A planetary nebula is a type of emission nebula consisting of an expanding, glowing shell of ionized gas ejected from red giant stars late in their lives.
57-533: NGC 6905 , also known as the Blue Flash Nebula , is a planetary nebula in the constellation Delphinus . It was discovered by William Herschel in 1784. The central star is 14.0 mag. The distance of the nebula, as with most planetary nebulae, is not well determined and estimates range between 1.7 and 2.6 kpc. The shape of NGC 6905 is characterised by an internal shell with angular dimensions 47" ×34" and roughly conical extensions, with ansae-type formations along
114-540: A 4-inch telescope, but it is better observed with larger instruments. Planetary nebula The term "planetary nebula" is a misnomer because they are unrelated to planets . The term originates from the planet-like round shape of these nebulae observed by astronomers through early telescopes. The first usage may have occurred during the 1780s with the English astronomer William Herschel who described these nebulae as resembling planets; however, as early as January 1779,
171-401: A dramatic rise in stellar luminosity, where the released energy is distributed over a much larger surface area, which in fact causes the average surface temperature to be lower. In stellar evolution terms, stars undergoing such increases in luminosity are known as asymptotic giant branch stars (AGB). During this phase, the star can lose 50–70% of its total mass from its stellar wind . For
228-443: A final stage of stellar evolution . Spectroscopic observations show that all planetary nebulae are expanding. This led to the idea that planetary nebulae were caused by a star's outer layers being thrown into space at the end of its life. Towards the end of the 20th century, technological improvements helped to further the study of planetary nebulae. Space telescopes allowed astronomers to study light wavelengths outside those that
285-488: A growing inner core of inert carbon and oxygen. Above it is a thin helium-burning shell, surrounded in turn by a hydrogen-burning shell. However, this new phase lasts only 20,000 years or so, a very short period compared to the entire lifetime of the star. The venting of atmosphere continues unabated into interstellar space, but when the outer surface of the exposed core reaches temperatures exceeding about 30,000 K, there are enough emitted ultraviolet photons to ionize
342-457: A planet, that is to say, of equal brightness all over, round or somewhat oval, and about as well defined in outline as the disk of the planets, of a light strong enough to be visible with an ordinary telescope of only one foot, yet they have only the appearance of a star of about ninth magnitude. He assigned these to Class IV of his catalogue of "nebulae", eventually listing 78 "planetary nebulae", most of which are in fact galaxies. Herschel used
399-557: A planetary nebula (i.e., a 4% distance solution). The cases of NGC 2818 and NGC 2348 in Messier 46 , exhibit mismatched velocities between the planetary nebulae and the clusters, which indicates they are line-of-sight coincidences. A subsample of tentative cases that may potentially be cluster/PN pairs includes Abell 8 and Bica 6, and He 2-86 and NGC 4463. Theoretical models predict that planetary nebulae can form from main-sequence stars of between one and eight solar masses, which puts
456-478: A relatively short time, typically from 100 to 600 million years. The distances to planetary nebulae are generally poorly determined, but the Gaia mission is now measuring direct parallactic distances between their central stars and neighboring stars. It is also possible to determine distances to nearby planetary nebula by measuring their expansion rates. High resolution observations taken several years apart will show
513-466: A set of 110 astronomical objects catalogued by the French astronomer Charles Messier in his Catalogue des Nébuleuses et des Amas d'Étoiles ( Catalogue of Nebulae and Star Clusters ). Because Messier was interested only in finding comets , he created a list of those non-comet objects that frustrated his hunt for them. This list, which Messier created in collaboration with his assistant Pierre Méchain ,
570-498: A spectrum similar to those of Wolf–Rayet stars and is rich in oxygen; it is estimated to have a surface temperature of 150,000 K. The spectrum also shows signs of neon emission lines. Currently about 60% the mass of the Sun , before becoming a planetary nebula it had a mass of about 1.07 M ☉ . An analysis of Gaia data suggests that the central star may be a binary system . NGC 6905 can be detected under dark skies with
627-652: Is a supernova remnant , known as the Crab Nebula , and the great spiral Andromeda Galaxy is M31. Further inclusions followed; the first addition came from Nicolas Camille Flammarion in 1921, who added Messier 104 after finding Messier's side note in his 1781 edition exemplar of the catalogue. M105 to M107 were added by Helen Sawyer Hogg in 1947, M108 and M109 by Owen Gingerich in 1960, and M110 by Kenneth Glyn Jones in 1967. The first edition of 1774 covered 45 objects ( M1 to M45 ). The total list published by Messier in 1781 contained 103 objects, but
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#1733084799087684-445: Is known as the main sequence , which can last for tens of millions to billions of years, depending on the mass. When the hydrogen in the core starts to run out, nuclear fusion generates less energy and gravity starts compressing the core, causing a rise in temperature to about 100 million K. Such high core temperatures then make the star's cooler outer layers expand to create much larger red giant stars. This end phase causes
741-422: Is now known as the Messier catalogue . The Messier catalogue is one of the most famous lists of astronomical objects, and many objects on the list are still referenced by their Messier numbers. The catalogue includes most of the astronomical deep-sky objects that can be easily observed from Earth's Northern Hemisphere ; many Messier objects are popular targets for amateur astronomers. A preliminary version of
798-578: The Ring Nebula , "a very dull nebula, but perfectly outlined; as large as Jupiter and looks like a fading planet". The nature of these objects remained unclear. In 1782, William Herschel , discoverer of Uranus, found the Saturn Nebula (NGC 7009) and described it as "A curious nebula, or what else to call it I do not know". He later described these objects as seeming to be planets "of the starry kind". As noted by Darquier before him, Herschel found that
855-401: The Sun will form a planetary nebula at the end of its life cycle. They are relatively short-lived phenomena, lasting perhaps a few tens of millennia, compared to considerably longer phases of stellar evolution . Once all of the red giant's atmosphere has been dissipated, energetic ultraviolet radiation from the exposed hot luminous core, called a planetary nebula nucleus (P.N.N.), ionizes
912-572: The asymptotic giant branch phase, they create heavier elements via nuclear fusion which are eventually expelled by strong stellar winds . Planetary nebulae usually contain larger proportions of elements such as carbon , nitrogen and oxygen , and these are recycled into the interstellar medium via these powerful winds. In this way, planetary nebulae greatly enrich the Milky Way and their nebulae with these heavier elements – collectively known by astronomers as metals and specifically referred to by
969-406: The metallicity parameter Z . Subsequent generations of stars formed from such nebulae also tend to have higher metallicities. Although these metals are present in stars in relatively tiny amounts, they have marked effects on stellar evolution and fusion reactions. When stars formed earlier in the universe they theoretically contained smaller quantities of heavier elements. Known examples are
1026-467: The 1990s, Hubble Space Telescope images revealed that many planetary nebulae have extremely complex and varied morphologies. About one-fifth are roughly spherical, but the majority are not spherically symmetric. The mechanisms that produce such a wide variety of shapes and features are not yet well understood, but binary central stars , stellar winds and magnetic fields may play a role. The first planetary nebula discovered (though not yet termed as such)
1083-419: The 500.7 nm emission line and others. These spectral lines, which can only be seen in very low-density gases, are called forbidden lines . Spectroscopic observations thus showed that nebulae were made of extremely rarefied gas. The central stars of planetary nebulae are very hot. Only when a star has exhausted most of its nuclear fuel can it collapse to a small size. Planetary nebulae are understood as
1140-461: The AGB. As the gases expand, the central star undergoes a two-stage evolution, first growing hotter as it continues to contract and hydrogen fusion reactions occur in the shell around the core and then slowly cooling when the hydrogen shell is exhausted through fusion and mass loss. In the second phase, it radiates away its energy and fusion reactions cease, as the central star is not heavy enough to generate
1197-505: The Earth's atmosphere transmits. Infrared and ultraviolet studies of planetary nebulae allowed much more accurate determinations of nebular temperatures , densities and elemental abundances. Charge-coupled device technology allowed much fainter spectral lines to be measured accurately than had previously been possible. The Hubble Space Telescope also showed that while many nebulae appear to have simple and regular structures when observed from
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#17330847990871254-403: The French astronomer Antoine Darquier de Pellepoix described in his observations of the Ring Nebula , "very dim but perfectly outlined; it is as large as Jupiter and resembles a fading planet". Though the modern interpretation is different, the old term is still used. All planetary nebulae form at the end of the life of a star of intermediate mass, about 1-8 solar masses. It is expected that
1311-599: The Hôtel de Cluny (now the Musée national du Moyen Âge ), in Paris , France. The list he compiled contains only objects found in the sky area he could observe: from the north celestial pole to a celestial latitude of about −35.7° . He did not observe or list objects visible only from farther south, such as the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds . The Messier catalogue comprises nearly all of
1368-470: The Sun. The huge variety of the shapes is partially the projection effect—the same nebula when viewed under different angles will appear different. Nevertheless, the reason for the huge variety of physical shapes is not fully understood. Gravitational interactions with companion stars if the central stars are binary stars may be one cause. Another possibility is that planets disrupt the flow of material away from
1425-725: The astrophysics of each Messier object can be found in the Concise Catalog of Deep-sky Objects . Since these objects could be observed visually with the relatively small-aperture refracting telescope (approximately 100 mm ≈ 4 inches) used by Messier to study the sky from downtown Paris , they are among the brightest and thus most attractive astronomical objects (popularly called deep-sky objects ) observable from Earth, and are popular targets for visual study and astrophotography available to modern amateur astronomers using larger aperture equipment. In early spring, astronomers sometimes gather for " Messier marathons ", when all of
1482-542: The catalogue first appeared in 1774 in the Memoirs of the French Academy of Sciences for the year 1771. The first version of Messier's catalogue contained 45 objects, which were not numbered. Eighteen of the objects were discovered by Messier; the rest had been previously observed by other astronomers. By 1780 the catalogue had increased to 70 objects. The final version of the catalogue containing 103 objects
1539-414: The core temperatures required for carbon and oxygen to fuse. During the first phase, the central star maintains constant luminosity, while at the same time it grows ever hotter, eventually reaching temperatures around 100,000 K. In the second phase, it cools so much that it does not give off enough ultraviolet radiation to ionize the increasingly distant gas cloud. The star becomes a white dwarf , and
1596-412: The disk resembled a planet but it was too faint to be one. In 1785, Herschel wrote to Jérôme Lalande : These are celestial bodies of which as yet we have no clear idea and which are perhaps of a type quite different from those that we are familiar with in the heavens. I have already found four that have a visible diameter of between 15 and 30 seconds. These bodies appear to have a disk that is rather like
1653-451: The ejected atmosphere, causing the gas to shine as a planetary nebula. After a star passes through the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) phase, the short planetary nebula phase of stellar evolution begins as gases blow away from the central star at speeds of a few kilometers per second. The central star is the remnant of its AGB progenitor, an electron-degenerate carbon-oxygen core that has lost most of its hydrogen envelope due to mass loss on
1710-562: The ejected material. Absorbed ultraviolet light then energizes the shell of nebulous gas around the central star, causing it to appear as a brightly coloured planetary nebula. Planetary nebulae probably play a crucial role in the chemical evolution of the Milky Way by expelling elements into the interstellar medium from stars where those elements were created. Planetary nebulae are observed in more distant galaxies , yielding useful information about their chemical abundances. Starting from
1767-440: The end of the lives of intermediate and low mass stars between 0.8 M ⊙ to 8.0 M ⊙ . Progenitor stars that form planetary nebulae will spend most of their lifetimes converting their hydrogen into helium in the star's core by nuclear fusion at about 15 million K . This generates energy in the core, which creates outward pressure that balances the crushing inward pressures of gravity. This state of equilibrium
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1824-401: The expanding gas cloud becomes invisible to us, ending the planetary nebula phase of evolution. For a typical planetary nebula, about 10,000 years passes between its formation and recombination of the resulting plasma . Planetary nebulae may play a very important role in galactic evolution. Newly born stars consist almost entirely of hydrogen and helium , but as stars evolve through
1881-504: The expansion of the nebula perpendicular to the line of sight, while spectroscopic observations of the Doppler shift will reveal the velocity of expansion in the line of sight. Comparing the angular expansion with the derived velocity of expansion will reveal the distance to the nebula. The issue of how such a diverse range of nebular shapes can be produced is a debatable topic. It is theorised that interactions between material moving away from
1938-571: The ground, the very high optical resolution achievable by telescopes above the Earth's atmosphere reveals extremely complex structures. Under the Morgan-Keenan spectral classification scheme, planetary nebulae are classified as Type- P , although this notation is seldom used in practice. Stars greater than 8 solar masses (M ⊙ ) will probably end their lives in dramatic supernovae explosions, while planetary nebulae seemingly only occur at
1995-431: The highest densities, sometimes as high as 10 particles per cm . As nebulae age, their expansion causes their density to decrease. The masses of planetary nebulae range from 0.1 to 1 solar masses . Radiation from the central star heats the gases to temperatures of about 10,000 K . The gas temperature in central regions is usually much higher than at the periphery reaching 16,000–25,000 K. The volume in
2052-455: The line at 500.7 nm was due to a familiar element in unfamiliar conditions. Physicists showed in the 1920s that in gas at extremely low densities, electrons can occupy excited metastable energy levels in atoms and ions that would otherwise be de-excited by collisions that would occur at higher densities. Electron transitions from these levels in nitrogen and oxygen ions ( O , O (a.k.a. O iii ), and N ) give rise to
2109-577: The list was expanded through successive additions by other astronomers, motivated by notes in Messier's and Méchain's texts indicating that at least one of them knew of the additional objects. The first such addition came from Nicolas Camille Flammarion in 1921, who added Messier 104 after finding a note Messier made in a copy of the 1781 edition of the catalogue. M105 to M107 were added by Helen Sawyer Hogg in 1947, M108 and M109 by Owen Gingerich in 1960, and M110 by Kenneth Glyn Jones in 1967. M102
2166-464: The major axis. The nucleus of the nebula possesses one of the most broad emission of O VI emission lines among planetary nebulae. Moreover, O VIII emission has been detected in NGC 6905. The ansae were particularly intense in N II . The total mass of gas in NGC 6905 falls between 0.31 M ☉ and 0.47 M ☉ . The central star has a spectral type of [WO2], meaning it has
2223-404: The majority of them belong to just three types: spherical, elliptical and bipolar. Bipolar nebulae are concentrated in the galactic plane , probably produced by relatively young massive progenitor stars; and bipolars in the galactic bulge appear to prefer orienting their orbital axes parallel to the galactic plane. On the other hand, spherical nebulae are probably produced by old stars similar to
2280-422: The metal poor Population II stars. (See Stellar population .) Identification of stellar metallicity content is found by spectroscopy . A typical planetary nebula is roughly one light year across, and consists of extremely rarefied gas, with a density generally from 100 to 10,000 particles per cm . (The Earth's atmosphere, by comparison, contains 2.5 × 10 particles per cm .) Young planetary nebulae have
2337-425: The more massive asymptotic giant branch stars that form planetary nebulae, whose progenitors exceed about 0.6M ⊙ , their cores will continue to contract. When temperatures reach about 100 million K, the available helium nuclei fuse into carbon and oxygen , so that the star again resumes radiating energy, temporarily stopping the core's contraction. This new helium burning phase (fusion of helium nuclei) forms
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2394-463: The most spectacular examples of the five types of deep-sky object – diffuse nebulae , planetary nebulae , open clusters , globular clusters , and galaxies – visible from European latitudes. Furthermore, almost all of the Messier objects are among the closest to Earth in their respective classes, which makes them heavily studied with professional class instruments that today can resolve very small and visually significant details in them. A summary of
2451-462: The plane of the Milky Way , with the greatest concentration near the Galactic Center . Only about 20% of planetary nebulae are spherically symmetric (for example, see Abell 39 ). A wide variety of shapes exist with some very complex forms seen. Planetary nebulae are classified by different authors into: stellar, disk, ring, irregular, helical, bipolar , quadrupolar, and other types, although
2508-440: The potential discovery of planetary nebulae in globular clusters in the galaxy M31 . However, there is currently only one case of a planetary nebula discovered in an open cluster that is agreed upon by independent researchers. That case pertains to the planetary nebula PHR 1315-6555 and the open cluster Andrews-Lindsay 1. Indeed, through cluster membership, PHR 1315-6555 possesses among the most precise distances established for
2565-491: The progenitor star's age at greater than 40 million years. Although there are a few hundred known open clusters within that age range, a variety of reasons limit the chances of finding a planetary nebula within. For one reason, the planetary nebula phase for more massive stars is on the order of millennia, which is a blink of the eye in astronomic terms. Also, partly because of their small total mass, open clusters have relatively poor gravitational cohesion and tend to disperse after
2622-422: The results derived from the two methods. This may be explained by the presence of small temperature fluctuations within planetary nebulae. The discrepancies may be too large to be caused by temperature effects, and some hypothesize the existence of cold knots containing very little hydrogen to explain the observations. However, such knots have yet to be observed. Messier object The Messier objects are
2679-521: The star as the nebula forms. It has been determined that the more massive stars produce more irregularly shaped nebulae. In January 2005, astronomers announced the first detection of magnetic fields around the central stars of two planetary nebulae, and hypothesized that the fields might be partly or wholly responsible for their remarkable shapes. Planetary nebulae have been detected as members in four Galactic globular clusters : Messier 15 , Messier 22 , NGC 6441 and Palomar 6 . Evidence also points to
2736-542: The star at different speeds gives rise to most observed shapes. However, some astronomers postulate that close binary central stars might be responsible for the more complex and extreme planetary nebulae. Several have been shown to exhibit strong magnetic fields, and their interactions with ionized gas could explain some planetary nebulae shapes. There are two main methods of determining metal abundances in nebulae. These rely on recombination lines and collisionally excited lines. Large discrepancies are sometimes seen between
2793-440: The term "planetary nebulae" for these objects. The origin of this term not known. The label "planetary nebula" became ingrained in the terminology used by astronomers to categorize these types of nebulae, and is still in use by astronomers today. The nature of planetary nebulae remained unknown until the first spectroscopic observations were made in the mid-19th century. Using a prism to disperse their light, William Huggins
2850-455: The vicinity of the central star is often filled with a very hot (coronal) gas having the temperature of about 1,000,000 K. This gas originates from the surface of the central star in the form of the fast stellar wind. Nebulae may be described as matter bounded or radiation bounded . In the former case, there is not enough matter in the nebula to absorb all the UV photons emitted by the star, and
2907-462: The visible nebula is fully ionized. In the latter case, there are not enough UV photons being emitted by the central star to ionize all the surrounding gas, and an ionization front propagates outward into the circumstellar envelope of neutral atoms. About 3000 planetary nebulae are now known to exist in our galaxy, out of 200 billion stars. Their very short lifetime compared to total stellar lifetime accounts for their rarity. They are found mostly near
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#17330847990872964-403: Was hypothesized that the line might be due to an unknown element, which was named nebulium . A similar idea had led to the discovery of helium through analysis of the Sun 's spectrum in 1868. While helium was isolated on Earth soon after its discovery in the spectrum of the Sun, "nebulium" was not. In the early 20th century, Henry Norris Russell proposed that, rather than being a new element,
3021-665: Was observed by Méchain, who communicated his notes to Messier. Méchain later concluded that this object was simply a re-observation of M101, though some sources suggest that the object Méchain observed was the galaxy NGC 5866 and identify that as M102. Messier's final catalogue was included in the Connaissance des Temps pour l'Année 1784 [ Knowledge of the Times for the Year 1784 ], the French official yearly publication of astronomical ephemerides . Messier lived and did his astronomical work at
3078-484: Was one of the earliest astronomers to study the optical spectra of astronomical objects. On August 29, 1864, Huggins was the first to analyze the spectrum of a planetary nebula when he observed Cat's Eye Nebula . His observations of stars had shown that their spectra consisted of a continuum of radiation with many dark lines superimposed. He found that many nebulous objects such as the Andromeda Nebula (as it
3135-510: Was published in 1781 in the Connaissance des Temps for the year 1784. However, due to what was thought for a long time to be the incorrect addition of Messier 102 , the total number remained 102. Other astronomers, using side notes in Messier's texts, eventually filled out the list up to 110 objects. The catalogue consists of a diverse range of astronomical objects, from star clusters and nebulae to galaxies . For example, Messier 1
3192-490: Was the Dumbbell Nebula in the constellation of Vulpecula . It was observed by Charles Messier on July 12, 1764 and listed as M27 in his catalogue of nebulous objects. To early observers with low-resolution telescopes, M27 and subsequently discovered planetary nebulae resembled the giant planets like Uranus . As early as January 1779, the French astronomer Antoine Darquier de Pellepoix described in his observations of
3249-482: Was then known) had spectra that were quite similar. However, when Huggins looked at the Cat's Eye Nebula, he found a very different spectrum. Rather than a strong continuum with absorption lines superimposed, the Cat's Eye Nebula and other similar objects showed a number of emission lines . Brightest of these was at a wavelength of 500.7 nanometres , which did not correspond with a line of any known element. At first, it
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