68-1016: Iris spuria , or blue flag , is a species of the genus Iris , part of the subgenus Limniris and the series Spuriae . It is a rhizomatous perennial plant , from Europe , Asia and Africa . It has purple or lilac flowers, and slender, elongated leaves. It is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions and hybridized for use in the garden. It has several subspecies ; Iris spuria subsp. carthaliniae (Achv. & Mirzoeva) B.Mathew, Iris spuria subsp. demetrii (Achv. & Mirzoeva) B.Mathew, Iris spuria subsp. maritima (Dykes) P.Fourn. and Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica (Fomin) Takht. It used to have 3 other subspecies, which have now been re-classified as separate species; Iris spuria subsp. halophila (now Iris halophila ), Iris spuria ssp. sogdiana (now Iris halophile subsp. sogdiana ) and Iris spuria subsp. notha (now Iris notha ). It has many common names including 'blue iris', 'spurious iris' and 'bastard iris'. It has
136-535: A UK plants survey conducted by the AgriLand project, which is supported by the UK Insect Pollinators Initiative. However, when number of flowers per floral unit, flower abundance, and phenology were taken into account, it dropped out of the top 10 for most nectar per unit cover per year, as did all plants that placed in the top ten, with the exception of common comfrey, Symphytum officinale . It
204-703: A 'tentatively accepted name' by the RHS . Iris spuria is native to a very wide area, from Africa, to temperate and tropical Asia and Europe. It is found within Africa, in Algeria . Within temperate Asia, it is found in the Western Asia regions of Afghanistan , Iran and Turkey . In the Caucasus regions, it is in Armenia , Azerbaijan , Georgia , Ciscaucasia and Dagestan . and in
272-498: A 7–10 mm long perianth tube, the ovary has a long tapering beak, which can be up to 40mm long. It has a narrow, violet style , 2.5 cm long violet-lilac stigmas , 1.27 cm long anthers , which equal the filament length. After the iris has flowered, it produces an oblong-ovate, hexagonal (2.5–4 cm long)) seed capsule in September. It has a long beak-like appendage on the top, and 6 visible, longitudinal groves. Inside
340-584: A broader expanded portion ("limb" or "blade" ) and can be adorned with veining, lines or dots. In the centre of the blade, some of the rhizomatous irises have a "beard", a row of fuzzy hairs at the base of each falls petal which gives pollinators a landing place and guides them to the nectar. The three, sometimes reduced, petals stand upright, partly behind the sepal bases. They are called "standards". Some smaller iris species have all six lobes pointing straight outwards, but generally limb and standards differ markedly in appearance. They are united at their base into
408-503: A circular cross-section. The rhizomatous species usually have 3–10 basal sword-shaped leaves growing in dense clumps. The bulbous species also have 2–10 narrow leaves growing from the bulb. The inflorescences are in the shape of a fan and contain one or more symmetrical six-lobed flowers . These grow on a pedicel or peduncle . The three sepals , which are usually spreading or droop downwards, are referred to as "falls". They expand from their narrow base (the "claw" or "haft" ), into
476-717: A covering of half-decayed leaves or fresh coco-fiber. Rhizomes of the German iris ( I. germanica ) and sweet iris ( I. pallida ) are traded as orris root and are used in perfume and medicine, though more common in ancient times than today. Today, Iris essential oil ( absolute ) from flowers are sometimes used in aromatherapy as sedative medicines. The dried rhizomes are also given whole to babies to help in teething. Gin brands such as Bombay Sapphire and Magellan Gin use orris root and sometimes iris flowers for flavor and color. For orris root production, iris rhizomes are harvested, dried, and aged for up to 5 years. In this time,
544-467: A floral tube that lies above the ovary (This flower, with the petals, and other flower parts, above the ovary is known as an epigynous flower, and it is said to have an inferior ovary , that is an ovary below the other flower parts). The three styles divide towards the apex into petaloid branches; this is significant in pollination . The iris flower is of interest as an example of the relation between flowering plants and pollinating insects. The shape of
612-446: A flower, the pollen which it bears will not be rubbed off on the stigma of the same flower. The iris fruit is a capsule which opens up in three parts to reveal the numerous seeds within. In some species, the seeds bear an aril , such as Iris stolonifera which has light brown seeds with thick white aril. The genus takes its name from the Greek word ἶρις îris " rainbow ", which
680-569: A friend of John James Audubon – painted a precise image of what was then known as the Louisiana flag or copper iris ( Iris fulva ), to which Audubon subsequently added two Northern paraula birds ( Parula americana ) for inclusion as Plate 15 in his Birds of America . The artist Philip Hermogenes Calderon painted an iris in his 1856 work Broken Vows ; he followed the principles of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood . An ancient belief
748-648: A hybrid iris (falsely called German iris , I. germanica which is sterile) and its numerous cultivars . Various wild forms (including Iris aphylla ) and naturally occurring hybrids of the Sweet iris ( I. pallida ) and the Hungarian iris ( I. variegata ) form the basis of almost all modern hybrid bearded irises. Median forms of bearded iris (intermediate bearded, or IB; miniature tall bearded, or MTB; etc.) are derived from crosses between tall and dwarf species like Iris pumila . The "beard", short hairs arranged to look like
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#1732873051789816-427: A lily, based on the shape and yellow colour of the flower. The plant's roots and leaves are poisonous. This plant has been used as a form of water treatment since it can take up macronutrients (such as nitrogen and phosphorus ) through its roots, and is featured in many AS Level Biology practicals as its ability to grow in low pH levels makes it a useful indicator. It can also withstand high salinity levels in
884-494: A long furry caterpillar, is found toward the back of the lower petals and its purpose is to guide pollinating insects toward the reproductive parts of the plant. Bearded irises have been cultivated to have much larger blooms than historically; the flowers are now twice the size of those a hundred years ago. Ruffles were introduced in the 1960s to help stabilize the larger petals. Bearded iris are easy to cultivate and propagate and have become very popular in gardens. A small selection
952-522: A membranous tip. The upper cauline (on stem) leaves are shorter than internodes. The stems (and branches) hold 1–4 terminal (top of stem) flowers, in summer, between May and July. They flower after Iris germanica and are similar in form to Iris x hollandica . It has large, lightly scented, flowers that are up to 6–12 cm (2–5 in) in diameter, and they come in shades of lilac, mauve-blue, violet-blue, purple-blue, violet, or blue. It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as
1020-497: A number of further subdivisions. Due to a wide variety of geographic origins, and thus great genetic diversity, cultivation needs of iris vary greatly. Generally, Irises grow well in most garden soil types providing they are well-drained, depending on the species. The earliest to bloom are species like I. reticulata and I. reichenbachii , which flower as early as February and March in the Northern Hemisphere, followed by
1088-820: A popular garden flower. The often-segregated, monotypic genera Belamcanda (blackberry lily, I. domestica ), Hermodactylus (snake's head iris, I. tuberosa ), and Pardanthopsis (vesper iris, I. dichotoma ) are currently included in Iris . Three Iris varieties are used in the Iris flower data set outlined by Ronald Fisher in his 1936 paper The use of multiple measurements in taxonomic problems as an example of linear discriminant analysis . Irises are perennial plants , growing from creeping rhizomes (rhizomatous irises) or, in drier climates, from bulbs (bulbous irises). They have long, erect flowering stems which may be simple or branched, solid or hollow, and flattened or have
1156-448: A small number of scattered, disjunct populations, whose geographical isolation is enhanced by their pollination strategy and myrmecochory seed dispersal. Morphological divergence between populations usually follows a cline reflecting local adaptation to environment conditions; furthermore, this largely overlaps divergence between species, making it difficult to identify discrete species boundaries in these irises. Compared with other irises,
1224-1253: A subspecies). It was first described in 1753 by Linnaeus , who described it in the first volume of Species Plantarum as being a German species. On 4 November 1876, John Gilbert Baker described the iris in The Gardeners' Chronicle on page 583. An illustration of the iris was published in 1981 in Grey-Wilson and Mathew, Bulbs plate 28. It was then published in 1982 by P.J. Redoute in 'Liles and related flowers' (183). It has several subspecies ; Iris spuria subsp. demetrii (Achv. & Mirzoeva) B.Mathew, Iris spuria subsp. demetrii (Achv. & Mirzoeva) B.Mathew, Iris spuria subsp. maritima (Dykes) P.Fourn. and Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica (Fomin) Takht. It used to have 3 other subspecies, which have now be re-classified as separate species; Iris spuria subsp. halophila (now Iris halophila ), Iris spuria ssp. sogdiana (now Iris halophila var. sogdiana and Iris spuria subsp. notha (now Iris notha ). It has been grown and cultivated in Britain since 1573. It naturalised in south Lincolnshire in 1836. Another colony
1292-469: A thin, slender rhizome, that is about 2 cm in diameter, fibrous and has a creeping habit. Under the rhizome are wiry roots. The creeping habit creates compact clumps of plants. They can reach over 90 cm (35 in) wide. It has erect, slender, sword-shaped, acuminate (ending in a point), glaucous green to blue green basal leaves. They can grow up to between 25–90 cm (10–35 in) long and 5–12 mm wide. They are normally nearly as long as
1360-399: Is a flowering plant genus of 310 accepted species with showy flowers . As well as being the scientific name, iris is also widely used as a common name for all Iris species, as well as some belonging to other closely related genera. A common name for some species is flags, while the plants of the subgenus Scorpiris are widely known as junos , particularly in horticulture . It is
1428-717: Is a living iris museum with over 10,000 plants, while in Europe the most famous iris garden is arguably the Giardino dell'Iris in Florence (Italy) which every year hosts a well attended iris breeders' competition. Irises, especially the multitude of bearded types, feature regularly in shows such as the Chelsea Flower Show . For garden cultivation, iris classification differs from taxonomic classification. Garden iris are classed as either bulb iris or rhizome iris (called rhizomatous) with
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#17328730517891496-580: Is also hardy to European Zone H2. It is tolerant to most garden soils, it will grow on wet soils, saline soils, and saline marshes. It prefers well drained, humus rich soils. It is tolerant of acid soils, but prefers neutral soils. It prefers positions in full sun or partial shade. Although, shade reduces the flowering amount. Iris (plant) Hermodactyloides Iris Limniris Nepalensis Scorpiris Xiphium Belamcanda Hermodactylus Iridodictyum Juno Junopsis Pardanthopsis × Pardancanda Xiphion Iris
1564-572: Is also the name for the Greek goddess of the rainbow, Iris . Some authors state that the name refers to the wide variety of flower colors found among the many species. Iris is the largest genus of the family Iridaceae with up to 300 species – many of them natural hybrids . Plants of the World Online lists 310 accepted species from this genus as of 2022. Modern classifications, starting with Dykes (1913), have subdivided them. Dykes referred to
1632-549: Is crippled and they have never been commercializable. The following is a selection of bearded irises that have gained the Royal Horticultural Society 's Award of Garden Merit : This section contains the cushion irises or royal irises, a group of plants noted for their large, strongly marked flowers. Between 30 and 60 species are classified in this section, depending on the authority. Species of section Oncocyclus are generally strict endemics, typically occurring in
1700-459: Is found in the northern European regions of Denmark and Sweden . and in the middle European regions of Austria , Czech Republic , Slovakia , Germany and Hungary . Within eastern European it is found in the regions of Moldova , Bashkortostan , Ukraine , and Serbia . and in the southern European regions of Romania , France and Spain . It has been naturalized within New Zealand and
1768-509: Is listed as rare or endangered in some. In Russia, the digging up of wild iris rhizomes is strictly prohibited. In Sweden, it is rare and is only found on the coastal meadows in southern Sweden. On the island of Saltholm , the colony was diminishing, before being protected. In Germany, it is rare and colonies are protected. In Serbia, it is also rare, and within Hungary, colonies are also protected. In Czechoslovakia, it has mixed fortunes. In
1836-510: Is normally stated as 2n=22. The Latin specific epithet spuria refers to 'spurious' meaning false. Linnaeus thought that the plants were hybrids rather than a true species. It is written as 假鸢尾 in Chinese script and known as Jia Yuan Wei in Pinyin Chinese. In Czech , it is called Iris Iris žlutofialový . It is pronounced as 'EYE-ris SPUR-ee-uh'. Due to the wide distribution of
1904-407: Is not native, it has escaped from cultivation to establish itself as an invasive aquatic plant which can create dense, monotypic stands, outcompeting other plants in the ecosystem. Where it is invasive, it is tough to remove on a large scale. Even ploughing the rhizomes is often ineffective. It has been banned in some areas but is still widely sold in others for use in gardens. Iris pseudacorus
1972-608: Is now considered a noxious weed and prohibited in some states of the US where it is found clogging natural waterways. The iris has been used in art and as a symbol, including in heraldry . The symbolic meaning has evolved, in Christendom moving from a symbol of Mary mother of Jesus, to a French heraldic sign, the fleur-de-lis , and from French royalty it spread throughout Europe and beyond. Vincent van Gogh has painted several famous pictures of irises . The American artist Joseph Mason –
2040-440: Is predominantly found in dry, semi-desert , or colder rocky mountainous areas . Other habitats include grassy slopes, meadowlands, woodland, bogs and riverbanks . Some irises like Iris setosa Pall. can tolerate damp (bogs) or dry sites (meadows), and Iris foetidissima can be found in woodland, hedge banks and scrub areas. Narcissus mosaic virus is most commonly known from Narcissus . Wylie et al. , 2014, made
2108-498: Is primarily an aquatic or marginal plant, the rhizomes can survive prolonged dry conditions. Large I. pseudacorus stands in western Scotland form a very important feeding and breeding habitat for the endangered corncrake . I. pseudacorus is one of two iris species native to the United Kingdom, the other being Iris foetidissima (stinking iris). The plant was rated in second place for per day nectar production per flower in
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2176-607: Is promoted in the United Kingdom by the British Iris Society. The National Collection of Arthur Bliss Irises is held in Gloucestershire . The American Iris Society is the International Cultivar Registration Authority for Iris , and recognises over 30,000 registered cultivar names. Bearded iris are classified as dwarf, tall, or aril. In Europe, the most commonly found garden iris is
2244-536: Is reported as invasive in Connecticut , Delaware , Maryland , New Hampshire , New Jersey , North Carolina , Oregon , Tennessee , Virginia , Vermont , Washington , Wisconsin , and West Virginia . According to Pierre Augustin Boissier de Sauvages , an 18th-century French naturalist and lexicographer , the name fleur-de-lis applied to the heraldic symbol may be related to Iris pseudacorus rather than to
2312-476: Is that the iris serves as a warning to be heeded, as it was named for the messenger of Olympus. It also conveys images of lost love and silent grief, for young girls were led into the afterlife by the goddess Iris. Broken Vows was accompanied with poetry by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow when it was first exhibited. Contemporary artist George Gessert , who introduced the cultivation of flowers as an art form, has specialised in breeding irises. Iris nigricans ,
2380-418: Is usually held by garden centres at appropriate times during the season, but there are thousands of cultivars available from specialist suppliers (more than 30,000 cultivars of tall bearded iris). They are best planted as bare root plants in late summer, in a sunny open position with the rhizome visible on the surface of the soil and facing the sun. They should be divided in summer every two or three years, when
2448-405: Is widely planted in temperate regions as an ornamental plant, with several cultivars selected for bog garden planting. The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society 's Award of Garden Merit : Other cultivars known include Alba (with pale cream flowers) and Golden Fleece (with dark yellow flowers). In some regions (including the US and South Africa ) where it
2516-460: The Old World ; the sixth (subgenus Limniris ) has a Holarctic distribution. The two largest subgenera are further divided into sections. The Iris subgenus has been divided into six sections; bearded irises (or pogon irises), Psammiris, Oncocyclus, Regelia, Hexapogon and Pseudoregelia. Iris subg. Limniris has been divided into 2 sections; Lophiris (or 'Evansias' or crested iris) and Limniris which
2584-533: The United Kingdom , in Lincolnshire . Iris spuria grows on seasonally damp grasslands, damp meadows (or pastures), marshes, alluvial plains, swamps, bogs, maquis, and salty flats. It also grows in saline soils. It can be found naturalised in damp, grassy places, by ditches, on banks and on roadside verges. The iris is generally listed as of 'Least Concern' on 26 April 2013 in most European countries. But it
2652-466: The black iris is the national flower of Jordan . Iris bismarckiana , the Nazareth Iris , is the symbol of the city of Upper Nazareth . The Iris croatica is the unofficial national flower of Croatia . A stylized yellow iris is the symbol of Brussels , since historically the important Saint Gaugericus Island was carpeted in them. The iris symbol is now the sole feature on the flag of
2720-413: The blood iris ( I. sanguinea , ayame ) and the rabbit-ear iris ( I. laevigata, kakitsubata ). I. unguicularis is a late-winter-flowering species from Algeria, with sky-blue flowers with a yellow streak in the centre of each petal, produced from Winter to Spring. Yet another beardless rhizomatous iris popular in gardening is I. ruthenica , which has much the same requirements and characteristics as
2788-1103: The flavonoids and phenolics content with the rhizomes. Iris pseudacorus had the highest content and Iris crocea had the lowest content. In May 2014, a study was carried out on the hepatoprotective activity of Iris spuria against paracetamol induced toxicity. In July 2014, eight Irises from the Limniris section ( Iris crocea , Iris ensata , Iris orientalis , Iris pseudacorus , Iris setosa , Iris sibirica with its cultivars 'Supernatural' and 'Whiskey White', Iris spuria and Iris versicolor ) were studied to find 12 chemical compounds ( flavonoids , phenols , quinones , tannins , saponins , cardiac glycosides , terpenoids , alkaloids , steroids , glycosides and proteins . As most irises are diploid , having two sets of chromosomes , this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. It has been counted several times; 2n=22, Westergaraard, 1938; 2n=22, Lenz & Day, 1963; 2n=40, Banerji, 1970; 2n=40, Sharma & Sar., 1971; 2n=40, Roy et al., 1988. The chromosome count
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2856-470: The 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals , known as the 'standards'. The falls are broadly ovate, elliptic, or orbicular with a long claw (section leading to the stem). The fall is 4.5–6 cm (2–2 in) long, and 2.5 cm wide. They have purple or violet veining, and a central yellow or white stripe or signal area. The standards are short, lanceolate or oblanceolate, erect wavy, and 3–6 cm (1–2 in) long and 8–20 mm wide. It has
2924-601: The Brussels-Capital Region . In 1998, Iris lacustris , the Dwarf Lake iris , was designated the state wildflower of Michigan, where the vast majority of populations exist. Iris pseudacorus Iris pseudacorus , the yellow flag , yellow iris , or water flag , is a species of flowering plant in the family Iridaceae . It is native to Europe, western Asia and northwest Africa. Its specific epithet pseudacorus means "false acorus", referring to
2992-625: The Russian, Siberian regions of Altay , Chelyabinsk , Gorno-Altay , Kurgan , Novosibirsk , Omsk and Tomsk . In the Middle Asia regions of Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan and Mongolia . It is also found in China, with the provinces of Gansu and Xinjiang . Within tropical Asia, it is found in the Indian sub-continental regions of Jammu , Kashmir and Pakistan . Within Europe, it
3060-608: The beardless iris, depending on origin. They are divided into Pacific Coast, Siberica, Spuria, Louisiana, Japanese, and other. Beardless rhizomatous iris types commonly found in the European garden are the Siberian iris ( I. sibirica ) and its hybrids, and the Japanese Iris ( I. ensata ) and its hybrids. " Japanese iris " is also a catch-all term for the Japanese iris proper ( hanashōbu ),
3128-797: The capsule, are light brown, angular seeds, with a loose membranous testa (surface). In 2002, a study was carried out on Iris spuria rhizomes, it found seven iridal- glycosides . In 2007, a chemical analysis was carried out on Iris spuria rhizomes, several compounds were isolated 12a-dehydrorotenoid 1, 11-dihydroxy-9, 10-methylenedioxy-12a-dehydrorotenoid, together with a new isoflavonoid glycoside tectorigenin-7-O-beta-glucosyl-4'-O-beta-glucoside, with 4 other known compounds, tectorigenin, tectorigenin-7-O-beta-glucosyl (1 --> 6) glucoside, tectoridin (a tectorigenin-7-O-beta-glucoside) and tectorigenin-4'-O-beta-glucoside. In 2012, five Iris species ( Iris pseudacorus , Iris crocea , Iris spuria , Iris orientalis and Iris ensata ) were studied, to measure
3196-402: The clumps become congested. A truly red bearded iris, like a truly blue rose , remains an unattained goal despite frequent hybridizing and selection. There are species and selections, most notably based on the beardless rhizomatous Copper iris ( I. fulva ), which have a relatively pure red color. However, getting this color into a modern bearded iris breed has proven very difficult, and thus,
3264-420: The cushion varieties are scantily furnished with narrow sickle-shaped leaves and the flowers are usually borne singly on the stalks; they are often very dark and in some almost blackish. The cushion irises are somewhat fastidious growers, and to be successful with them they must be planted rather shallow in very gritty well-drained soil. They should not be disturbed in the autumn, and after the leaves have withered
3332-470: The dwarf forms of I. pumila and others. In May or June, most of the tall bearded varieties start to bloom, such as the German iris and its variety florentina , sweet iris, Hungarian iris, lemon-yellow iris ( I. flavescens ), Iris sambucina , and their natural and horticultural hybrids such as those described under names like I. neglecta or I. squalens and best united under I. × lurida . The iris
3400-654: The fats and oils inside the roots undergo degradation and oxidation , which produces many fragrant compounds that are valuable in perfumery. The scent is said to be similar to violets . The aged rhizomes are steam-distilled which produces a thick oily compound, known in the perfume industry as "iris butter" or orris oil . Iris rhizomes also contain notable amounts of terpenes , and organic acids such as ascorbic acid , myristic acid , tridecylenic acid and undecylenic acid . Iris rhizomes can be toxic. Larger blue flag ( I. versicolor ) and other species often grown in gardens and widely hybridized contain elevated amounts of
3468-610: The first identification of Narcissus mosaic virus infecting this garden plant genus, and the first record in Australia . Japanese iris necrotic ring virus also, commonly infects this genus. It was, however, unknown in Australia until Wylie et al. , 2012, identified it in Australia on I. ensata . Iris is extensively grown as ornamental plant in home and botanical gardens . Presby Memorial Iris Gardens in New Jersey, for example,
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#17328730517893536-404: The flower and the position of the pollen-receiving and stigmatic surfaces on the outer petals form a landing-stage for a flying insect, which in probing for nectar, will first come into contact with the perianth , then with the three stigmatic stamens in one whorled surface which is borne on an ovary formed of three carpels . The shelf-like transverse projection on the inner whorled underside of
3604-450: The flowering stem. After the plant has flowered and set seed, the leaves die in the late summer. It has a strong, erect, round stem, that can reach up to between 50–80 cm (20–31 in) long. The stem has 1 or 2 lateral, upright branches, or pedicels , which are about 2 cm long. The stem also has keeled, lanceolate, green, spathes (leaves of the flower bud) (or bracts ). These are 40–80 cm (16–31 in) long, and have
3672-602: The latter kept Hermodactylus as a distinct genus, to include Hermodactylus tuberosus , now returned to Hermodactyloides as Iris tuberosa . Rodionenko also reduced the number of sections in subgenus Iris, from six to two, depending on the presence ( Hexapogon ) or absence ( Iris ) of arils on the seeds , referred to as arilate or nonarilate . Taylor (1976) provides arguments for not including all arilate species in Hexapogon . In general, modern classifications usually recognise six subgenera, of which five are restricted to
3740-620: The major subgroupings as sections . Subsequent authors such as Lawrence (1953) and Rodionenko (1987) have generally called them subgenera , while essentially retaining Dykes' groupings, using six subgenera further divided into twelve sections. Of these, section Limneris (subgenus Limneris ) was further divided into sixteen series . Like some older sources, Rodionenko moved some of the bulbous subgenera ( Xiphium , Scorpiris and Hermodactyloides ) into separate genera ( Xiphion , Juno and Iridodictyum respectively), but this has not been accepted by later writers such as Mathew (1989), although
3808-530: The precursor, and this is probably the case here as well. The other metabolic difficulty is the presence of flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase , which in Chrysanthemum inhibits pelargonidin synthesis. The bias in irises towards delphinidin-anthocyanins is so pronounced that they have served as the gene donors for transgenic attempts at the aforementioned blue roses. Although these have been technically successful – over 99% of their anthocyanins are blue – their growth
3876-601: The region of Moravia , it is now regarded as extinct . In the Slovak Republic, it is classified as a 'critically endangered' species, and listed in the Red Book , with the meadows to the north and east of Štúrovo , now protected. It is currently found in about 10 locations in Podunajskej lowlands, near Komárno and Sturova Nitra. It is generally thought to be easy to grow. It is hardy to between USDA Zone 3 and Zone 9. It
3944-427: The roots should be protected from heavy rains until growth starts again naturally. This section, closely allied to the cushion irises, includes several garden hybrids with species in section Oncocyclus , known as Regelio-cyclus irises. They are best planted in September or October in warm sunny positions, the rhizomes being lifted the following July after the leaves have withered. There are six major subgroupings of
4012-486: The similarity of its leaves to those of Acorus calamus (sweet flag), as they have a prominently veined mid-rib and sword-like shape. However, the two plants are not closely related. This herbaceous flowering perennial plant grows to 100–150 cm (39–59 in), or a rare 2 m (6 ft 7 in) tall, with erect leaves up to 90 cm (35 in) long and 3 cm (1.2 in) broad. The flowers are bright yellow, 7–10 cm (2.8–3.9 in) across, with
4080-715: The species, it has many different common names, including 'spurious iris', 'false iris', 'bastard iris', 'blue iris' (in England), 'butterfly iris' (also in England), 'meadow marsh iris', 'iris steppe', 'iris des steppes' (in France), 'Steppen-Schwertlilie' (in Germany), and 'dansk iris' (in Sweden). and 'salt iris' (also in Sweden). Another is 'seashore iris', but this probably applies to Iris spuria subsp. maritima . Also 'salt iris', and 'salt marsh iris', but this applies to Iris halophila (formerly
4148-401: The stamens is beneath the overarching style arm below the stigma, so that the insect comes in contact with its pollen-covered surface only after passing the stigma ; in backing out of the flower it will come in contact only with the non-receptive lower face of the stigma. Thus, an insect bearing pollen from one flower will, in entering a second, deposit the pollen on the stigma; in backing out of
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#17328730517894216-479: The tall bearded irises. In North America, Louisiana iris and its hybrids are often cultivated. One specific species, Iris cristata from North America. Often called ' junos ', this type of iris is one of the more popular bulb irises in cultivation. They are generally earliest to bloom. This group includes irises generally of European descent, and are also classified as Dutch, English, or Spanish iris. Reticulate irises with their characteristic bulbs, including
4284-515: The toxic glycoside iridin . These rhizomes can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and/or skin irritation, but poisonings are not normally fatal. Irises should only be used medicinally under professional guidance. In water purification, yellow iris ( I. pseudacorus ) is often used. The roots are usually planted in a substrate (e.g. lava-stone) in a reedbed -setup. The roots then improve water quality by consuming nutrient pollutants , such as from agricultural runoff . This highly aggressive grower
4352-455: The typical iris form. The fruit is a dry capsule 4–7 cm (1.6–2.8 in) long, containing numerous pale brown seeds. I. pseudacorus grows best in very wet conditions, and is common in wetlands, where it tolerates submersion, low pH , and anoxic soils. The plant spreads quickly, by both rhizome and water-dispersed seed. It fills a similar niche to that of Typha and often grows with it, though usually in shallower water. While it
4420-543: The vast majority of irises are in the purple and blue range of the color spectrum, with yellow, pink, orange and white breeds also available. Irises – like many related genera – lack red-based hues because their anthocyanins are delphinidin -derived. Pelargonidin -derived anthocyanins would lend the sought-after blue-based colors but these genera are metabolically disinclined to produce pelargonidin. Dihydroflavonol 4-reductases in Iris ' s relatives selectively do not catalyse dihydrokaempferol to leucopelargonidin ,
4488-480: The yellow I. danfordiae , and the various blue-purple I. histrioides and I. reticulata , flower as early as February and March. These reticulate-bulbed irises are miniatures and popular spring bulbs, being one of the first to bloom in the garden. Many of the smaller species of bulbous iris, being liable to perish from excess of moisture, should have a well-drained bed of good but porous soil made up for them, in some sunny spot, and in winter should be protected by
4556-415: Was further divided into 16 series . The concept of introgressive hybridization (or "introgression") was first coined to describe the pattern of interspecific hybridization followed by backcrossing to the parentals that is common in this genus. Nearly all species are found in temperate Northern Hemisphere zones, from Europe to Asia and across North America. Although diverse in ecology, Iris
4624-608: Was growing in Dorset , but in 1972 it was deliberately vandalised and damaged fatally. It was originally found on 10 July 1955 growing in Limhamm, Skane in Sweden. It was later published in Botanical Notices in 1958. It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service on 20 April 1998, then updated on 1 December 2004. As of March 2015, Iris spuria is
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