect object comes first while the direct object comes after, and the sentence structure becomes Subject – Verb – Indirect Object – Direct Object. Ex.: A feature that makes Cape Verdean Creole closer to other creoles is the possibility of double negation (ex.: Náda m' câ atchâ. liter. "Nothing I didn't find."), or sometimes even triple negation (ex.: Núnca ninguêm câ tâ bába lâ. liter. "Never nobody didn't go there."). Although double negation

945-522: The island is Germano Almeida . As the island population doubled to over 8,000 in 2010, most of the population continue to speak the form of Cape Verdean Creole, some rarely speak the common Badiu by newcomers or both. Some immigrants abroad continue to speak the Creole form as a second language. Besides the main characteristics of Barlavento Creoles the Boa Vista Creole has also the following ones: Cape Verdean Creole Cape Verdean Creole

980-465: The linguistic comparisons, it is possible to form some conjectures. The spreading of Cape Verdean Creole within the islands was done in three phases: In spite of Creole being the first language of nearly all the population in Cape Verde, Portuguese is still the official language . As Portuguese is used in everyday life (at school, in administration, in official acts, in relations with foreign countries, etc.), Portuguese and Cape Verdean Creole live in

1015-575: The majority of creoles. The verbs are generally reduced to two base forms, one for the present, another for the past. The form for the present is the same as the form for the infinitive (exception: sêr "to be"), that in turn comes, in the majority of the verbs, from the infinitive in Portuguese but without the final r . Ex.: cantâ /kɐ̃ˈtɐ/ (from Portuguese cantar ), mexê /meˈʃe/ (from Portuguese mexer ), partí /pɐɾˈti/ (from Portuguese partir ), compô /kõˈpo/ (from Portuguese compor ), *lumbú /lũˈbu/ (from Portuguese lombo ). The form for

1050-502: The past is formed from the infinitive to which is joined the particle for the past ~ba . Ex.: cantába /kɐ̃ˈtabɐ/ , mexêba /meˈʃebɐ/ , partíba /pɐɾˈtibɐ/ , compôba /kõˈpobɐ/ , *lumbúba /lũˈbubɐ/ (in the Barlavento variants, the particle for the past ~va (or ~ba ) is joined to the imperfective actualizer, and not to the verb). It is noteworthy that the Upper Guinea creoles (Cape Verdean Creole and Guinea-Bissau Creole ) put

1085-400: The past tense marker after the verbs, and not before like the majority of creoles (check syntactic similarities of creoles ). Acrolect William Stewart , in 1965, proposed the terms acrolect , the highest or most prestigious variety on the continuum, and basilect , the lowest or least prestigious variety, as sociolinguistic labels for the upper and lower boundaries, respectively, of

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1120-461: The past-tense forms of verbs, when they are the second pronoun in a series of two pronouns, and after prepositions ( prepositional pronouns ). Ex.: When there are two object pronouns, the indirect pronoun comes first while the direct pronoun comes after, and the sentence structure becomes Subject – Verb – Indirect Pronoun – Direct Pronoun. There are no reflexive pronouns. To indicate reflexivity, Creole uses

1155-489: The phenomenon of creole languages as "basilectalization" away from a standard, often European, language among a mixed European and non-European population. In certain speech communities , a continuum exists between speakers of a creole language and a related standard language. There are no discrete boundaries between the different varieties, and the situation in which such a continuum exists involves considerable social stratification. The following table (from Bell 1976 ) shows

1190-482: Was formed from a Portuguese pidgin , on the island of Santiago, starting from the 15th century. That pidgin was then transported to the west coast of Africa by the lançados . From there, that pidgin diverged into two proto-creoles, one that was the base of Cape Verdean Creole, and another that was the base of the Guinea-Bissau Creole . Cross-referencing information regarding the settlement of each island with

1225-486: Was reduced to a simple nasality [n̩] . For example: m' andâ [n̩ ɐ̃ˈdɐ] ('I have walked'), m' stâ tâ sintí [n̩ stɐ tɐ sĩˈti] ('I am feeling'), m' labába [n̩ lɐˈbabɐ] ('I had washed'). Before plosive or affricate consonants this nasality becomes homorganic nasal of the following consonant. For ex.: m' bêm [m bẽ] ('I came'), m' têm [n tẽ] ('I have'), m' tchigâ [ɲ tʃiˈɡɐ] ('I arrived'), m' crê [ŋ kɾe] ('I want'). Speakers who are strongly influenced by

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