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29-585: The Swedish Blue originated in the former dominion of Swedish Pomerania , now in north-west Poland and north-east Germany; the first documented mention of it there is from 1835. Some birds were exported to the United States in 1884, and the blue variety was added to the Standard of Perfection of the American Poultry Association in 1904 as the "Swedish". The world-wide conservation status of

58-528: Is fairly fast-growing, and produces meat of good quality; ducks lay about 100–150 white or tinted (blue or green) eggs per year, of some 80–90 g in weight. It may be reared as a show bird , but the difficulty of meeting the requirements of the breed standard means that it must be kept in large numbers, which may discourage prospective breeders. Dominions of Sweden The Dominions of Sweden or Svenska besittningar ("Swedish possessions") were territories that historically came under control of

87-650: The 1634 Instrument of Government paragraph 46: "No one, who is not living inside the separate and old borders of Sweden and Finland, have anything to say at Riksdags and other meetings..." Between 1561 and 1629 Sweden made conquests in the Eastern Baltic. All of them were lost in accordance with the Treaty of Nystad in 1721, which concluded the Great Northern War . Estonia placed itself under Swedish rule in 1561 to receive protection against Russia and Poland as

116-637: The Livonian Order lost their foothold in the Baltic provinces. Territorially it represented the northern part of present-day Estonia. The area was significantly populated by Estonian Swedes , who inhabited the area for centuries after Sweden lost control of it. After the Soviet Union 's Baltic offensive and re-occupation of Estonia in 1944, nearly all the Estonian Swedes fled to Sweden proper. Kexholm

145-672: The Livonian War , however, the order suffered a decisive defeat by troops of Muscovite Russia in the Battle of Ergeme in 1560. The Livonian Order then sought protection from Sigismund II Augustus , King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania , who had intervened in a war between Bishop William of Riga and the Brothers in 1557. After coming to an agreement with Sigismund II, Augustus and his representatives (especially Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł ),

174-558: The Realm of Sweden expanded to the south. Blekinge , Bohuslän (of Norway), Halland and Scania were ceded by Denmark in the latter and then successfully defended in the Scanian War (1675–1679). According to the peace treaties the provinces were to retain its old laws and privileges, and was initially administered as a dominion. A gradual process of incorporation was successfully concluded in 1721. Through its minor German principalities ,

203-610: The Second Northern War , Lithuanian nobility signed a series of acts with the Swedish Empire and became its protectorate in 1655 with King Charles X Gustav serving as its Grand Duke . However, following Sweden's defeat at the Battle of Prostki and weak military presence in the region, the protectorate fell in 1657 and Lithuania was once again reincorporated into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . By

232-553: The Treaty of Brömsebro (1645), following the Torstenson War , Denmark-Norway ceded Jämtland , Härjedalen , Idre & Särna , Gotland , Halland and Ösel to Sweden. Ösel and Dagö , islands off the coast of Estonia , were ceded to Russia in 1721 by the Treaty of Nystad. The other territories remained part of Sweden. By the peace treaties of Brömsebro (1645) and Roskilde (1658)

261-494: The FAO database. The Swedish Blue is a medium-sized bird: drakes weigh some 3–4 kg , ducks about 2.5–3.5 kg . It is rather shorter and broader in body shape than breeds such as the Cayuga or Orpington ; the body is rounded, plump and full-breasted, the back is straight and fairly flat, and is about half as long again as it is broad. The body is carried at an angle of about 20° to

290-712: The Livonian Branch of the Teutonic Order separated from the Prussian Branch. Between 1237 and 1290, the Livonian Order conquered all of Courland , Livonia , and Semigallia . In 1298, Lithuanians took Karkus Castle north of Riga, and defeated the order in the Battle of Turaida , killing Livonian Land Master Bruno and 22 knights. In 1346, the order bought the Duchy of Estonia from King Valdemar IV of Denmark . Life within

319-584: The Peace of Westphalia (1648). In 1803 Wismar was pawned, in exchange for a loan, and control was handed over to Mecklenburg . The loan defaulted in 1903, but Sweden rescinded its right to regain control of the German exclave and thereby nominally received its present territorial constitution. Livonian Order The Livonian Order was an autonomous branch of the Teutonic Order , formed in 1237. From 1435 to 1561 it

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348-523: The Sixth Coalition . However the treaty of Kiel never came into force: instead sovereignty of Western Pomerania passed to Kingdom of Prussia, which already held the eastern parts and merged them into the Province of Pomerania . Norway declared its independence, but was forced after a short war into a personal Union with Sweden . Sweden received the German town of Wismar with the surrounding countryside in

377-562: The Swedish Crown , but never became fully integrated with Sweden . This generally meant that they were ruled by Governors-General under the Swedish monarch , but within certain limits retained their own established political systems, essentially their diets . Finland was not a dominion, but a land of Sweden . The dominions had no representation in the Swedish Riksdag as stipulated by

406-719: The Swedish Blue was listed as "critical" by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in 2007; in 2023 it was listed as "at risk/endangered" in Sweden, where the total population reported to DAD-IS for 2021 was 282. No data is reported from Ireland, the only other country reporting the breed. In 2023 it was listed as "watch" by the American Livestock Conservancy of the United States, which does not report it to

435-681: The Swedish kings in their roles as princes and dukes, or Reichsfürsten , of the Holy Roman Empire took part in the German diets from 1648 until the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. Following the Thirty Years' War , the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 assigned to Sweden the two bishoprics of Bremen-Verden , with the exclave of Wildeshausen . All of them were ceded to Hanover in

464-537: The Swedish structure of local administration were used in the area which does not seem to have had any prior written legal tradition. Nowadays the county is divided between Finnish regions of North Karelia and South Karelia and the Russian Republic of Karelia . Russia ceded Ingria and southern Karelia to Sweden in the Treaty of Stolbovo in 1617, following the Ingrian War . A century later Russia reconquered

493-569: The Teutonic Knights of Livonia signed the Treaty of Stensby with the Kingdom of Denmark . Under this agreement, Denmark would support the expansion ambitions of the order in exchange for northern maritime Estonia . In 1242, the Livonian Order tried to take the city of Novgorod . However, they were defeated by Alexander Nevsky in the Battle on the Ice . Fortresses as Paide in land ceded by Denmark in

522-504: The Treaty of Stensby allowed the order to contain the threat of Russian troops. For that reason, the order focused on its southern borders and Semigallia . Semigallia was a strategic territory for the Livonian Order. Lithuanians passed through Semigallia to raid settlements in Livonia, and they took advantage of the winter ice pack in the Gulf of Riga to reach Oesel Island. Also, this territory kept

551-511: The area, providing an opportunity for Peter the Great to lay the foundations of his new capital, Saint Petersburg , in 1703. The area was then formally ceded in 1721 by the Treaty of Nystad . The Hanseatic city of Riga fell under Swedish control in the late 1620s. For the nearly hundred years that followed, Riga was the second largest city in the Swedish Empire , after Stockholm . Livonia

580-496: The horizontal. The head is long, oval and finely made. There are three colour varieties, of which only one – the blue – is recognised in the standards; their distribution is determined by the zygosity of a single dilution gene . As in other blue poultry such as the Blue Andalusian breed of chicken, if two blue birds are bred, the young are, in the expected Mendelian proportion : If the black and pale forms are bred together,

609-471: The last Livonian Master, Gotthard Kettler , secularized the order and converted to Lutheranism . In the southern part of the Brothers' lands he created the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia for his family. Most of the remaining lands were seized by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The north of Estonia was taken back by Denmark and Sweden . From the 14th to the 16th centuries, Middle Low German as spoken in

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638-595: The lives of the master and several high-ranking knights, brought the order closer to its neighbors in Livonia . The Livonian Confederation agreement ( eiine fruntliche eyntracht ) was signed in Walk on December 4, 1435, by the Archbishop of Riga, the bishops of Courland , Dorpat , Ösel-Wiek and Reval ; the representatives of the Livonian Order and vassals, and the deputies of Riga, Reval and Dorpat city municipal councils. During

667-464: The offspring are all heterozygous and thus all blue. Blue-coloured ducks (females) may become progressively paler as they age; while they are then no longer suitable for showing, they can be used for breeding. The Swedish Blue is distinguished from the Pomeranian Duck , another blue duck from approximately the same region, by its white primaries . As a utility breed, the Swedish Blue forages well,

696-520: The order's territory is described in the Chronicle of Balthasar Russow ( Chronica der Provinz Lyfflandt ). The Teutonic Order fell into decline following its defeat in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410 and the secularization of its Prussian territories by Albert of Brandenburg in 1525, while the Livonian Order managed to maintain an independent existence. The Livonian Order's defeat in the Battle of Święta (Wiłkomierz) on September 1, 1435, which claimed

725-528: The peace treaty of 1719. By the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 Sweden received Swedish Pomerania , situated along the German Baltic Sea coast. The whole Duchy of Pomerania was under Swedish control already since the Treaty of Stettin (1630) , and in the Treaty of Stettin (1653) Sweden and Brandenburg agreed on the final terms of the partition of the duchy, with Sweden keeping the western part ( Western Pomerania , Vorpommern) including Stettin . In 1720

754-431: The southern parts of Swedish Pomerania with the town of Stettin and the islands of Usedom and Wollin were ceded to the Kingdom of Prussia , following the Great Northern War . The capital was moved to Greifswald . In 1814 the remainder, with the town of Stralsund and the island of Rügen was ceded to Denmark, which in exchange ceded Norway to the king of Sweden under the Treaty of Kiel , which followed on War of

783-689: Was a member of the Livonian Confederation . The order was formed from the remnants of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword after their defeat by Samogitians in 1236 at the Battle of Schaulen (Saule) . They were incorporated into the Teutonic Knights and became known as the Livonian Order in 1237. In the summer of that year, the Master of Prussia Hermann Balk rode into Riga to install his men as castle commanders and administrators of Livonia. In 1238,

812-461: Was a sparsely inhabited part of Karelia on the Western and Northern shores of Lake Ladoga , annexed by Sweden in 1605. At that time, most inhabitants were Finnish-speaking Orthodox Christians . During the 17th century, Lutheran persecution of Orthodox Christianity and an influx of Lutheran Finns from neighbouring province of Savonia converted most of the area into Lutheran faith. The Swedish law and

841-677: Was conquered from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth by 1629 in the Polish-Swedish War . By the Treaty of Oliva between the Commonwealth and Sweden in 1660 following the Northern Wars the Polish-Lithuanian king renounced all claims to the Swedish throne and Livonia was formally ceded to Sweden. Swedish Livonia represents the southern part of present-day Estonia and the northern part of present-day Latvia ( Vidzeme region). During

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