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36-451: Self-publishing is the publication of media by its author at their own cost, without the involvement of a publisher . The term usually refers to written media, such as books and magazines, either as an ebook or as a physical copy using print on demand technology. It may also apply to albums, pamphlets, brochures, games, video content, artwork, and zines . Web fiction is also a major medium for self-publishing. Although self-publishing

72-475: A vanity press , which was costly and acted as a barrier to publication. Now, ebooks can be published at virtually no cost and the market has been flooded with poorly produced books. One blogger estimated that as much as 70% of self-published books are so bad, they are unreadable. However, some self-published authors are now taking a professional approach, using services like critique groups, beta readers , professional editors and designers to polish their work to

108-563: A cataloging standard adopted by the Library of Congress in 2013 and by some other national libraries, differentiates between content types , media types , and carrier types of information resources. A work that has not undergone publication, and thus is not generally available to the public, or for citation in scholarly or legal contexts, is called an unpublished work . In some cases unpublished works are widely cited, or circulated via informal means. An author who has not yet published

144-484: A digital library, an e-book and audiobook subscription service. Smashwords is a California-based company founded by Mark Coker which allows authors and independent publishers to upload their manuscripts electronically to the Smashwords service, which then converts them into multiple e-book formats which can be read on various devices. A major development in this century has been the growth of web fiction . A common type

180-413: A one-stop shop where an author can source a whole range of services required to self-publish a book (sometimes called "Assisted Self-publishing Providers" or "Self-publishing Service Providers"). Not to be confused with: It has been suggested that the best test for whether a company offers "Assisted Self-publishing Services" or "Hybrid/vanity publishing" is to apply a variant of "Yog's Law", which states

216-418: A place open to the public or at any place where a substantial number of people outside a normal circle of a family and its social acquaintances is gathered; or to transmit or otherwise communicate a performance or display of the work to a place specified by clause (1) or to the public, by means of any device or process, whether the members of the public capable of receiving the performance or display receive it in

252-545: A professional standard equivalent to traditional publishing. Such authors are achieving success equivalent to traditionally published writers, lending respectability to self-publishing. Self-publishing is also common among editors of academic journals . The study showed that a quarter of them publish 10% of their own articles in the same journals they edit (which is problematic for ethical reasons). A huge impetus to self-publishing has been rapid advances in technology. Print-On-Demand (or POD) technology, which became available in

288-536: A set of guidelines for bibliographic references and citations to information resources, defines a publication as a "message or document offered for general distribution or sale and usually produced in multiple copies", and lists types of publications including monographs and their components and serials and their components. Common bibliographic software specifications such as BibTeX and Citation Style Language also list types of publications, as do various standards for library cataloging . For example, RDA ,

324-547: A tenth of the average price of a printed book. Shanda Literature Ltd. is an online publishing company that claims to publish 8,000 Chinese literary works daily. Joara is S. Korea's largest web novel platform with 1.1 million members, 140,000 writers, an average of 2,400 serials per day and 420,000 works. Joara's users have almost the same gender ratio, and both fantasy and romance genres are popular. While most self-published books do not make much money, there are self-published authors who have achieved success, particularly in

360-500: A work may also be referred to as being unpublished. The status of being unpublished has specific significance in the legal context, where it may refer to the non-publication of legal opinions in the United States . Beta reader A beta reader is a test reader of an unreleased work of writing, typically literature , who gives feedback to the author from the point of view of an average reader. This feedback can be used by

396-462: Is not a new phenomenon, dating back to the 18th century, it has transformed during the internet age with new technologies and services providing increasing alternatives to traditional publishing, becoming a $ 1 billion market. However, with the increased ease of publishing and the range of services available, confusion has arisen as to what constitutes self-publishing. In 2022, the Society of Authors and

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432-406: Is run by Ingram Content Group . Kindle Direct Publishing or KDP is Amazon's e-book publishing unit ( see main article ) Kobo is a Canadian company which sells e-books, audiobooks, e-readers and tablet computers which originated as a cloud e-reading service. Lulu is an online print-on-demand, self-publishing and distribution platform. Scribd is an open publishing platform which features

468-572: Is the web serial . Unlike most modern novels, web fiction novels are frequently published in parts over time. Web fiction is especially popular in China, with revenues topping US$ 2.5 billion, as well as in South Korea . Online literature in China plays a much more important role than in the United States and the rest of the world. Most books are available online, where the most popular novels find millions of readers. They cost an average of 2 CNY, or roughly

504-672: The iPhone , the iPod Touch handheld computer, and the iPad . Apple pays authors 70 percent of its proceeds at its Apple iBookstore where it sells iBooks . Barnes & Noble pays 65 percent of the list price of e-books purchased through its online store called Pubit. Books on Demand  [ de ; fr ; fi ] GmbH BoD (2001; since 1997 as Libri GmbH), is the "original" in self-publishing. IngramSpark lets authors publish digital, hardback and paperback editions of their books. It distributes books to most online bookstores. Bricks-and-mortar stores can also order books from IngramSpark at wholesale prices for sale in their own venues. It

540-486: The publication of the description of a taxon has to comply with some rules. The definition of the "publication" is defined in nomenclature codes . Traditionally there were the following rules: Electronic publication with some restrictions is permitted for publication of scientific names of fungi since 1 January 2013. There are many material types of publication, some of which are: Electronic publishing (also referred to as e-publishing or digital publishing) includes

576-538: The Kindle and its self-publishing platform, Kindle Direct Publishing or KDP, in 2007 has been described as a tipping point in self-publishing, which "opened the floodgates" for self-publishing authors. The Espresso Book Machine (a POD device) was first demonstrated at the New York Public Library in 2007. This machine prints, collates, covers, and binds a single book. It is in libraries and bookstores throughout

612-568: The Universal Copyright Convention, "publication" is defined in article VI as "the reproduction in tangible form and the general distribution to the public of copies of a work from which it can be read or otherwise visually perceived." Many countries around the world follow this definition, although some make some exceptions for particular kinds of works. In Germany, §6 of the Urheberrechtsgesetz additionally considers works of

648-585: The Writers Guild of Great Britain produced a free downloadable guide to the various distinct types of publishing currently available. In self publishing, authors publish their own book. It is possible for an author to single-handedly carry out the whole process. However increasingly, authors are recognizing that to compete effectively, they need to produce a high quality product, and they are engaging professionals for specific services as needed (such as editors or cover designers). A growing number of companies offer

684-462: The author of a work is the exclusive right to publish the work. In Indonesia , publication is defined as: any reading, broadcasting, exhibition of works using any means, either electronically or nonelectronically, or performing in any way so that works can be read, heard, or seen by others. In the United States , publication is defined as: the distribution of copies or phonorecords of a work to

720-457: The best ones are published nationwide; authors do not make money this way but it serves as a marketing tool. In order to be purchased by a customer, the completed book must be hosted on a publishing platform. Amazon's Kindle is the largest of these but there are others. Apple sells books via its App Store which is a digital distribution platform for its mobile apps on its iOS operating system. Apps can be downloaded to its devices such as

756-508: The book has sold over 18 million copies. In 1941, writer Virginia Woolf chose to self-publish her final novel Between the Acts on her Hogarth Press , in effect starting her own press. Self-publication was also known in music: Joseph Haydn self-published his oratorio The Creation in 1800. Five years ago, self-publishing was a scar. Now it's a tattoo. Traditional book publishers are selective in what they publish, and they reject most of

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792-404: The digital publication of websites , webpages , e-books , digital editions of periodical publications , and the development of digital libraries . It is now common to distribute books, magazines, and newspapers to consumers online . Publications may also be published on electronic media such as CD-ROMs . Types of publication can also be distinguished by content, for example: ISO 690 ,

828-420: The early years of online self-publishing. The number of authors who had sold more than one million e-books on Amazon from 2011 to 2016 was 40, according to one estimate. Publication Publication is a technical term in legal contexts and especially important in copyright legislation . An author of a work generally is the initial owner of the copyright on the work. One of the copyrights granted to

864-519: The exclusive rights of the copyright owner eventually expire, and even when in force, they do not extend to publications covered by fair use or certain types of uses by libraries and educational institutions. The definition of "publication" as "distribution of copies to the general public with the consent of the author" is also supported by the Berne Convention , which makes mention of "copies" in article 3(3), where "published works" are defined. In

900-538: The first two volumes of Tristram Shandy . In 1908, Ezra Pound sold A Lume Spento for six pence each. Franklin Hiram King 's book Farmers of Forty Centuries was self-published in 1911, and was subsequently published commercially. In 1931, Irma S. Rombauer , the author of The Joy of Cooking paid a local printing company to print 3000 copies; the Bobbs-Merrill Company acquired the rights, and since then

936-707: The following: Therefore if a company offers services to the author without claiming any rights, and allows the author to control the entire process, they are assisting the author to self-publish. Whereas if the company takes some rights, and/or takes control of artistic decisions, they are a hybrid publisher or a vanity publisher, depending on the degree of involvement. Historically, some authors have chosen to self-publish. Successful examples are John Locke , Jane Austen , Emily Dickinson , Nathaniel Hawthorne , Martin Luther , Marcel Proust , Derek Walcott , and Walt Whitman . In 1759, British satirist Laurence Sterne self-published

972-413: The manuscripts submitted to them. After selection, they then assign an editor to polish the work even further, a proof-reader to check for errors, and a book designer to produce the cover . It can be challenging for a self-publishing author to produce a book to traditional professional standards. Before the advent of the internet and POD (Print on Demand) , most self-publishing authors had to resort to

1008-492: The mid-1990s, makes it possible for a book to be printed after an order has been placed, so there are no costs for storing inventory. Further, the Internet provides access to global distribution channels via online retailers, so a self-published book can be instantly available to book buyers worldwide. Advances in e-book readers and tablet computers have improved readability, making ebooks more popular. Amazon's introduction of

1044-411: The product. Typically, a beta reader reviews a draft that has gone through at least one revision. An alpha reader reviews a draft that is still without an ending or is completely unrevised. Alpha and beta readers must be well educated generally, with a good knowledge of current affairs. This enables them to read works in the current context, with regard to both world affairs and the target market that

1080-420: The public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. The offering to distribute copies or phonorecords to a group of people for purposes of further distribution, public performance, or public display, constitutes publication. A public performance or display of a work does not of itself constitute publication. To perform or display a work "publicly" means to perform or display it at

1116-480: The right to publish a work is an exclusive right of copyright owner ( 17 USC 106 ), and violating this right (e.g. by disseminating copies of the work without the copyright owner's consent) is a copyright infringement ( 17 USC 501(a) ), and the copyright owner can demand (by suing in court) that e.g. copies distributed against their will be confiscated and destroyed ( 17 USC 502, 17 USC 503 ). Exceptions and limitations are written into copyright law, however; for example,

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1152-477: The same place or in separate places and at the same time or at different times. The US Copyright Office provides further guidance in Circular 40, which states: When the work is reproduced in multiple copies, such as in reproductions of a painting or castings of a statue, the work is published when the reproductions are publicly distributed or offered to a group for further distribution or public display. Generally,

1188-543: The visual arts (such as sculptures) "published" if they have been made permanently accessible by the general public (i.e., erecting a sculpture on public grounds is publication in Germany). Australia and the UK (as the U.S.) do not have this exception and generally require the distribution of copies necessary for publication. In the case of sculptures, the copies must be even three-dimensional. In biological classification ( taxonomy ),

1224-417: The work is aimed at. A proofreader usually only looks at grammar and spelling and is a paid professional, while a beta reader is more holistic in their scope. A critique partner is a trained writer who test reads from the perspective of an author, while a beta reader is a trained reader, test reading from the perspective of a typical reader. A sensitivity reader is a specific type of beta reader who

1260-543: The world, and it can make copies of out-of-print editions. Small bookstores sometimes use it to compete with large bookstore chains. It works by taking two pdf files, one for the text and one for the cover, and then prints an entire paperback book in a matter of minutes, which then drops down a chute. The Library Journal and Biblioboard worked together to create a self-publishing platform called Self-e in which authors submitted books online which were made available to readers. These books are reviewed by Library Journal , and

1296-434: The writer to fix remaining issues with plot , pacing , and consistency. The beta reader also serves as a sounding board to see if the work has the intended intellectual or emotional impact on the target market. "Beta reader" is an English term originally borrowed from the information technology and software industry, where beta testers use an unreleased product to accomplish a real task, partly to identify problems in

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