30-611: The Blackfriars shipwrecks were a series of wrecks discovered by archaeologist Peter Marsden in the Blackfriars area of the banks of the River Thames in London , England. The wrecks were discovered while building a riverside embankment wall along the River Thames. Marsden discovered the first on 6 September 1962 and the other three were discovered in 1969–1970. Together they are now known as
60-433: A Teredo worm infestation, so it was probably seagoing at some point. The Blackfriars I was built frame-first, meaning that the frame of the ship was built before building the rest of the ship. This method was much faster and saved wood, and was advanced for the period. Marsden described the ship as having a carvel -built hull , caulked with hazel shavings and pine resin; the hull planks were secured with clench-nails . On
90-611: A central point at Charing Cross (in the City of Westminster ), which is marked by the statue of King Charles I at the junction of the Strand , Whitehall and Cockspur Street , just south of Trafalgar Square . The central area is distinguished, according to the Royal Commission , by the inclusion within its boundaries of Parliament and the Royal Palaces, the headquarters of Government,
120-454: A new riverside wall, the Blackfriars I has been variously interpreted as a native Brythonic shipbuilding style or a traditional Roman style. Blackfriars I was 52–55 feet (16–17 m) long, and 6 metres (20 ft) broad in the beam. The ship was quite flat-bottomed; there was no keel, but "two thick flat keel-planks which lay side by side with a central seam between them". The ship had had
150-543: A short arc north-west of the small gyratory around the large station complex (with Bridge House, office and retail buildings) stretches back the Crowne Plaza London – The City hotel, a conversion from Spicers Brothers papermakers headquarters, of 1916 facing a few mature trees on a hardscaped small "square" or piazza. Southeast of this circle is Blackfriars Millennium Pier , a stop for river-bus services on London River Services . The Victoria Embankment stretches along
180-433: Is described as "a unique cluster of vitally important activities including central government offices, headquarters and embassies, the largest concentration of London's financial and business services sector and the offices of trade, professional bodies, institutions, associations, communications, publishing, advertising and the media". For strategic planning, since 2011 there has been a Central London sub-region comprising
210-591: Is the innermost part of London , in England , spanning the City of London and several boroughs . Over time, a number of definitions have been used to define the scope of Central London for statistics, urban planning and local government. Its characteristics are understood to include a high-density built environment, high land values, an elevated daytime population and a concentration of regionally, nationally and internationally significant organisations and facilities. Road distances to London are traditionally measured from
240-731: The Herbert Commission and the subsequent passage of the London Government Bill , three unsuccessful attempts were made to define an area that would form a central London borough . The first two were detailed in the 1959 Memorandum of Evidence of the Greater London Group of the London School of Economics . "Scheme A" envisaged a central London borough, one of 25, consisting of the City of London, Westminster, Holborn, Finsbury and
270-685: The Law Courts , the head offices of a very large number of commercial and industrial firms, as well as institutions of great influence in the intellectual life of the nation such as the British Museum , the National Gallery , the Tate Gallery , the University of London , the headquarters of the national ballet and opera, together with the headquarters of many national associations, the great professions,
300-459: The Privy Council , state visits, such as of Emperor Charles V in 1522, then, seven years later, a divorce hearing of Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII . The priory was by legal process dissolved in 1538 under Henry's dissolution of the monasteries . Katherine Parr , Henry's sixth and final wife, was born in an associated parish. Until the early 20th century the local wharves were linked to
330-546: The Blackfriars III and sunk it. The wreck contained no cargo, but archaeologists, while excavating around the site, found two pewter badges, the bronze arm of a pair of shears, two larger lead weights, and an iron grapnel . Like the other Blackfriars ships, these two appear to have been used to carry and transport building supplies. The Blackfriars III ship is the most complete medieval sailing ship to be discovered in Britain. It
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#1733085192270360-470: The City of London, the whole of Finsbury and Holborn, most of Westminster and Southwark, parts of St Pancras, St Marylebone, Paddington and a small part of Kensington. The area had an estimated population of 400,000 and occupied 8,000 acres (32 km ). During the passage of the London Government Bill an amendment was put forward to create a central borough corresponding to the definition used at
390-539: The Metropolis or in any provincial city, and the enormous office developments which have taken place recently constitute a totally new phenomenon. Starting in 2004, the London Plan defined a 'Central Activities Zone' policy area, which as of 2008 comprised the City of London, most of Westminster and the inner parts of Camden, Islington, Hackney, Tower Hamlets, Southwark, Lambeth, Kensington & Chelsea and Wandsworth. It
420-497: The area of operation of the ship, Marsden suggested Blackfriars I was used for construction purposes. The rest of the cargo included: two pottery sherds, a wooden mallet, and a piece of leather. Marsden was able to conclude, using the location and position of the wreck, that it crashed into another vessel, a collision which was responsible for the ship sinking. The Blackfriars II was discovered in June 1969 east of Blackfriars Bridge. The ship
450-589: The black cappa worn by Dominican Friars . They moved their 1220s-founded priory from just west of Holborn bridge at the top of Shoe Lane (modern Holborn Circus) a few hundred metres south to be between the tidal Thames and the west of Ludgate Hill , a modest rise, but the highest in the city proper, in about 1276. Edward I gave permission to rebuild London's city wall, against the Fleet brook and Ludgate Hill, north and west of their precinct. The site hosted great occasions of state, including meetings of Parliament and
480-521: The boroughs of Camden , Islington , Kensington and Chelsea , Lambeth , Southwark , Westminster and the City of London . From 2004 to 2008, the London Plan included a sub-region called Central London comprising Camden, Islington, Kensington and Chelsea, Lambeth, Southwark, Wandsworth and Westminster. It had a 2001 population of 1,525,000. The sub-region was replaced in 2008 with a new structure which amalgamated inner and outer boroughs together. This
510-676: The buildings were later leased to a group of entrepreneurs who created the Blackfriars Theatre on the site, near Shakespeare's Globe Theatre which stood almost directly across the river. In 1632, the Society of Apothecaries (a livery company ), acquired the late medieval guesthouse which they converted as their base. This was destroyed in the Great Fire of London of 1666 but the Society rebuilt it, becoming today's Apothecaries' Hall due north of
540-403: The four Blackfriars wrecks. Discovered by Peter Marsden on 6 September 1962, the first Blackfriars ship became the earliest known indigenous seagoing sailing ship to be found in northern Europe, dating back to the 2nd century AD. The wreck is dated to a period of great Roman expansion and construction. Found between Blackfriars Bridge and Blackfriars Railway Bridge during the construction of
570-503: The inner parts of St Marylebone, St Pancras, Chelsea, Southwark and Lambeth. The boundary deviated from existing lines to include all central London railway stations , the Tower of London and the museums, such that it included small parts of Kensington, Shoreditch, Stepney and Bermondsey. It had an estimated population of 350,000 and occupied 7,000 acres (28 km ). "Scheme B" delineated central London, as one of 7 boroughs, including most of
600-407: The main street by the formerly narrow street Puddle Dock. These stood by an often dredged up to, pier- and mooring post-lined, substantial mudbank of the City – in the south-east of modern Blackfriars. Among these were Wheatsheaf Wharf. Paul's Stairs is east of the modern floating pier, leading to the much narrowed, wholly tidal foreshore (meaning immersed for much of the tidal phases). Some of
630-629: The north bank of the river west from Blackfriars to Westminster Bridge . Notable buildings include the large Art Deco Unilever House , and also facing the station's gyratory, the Art Nouveau Black Friar pub. Further clockwise, facing, are the Bank of New York/Mellon building and the Mermaid Theatre , now a conference centre. The forerunner station stood south of the river, Blackfriars Bridge railway station , no major trace of which remains. It
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#1733085192270660-461: The ship, a bronze votive coin of the Emperor Domitian was found in the mast-step . The ship was wrecked while carrying cargo that consisted of 26 long tons (26 t) of Kentish ragstone , a type of building stone. The cargo has shifted to the port side , and the ship had sunk with a list (lean) to port, probably after it was heeled (leaned over) by a collision. With further findings about
690-411: The state of contemporary knowledge of shipbuilding was insufficient for dating small boats. The Blackfriars III and IV were discovered in 1970 in the riverfront extremely close to the sites of the previous two discoveries. The ships date back to the 15th century. The two wrecks are believed to be the result of a deadly collision between the two vessels. The Blackfriars IV is believed to have collided with
720-488: The station. At the very centre of the zone, in typical London equidistance from stations post-pariochial terms, is Blackfriars station on a large wholly built-up roundabout. Southwest of this is Blackfriars Bridge and south, the railway bridge . A notably long road, Blackfriars Road , in Bankside , Southwark – a main approach to the road bridge – hosts near its northern extreme skyscraper One Blackfriars . For
750-534: The trade unions, the trade associations, social service societies, as well as shopping centres and centres of entertainment which attract people from the whole of Greater London and farther afield. In many other respects the central area differs from areas farther out in London. The rateable value of the central area is exceptionally high. Its day population is very much larger than its night population. Its traffic problems reach an intensity not encountered anywhere else in
780-470: Was a local river craft that was used to unload larger vessels. 51°30′39″N 0°06′14″W / 51.5109°N 0.1038°W / 51.5109; -0.1038 Blackfriars, London Blackfriars is in central London , specifically the south-west corner of the City of London . The name first occurs in records of 1317 in many orthographies . Friar evolved from Latin : frater as French : frère has, meaning 'brother'. Black refers to
810-412: Was a sailing ship built around 1400 and was approximately 48 feet (15 m) long, 14 feet (4.3 m) wide and 2 feet 11 inches (0.89 m) high. Marsden believed the ship to resemble a river vessel known as a "shout". The Blackfriars IV was a clinker-built vessel, built around the 15th century. The vessel was estimated to be very small, only 10 feet (3 m) wide. It is possible that it
840-413: Was altered in 2011 when a new Central London sub-region was created, now including the City of London and excluding Wandsworth. The 1901 Census defined Central London as the City of London and the metropolitan boroughs (subdivisions that existed from 1900 to 1965) of Bermondsey , Bethnal Green , Finsbury , Holborn , Shoreditch , Southwark , Stepney , St Marylebone and Westminster . During
870-422: Was carrying a cargo of brick when it was wrecked. Marsden and R. Inman excavated the wreck. Their findings showed that the cargo included new red bricks, pipes and pottery that dated back to 1660–80. With this information, Marsden was able to conclude that the ship was carrying materials meant for rebuilding London after the Great Fire of 1666 . The techniques used to build this ship led Marsden to believe that
900-611: Was closed to passengers in 1885 when the current station opened, as "St Pauls" for some decades. One or two elaborate streets of Blackfriars were well repaired after the City was heavily bombed in the Blitz (1940 to 1945). These, of genuine Victorian or city Georgian architecture , are frequently sets for film and television series. These include Sherlock Holmes and David Copperfield . List of monastic houses in London Central London Central London
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