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60-467: A black cat is a cat with black fur. Black Cat ( s ) or The Black Cat ( s ) may also refer to: Black cat The Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA) recognizes 22 cat breeds that can come with solid black coats. The Bombay breed is exclusively black. Any cat whose fur is a single color, including black, is known as a "solid" or "self". A "solid black" cat may be coal black, grayish black, or brownish black. Most solid-colored cats result from

120-493: A black cat go across your path you would think, if you were superstitious, You are going to have a little bad luck. The idea of sabotage is to use a little black cat on the boss." When the Space Shuttle program naming system for missions was reworked to avoid a Space Transportation System (STS)-13, some sourced this to superstition and Apollo 13 . The crew for what would have been STS-13 (which turned out to be STS-41C ) made

180-469: A black cat without paying the usual $ 75 adoption fee, in order to encourage the adoption of black cats. This trend has now spread across the United States, with many shelters offering free adoption of black cats on Black Friday. With the success of the 2018 African-themed superhero film , Black Panther , there was a fad of adopting black domestic cats as pets and naming them after various characters of

240-490: A given country to meet the needs of the entire populace nationwide, while the industrial unions established workers' control over the means of production and transportation . In contrast to political parties that seek to enhance the political power of states over society , anarcho-syndicalists aim to restrict the ability of the state to act and influence society. Anarcho-syndicalism also seeks to abolish capitalism and replace it with socialism , which it does by lowering

300-470: A humorous mission patch that included a black cat and a number 13. The mission was successful and even landed on Friday the 13th . The UK Government has adopted several cats from Battersea Dogs & Cats Home as mousers . Gladstone is known as the Chief Mouser of HM Treasury . India , also known as Willie, was a presidential cat owned by George W. Bush and Laura Bush who lived with them at

360-401: A recessive gene that suppresses the tabby pattern. Sometimes the tabby pattern is not completely suppressed; faint markings may appear in certain lights, even on a solid black cat. A cat having black fur with white roots is known as a "black smoke". Black cats can also "rust" in sunlight, the coat turning a lighter brownish-red shade. Eumelanin, the pigment required to produce the black fur,

420-399: A resurgence, as anarcho-syndicalist organisations re-emerged throughout the globe. Existing anarcho-syndicalist unions once again began taking direct action and organising strikes, while new anarcho-syndicalist unions established large support bases and achieved social reforms. The political theory of anarcho-syndicalism is based on the foundations of libertarian socialism , as formulated by

480-402: A vehicle for authoritarianism and state capitalism , and criticised social democrats for bureaucratic inaction. Anarcho-syndicalists see trade unions not only as a means by which workers can organise for immediate improvements to their living and working conditions; but also as a means of training workers for management , with the goal of establishing workers' control over production and

540-420: A vehicle for class conflict . Drawing from the theory of libertarian socialism and the practice of syndicalism , anarcho-syndicalism sees trade unions as both a means to achieve immediate improvements to working conditions and to build towards a social revolution in the form of a general strike , with the ultimate aim of abolishing the state and capitalism . Anarcho-syndicalists consider trade unions to be

600-413: Is needed when hunting for the treasure of the carbunclo . In Japan , black cats are good luck and are connected with the god Maneki-neko . Scottish culture associates black cats with prosperity and the goddess Brigid . In Latvia , black cats on farms mean prosperity and a good harvest. In Italy black cats mean upcoming good luck. In Germany , a black cat walking left to right is good luck. In

660-650: Is somewhat fragile, so the rusting effect can be more pronounced in cats that frequently spend time in the sun. A rarer situation that can also cause rusting is a deficiency of the amino acid tyrosine , which is required to produce eumelanin. In addition to the Bombay , the Cat Fanciers' Association allows solid black as a color option in 21 other breeds. The color description for those breeds is: The exceptions are: The superstitions surrounding black cats vary from culture to culture, and black cats have positive associations in

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720-627: The Celtic nations and England, where a black cat crossing your path is considered good luck. In 2014, the animal welfare organisation RSPCA stated that "in UK folklore, black cats symbolise good luck". Scottish lore holds that a black cat's arrival at a new home signifies prosperity, while Welsh lore states that a black cat brings good health: Cath ddu, mi glywais dd'wedyd, A fedr swyno hefyd, A chadw'r teulu lle mae'n byw O afael pob rhyw glefyd. A black cat, I've heard it said, Can also charm, And keep

780-508: The Central Powers . The conflict ultimately demonstrated the inability of the international syndicalist movement to prevent war and discredited "neutral syndicalism" in the eyes of many workers, causing revolutionary sentiments to once again begin rising within the workers' movement. When the Revolutions of 1917–1923 spread throughout Europe, anarcho-syndicalists became keen participants in

840-532: The General Confederation of Labour (CGT), which rose to include 60% of French workers within its ranks. But after the CGT launched a general strike, which won French workers the eight-hour day and the weekend , the union turned away from revolutionary syndicalism towards reformism. However, by this time, revolutionary syndicalism had already spread throughout Europe, with syndicalist unions being established in

900-943: The International Workers' Association (IWA). Theoretical discussions within the IWA led to debates on the issues of platformism , insurrectionism , industrialism and reformism , while the Spanish National Confederation of Labour (CNT) rose to prominence in the Spanish Republic . With the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War , the CNT led the defeat of the Nationalists in Catalonia , where they ignited an anarcho-syndicalist revolution that collectivised three-quarters of

960-694: The Netherlands , Italy , Portugal , Germany and Sweden . The concurrent development of industrial unionism led to the establishment of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) in countries throughout the English-speaking world . By the 1910s, syndicalism had spread throughout every country in Europe and anarchist tendencies started to develop within the movement. Although anarchists widely participated in

1020-551: The Spanish Revolution of 1936 , when the National Confederation of Labour (CNT) established an anarcho-syndicalist economy throughout much of the Spanish Republic . Anarcho-syndicalism went into decline after the defeat of the anarchists in the Spanish Civil War . The movement split into two factions: the "orthodox" faction, which held to traditional syndicalist principles in spite of changing material conditions; and

1080-511: The United Kingdom , to celebrate the virtues of black cats and to encourage people to adopt an unwanted black cat. Cats Protection's own figures suggest that black cats are more difficult for them to find a new home for than other colors. In 2014, the RSPCA reported that 70% of the abandoned cats in its care were black, saying that though black cats symbolise good luck in UK folklore, one reason for

1140-515: The White House . Trim sailed with Matthew Flinders as he mapped the coastline of Australia between 1801 and 1803. Trim now accompanies him on several statues in Australia and England. Hodge (fl. c.  1769 ) was a cat belonging to Samuel Johnson . Most of what is known about Hodge comes from James Boswell 's biography and a statue of Hodge stands outside Dr Johnson's House . Oscar

1200-754: The anarchist faction of the International Workingmen's Association (IWA), which called for trade unions to overthrow the state in a general strike . This syndicalist model of trade union organisation was adopted by anarchists in Spain , Cuba , Mexico and the United States , where syndicalism became the dominant organisational form. Elsewhere, the development of reformist tendencies such as social democracy sidelined anarchists within trade unions. But tensions between rank-and-file trade unionists and their social-democratic leadership eventually gave way to

1260-419: The civil and political rights that workers have achieved from political reaction . Anarcho-syndicalism is driven by the practice of direct action , which eschews legalistic methods in favour of workers forcing their employers to make concessions. Methods of direct action include boycotts, sabotage and strike actions , the latter of which syndicalists framed as a "revolutionary drill" to prepare workers for

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1320-416: The division of labour , considering the ideal of a stateless society to be one of decentralised , small-scale social units, anarcho-syndicalism foresees trade unions as taking over a large-scale and centralised industrial economy. Anarcho-syndicalists believe that the establishment of a syndicalist system could lead to the withering away of the state and as such to anarchy and communism . Some support

1380-457: The prefiguration of a post-capitalist society and seek to use them in order to establish workers' control of production and distribution . An anti-political ideology, anarcho-syndicalism rejects political parties and participation in parliamentary politics , considering them to be a corrupting influence on the labour movement . In order to achieve their material and economic goals, anarcho-syndicalists instead practice direct action in

1440-496: The profit margins of business owners and raising the workers' share in the product of their own labour. Anarcho-syndicalists consider the state to be a result of class stratification , established and maintained in order to protect the monopoly of capitalists over the economy. As such, anarcho-syndicalists predict that the dissolution of the state will be an inevitable consequence of the abolition of capitalism. While moving towards this, they also consider it necessary to protect

1500-430: The wealth that society relies upon. For anarcho-syndicalists, trade unions represent the prefiguration of a future socialist economy, the foundation that a new syndicalist society will be built on. Workers' education is therefore at the centre of anarcho-syndicalism, which aims to use trade unions to prepare workers to take over management of the industrial economy. Anarcho-syndicalism organises itself according to

1560-671: The "bionic" cat had his back legs sliced off by a combine harvester whilst sleeping in a field in Jersey . He was flown to the UK and received prosthetic limbs in an innovative operation in 2010. There is a common myth that black cats are the least likely to be adopted from animal shelters. However, this is untrue, and the ASPCA has said that black cats are adopted at a higher rate than cats with any other coat color. Some shelters suspend or limit adoptions of black cats around Halloween for fear they will be tortured, or used as "living decorations" for

1620-587: The "neutral" revolutionary syndicalism, which separates itself from other political theories; Daniel De Leon 's conception of industrial unionism , which infused it with a Marxist influence; and an authoritarian form of syndicalism developed by Georges Sorel , which advocates for vanguardism and mythmaking to drive the masses towards a general strike. Anarcho-syndicalism also distinguishes itself from other forms of anarchism, due to its favourability towards industrialisation and organisation. While other forms of anarchism reject economic centralisation and

1680-436: The "orthodox" faction, which rejects any diversity of tactics or collaboration with statist forces, in favour of waiting for the right conditions for a revolutionary situation ; and the "revisionist" faction, which is open to participation in systems of social welfare and pursues gradual reforms towards the democratisation of the economy. Anarcho-syndicalism is an apolitical or anti-political ideology, opposed to

1740-464: The "revisionist" faction, which aimed to achieve a mass base and work within the framework of newly-established welfare states . By the end of the 20th century, the rise of neoliberalism and the collapse of the Eastern Bloc had led to a revival in anarcho-syndicalism, with syndicalist unions once again being established throughout the globe. The history of anarcho-syndicalism can be traced back to

1800-414: The "sab cat" or "sabo-tabby" —is associated with anarcho-syndicalism , a branch of anarchism that focuses on labor organizing , including the use of wildcat strikes and direct action tactics. According to Ralph Chaplin , who is generally credited with creating the International Workers of the World 's black cat symbol, "My 'Sab Cat' was supposed to symbolize the 'slow down' as a means of 'striking on

1860-557: The Republican economy. The CNT's decision to join the Republican government caused controversy within the IWA and the social revolution was eventually suppressed by the government. The Republicans ultimately lost the war and the Spanish anarcho-syndicalists were imprisoned, killed or forced into exile by the victorious Francoist dictatorship . During World War II , anarcho-syndicalists initially adopted an "internationalist" position, taking up

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1920-547: The Spanish CNT experienced a rapid growth, new anarcho-syndicalist organisations were established throughout Europe. As globalisation and neoliberalism led to the dismantling of welfare states in the West, while the Eastern Bloc collapsed, anarcho-syndicalists once again began to present libertarian socialism as a necessary alternative to the state and capitalism. By the turn of the 21st century, anarcho-syndicalism had experienced

1980-557: The anti-authoritarian faction of the International Workingmen's Association , while its organisational forms were adopted from revolutionary syndicalism , which was first put into practice by the French labour movement in the early 20th century. Anarcho-syndicalism is distinguished from other forms of syndicalism by its anarchist political philosophy, where other syndicalist tendencies distance themselves from anarchism or even deny any political alignment. Other varieties of syndicalism include:

2040-476: The cartels then group together on a regional basis, up to the national level, providing larger-scale coordination between its member organisations. Under this model, each trade union is also federatively linked with other unions of the same trade and related trades in industrial unions , which allow workers a greater scope of solidarity actions in struggles relevant to their economic sector. Anarcho-syndicalists see this federative form of industrial organisation as

2100-460: The chance of such cats being abandoned when the fad fades, reputable animal shelter personnel took the usual precautions of having potential adopters fill out questionnaires to weed out potentially abusive guardians and have them read literature about the needs and responsibilities of such a pet to dissuade the less conscientious. Anarcho-syndicalism Anarcho-syndicalism is an anarchist organisational model that centres trade unions as

2160-415: The changes in the post-war capitalist system, which hastened the decline of the anarcho-syndicalist movement and forced its organisations to choose between marginalisation, reform or dissolution. Despite the economic changes, the IWA chose to reaffirm traditional anarcho-syndicalist principles, causing its Dutch and Swedish sections to split from it. The SAC chose to revise its principles in order to adapt to

2220-450: The convocation of a revolutionary syndicalist congress in 1913, although further movements towards the creation of an international organisation were halted by the outbreak of world war. The outbreak of World War I split anarcho-syndicalists into internationalist and defencist camps ; the former declared themselves against both sides of the war, while the latter supported the Allies against

2280-443: The creation of a socialist economy . Anarcho-syndicalists believe that trade unions are better suited for these tasks than socialist political parties, as workers often still require trade unions to protect their rights even under socialist governments. Anarcho-syndicalists consider trade unions to be the vanguard of the labour movement; they believe workers' power resides in the economic sphere, as they are responsible for producing

2340-530: The development of revolutionary syndicalism , which called for workers themselves to take direct action in order to improve their own material conditions. Revolutionary syndicalism was first propagated in France , where the Bourses du Travail (English: Labour Exchanges ) were established to provide mutual aid to workers and organise strike actions. By the 20th century, the bourses had joined together to establish

2400-412: The early days of television in the United States, many stations located on VHF channel 13 used a black cat as a mascot in order to make sport of being located on an " unlucky " channel number. Since the 1880s, the color black has been associated with anarchism . The black cat, in an alert, fighting stance was later adopted as an anarchist symbol . More specifically, the black cat—sometimes called

2460-429: The economy and society in a social revolution . According to the anarcho-syndicalist model, federal organisations are built from the bottom-up, on both a territorial and industrial basis: first, workers join together in independent trade unions; the trade unions in a given city or district then combine into a cartel , which act as centres for popular education and build solidarity between workers of different trades;

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2520-539: The family where it lives From the grip of every kind of sickness. The Gaels had traditions of feral and sometimes malevolent black cats. In Scottish mythology , a fairy known as the Cat sìth takes the form of a black cat with a white spot on its chest. Black cats are often a symbol of Halloween or witchcraft . In the present day many Westerners, including Christian clergy, have black cats as pets, and very few people attach superstitions to them anymore. In contrast,

2580-456: The film, such as T'Challa and Shuri . It has been observed that usually people were not going out of their way to follow this fad, but visited animal shelters to simply adopt a pet under normal circumstances and were inspired by the Black Panther to adopt a black cat when they see one. Regardless, as much as this was a welcome development for pets that are difficult to get adopted, to reduce

2640-540: The form of strike actions , boycotts and sabotage . Anarcho-syndicalists also attempt to build solidarity among the working class , in order to unite workers against the exploitation of labour and build workers' self-management . The foundations of anarcho-syndicalism were laid by the anti-authoritarian faction of the International Workingmen's Association (IWMA) and developed by the French General Confederation of Labour (CGT). Anarcho-syndicalism

2700-437: The formation of socialist political parties and participation in parliamentary politics. Anarcho-syndicalists argue that socialist participation in politics, rather than moving society closer to socialism, has damaged the labour movement by substituting self-help for representation . They have further criticised socialist parties for abandoning anti-capitalism in favour of nationalism , which they believe to have resulted in

2760-422: The high percentage of black cats in its care was that black cats tend not to photograph as well. In the United States, August 17 is "Black Cat Appreciation Day". Wayne H. Morris created the day in honor of his late sister, June, who had a black cat, Sinbad. The day was chosen in memorial of June's passing. In 2014 Toronto , Canada's largest city, held an event on Black Friday during which people could adopt

2820-543: The holiday and then abandoned. Despite this, no one has ever documented in the history of humane work any relationship between adopting black cats and cats being killed or injured. When such killings are reported, forensic evidence has pointed to natural predators, such as coyotes , eagles , or raptors as the likely cause. Limiting or suspending adoptions around Halloween also places more cats of all colors at risk of dying in shelters due to overcrowding. October 27 has been designated 'Black Cat Day' by Cats Protection in

2880-460: The job'," although others in the IWW used the symbol much more broadly. In testimony before the court in a 1918 trial of Industrial Workers of the World leaders, Chaplin stated that the black cat "was commonly used by the boys as representing the idea of sabotage . The idea being to frighten the employer by the mention of the name sabotage , or by putting a black cat somewhere around. You know if you saw

2940-466: The new Swedish welfare state , within which they aimed to establish workers' control over welfare and the democratisation of the economy. The IWA declined to its lowest point during the 1960s, as its membership became increasingly preoccupied with theory. The anarcho-syndicalist movement began to experience a revival in the wake of the protests of 1968 and the Spanish transition to democracy . While

3000-416: The nucleus for the reorganisation of the economy and society, as it would be able to take over the management of production in every economic sector. In such a revolutionary situation , cartels would take over production in their communities, determine the needs of their local population and organise the economy to meet those needs. A national federation would likewise be able to organise production throughout

3060-523: The principles of federalism and free association , in which the self-determination of each individual is upheld. Anarcho-syndicalists are staunchly opposed to centralised , hierarchical forms of organisation, which they believe stifle independent initiative with bureaucracy . In anarcho-syndicalist organisations, individual unions carry out their activities on a voluntary basis; for any larger-scale activity that requires delegation , representatives are typically elected for single terms and are paid

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3120-498: The reinforcement of capitalism and the integration of the labour movement into the nation state . To anarcho-syndicalists, political careerism corrupted socialist politicians, while electoralism transformed socialism from a constructive project into a reformist one . Anarcho-syndicalists are thus opposed to unions affiliating with political parties and attempt to prevent the capture of unions by party politicians. From this position, anarcho-syndicalists have denounced Bolshevism as

3180-524: The revolutionary wave, during which they faced rising political repression. Anarcho-syndicalists in Europe, Latin America and Asia organised general strikes, sometimes reaching revolutionary proportions, but were ultimately suppressed by nationalist or communist dictatorships. Following the suppression of their movements and the rising influence of Marxism-Leninism throughout the world, anarcho-syndicalists moved to establish their own international organisation:

3240-475: The same amount as the workers they represent. Anarcho-syndicalists believe that centralism weakens and inhibits workers' capacity to take independent action and make decisions, and that centralised organisations inevitably tend towards inertia and stagnation. In contrast, they believe that federalist organisations provide workers with both the means to take rapid action in individual struggles and also connections that could allow them to establish workers' control of

3300-580: The slogan "Neither Fascism, nor Antifascism." But following the Nazi occupation of Europe and the subsequent suppression of their organisations, anarcho-syndicalists throughout Europe reorientated themselves towards anti-fascism and joined the anti-fascist resistance . After the war, anarcho-syndicalism experienced a rapid decline, as anarcho-syndicalist unions were either marginalised by rising social corporatism or repressed by newly-established authoritarian states. Anarcho-syndicalists proved unable to keep up with

3360-435: The supernatural powers ascribed to black cats were sometimes viewed positively; for example, sailors considering a " ship's cat " would want a black one because it would bring good luck. Sometimes, fishermen's wives would keep black cats at home too, in the hope that they would be able to use their influence to protect their husbands at sea. In the folklore of Chiloé of southern Chile, black cats are an important element that

3420-547: The syndicalist movement, syndicalists were divided into separate tendencies, many of which rejected the ideological prescriptions of anarchism. At the International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam , convened by the anarcho-syndicalist Christiaan Cornelissen in 1907, a conflict between the two tendencies broke out; while the syndicalist Pierre Monatte and the anarchist Errico Malatesta debated their respective ideologies, Amédée Dunois attempted to synthesise

3480-407: The temporary establishment of a collectivist system of distribution " to each according to their contribution ", until a state of post-scarcity is achieved, at which point it would give way to an anarchist communist system of distribution " from each according to their ability, to each according to their needs ". In the contemporary period, anarcho-syndicalism is divided into two main factions:

3540-468: The two into a "workers' anarchism". Anarcho-syndicalism soon became the dominant form of trade union organisation in Spain , Argentina , Brazil , Mexico , Paraguay , Uruguay and many other Latin American countries, where anarcho-syndicalists organised a series of general strikes for the eight-hour day. Attempts to establish international links between these anarcho-syndicalist organisations culminated in

3600-459: Was constituted as a specific tendency following the International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam , which led to anarcho-syndicalism becoming the dominant form of trade union organisation in Europe and Latin America . After facing suppression during the Revolutions of 1917–1923 , anarcho-syndicalists established the International Workers' Association (IWA). Anarcho-syndicalism reached its apex during

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