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35-420: Bitzer may refer to: People with the surname [ edit ] Billy Bitzer , pioneering cinematographer Donald Bitzer , co-inventor of plasma display Marc Bitzer (born c. 1965), German business executive Other [ edit ] Bitzer SE , one of the leading companies in the area of refrigeration and air conditioning technology Bitzer, one of

70-418: A Nation (1915), a film funded in part by Bitzer's life savings, and the epic Intolerance (1916). His film The Jeffries-Sharkey Fight of 1899 is the first known use of artificial light. Rip Van Winkle (1903) features the first known close-up. Advances in lenses and filters developed by Bitzer made soft focus possible. He was the first to use split-screen photography and backlighting , contributing to

105-615: A common device of Japanese anime , where they imitate the panel layouts of manga . These sometimes feature more than two characters at once, and may be split at oblique angles. In 2019, Snapchat's original content arm, Snap Originals, released a series called 'Two Sides', which followed a young couple as they navigated a breakup, told from both perspectives at the same time. Season Two and Season Three will be released in 2021. Split screens are sometimes used during commercial breaks, as in ESPN's " Side-By-Side " coverage of racing, where one side of

140-430: A fascinating continuous story of a man in a red hat and red coat. This film served as an inspiration for Timecode by Mike Figgis . The arrival of digital video technology has made dividing the screen much easier to accomplish, and recent digital films and music videos have explored this possibility in depth. Sometimes the technique is used to show actions occurring simultaneously; Timecode (2000), by Mike Figgis,

175-452: A shot of the pit exit (where restart order is determined after pit stops) on the right, with some featuring just four different cars or trucks making pit stops. Often these pit stops can change the entire outcome of a race. In sports, an instant replay, highlights package, or featurette on a specific subject relating to the play may be shown in a corner while the main play is happening. Split screens showcasing individual character reactions are

210-611: A telephone conversation, a long-standing convention which dates back to early silents, as in Lois Weber 's triangular frames in her 1913 Suspense , and culminating in Pillow Talk , where Doris Day and Rock Hudson share a party line. So linked to this convention are the Doris Day / Rock Hudson movies that Down With Love , the only slightly tongue-in-cheek homage, used split screen in several phone calls, explicitly parodying this use. In

245-687: Is a recent example where the combination is of four real time digital video cameras shown continuously for the duration of the film. Split-screen can also be used to the extent that it becomes part of the narrative structure of a film, as in The Boston Strangler . Early use of split screen can be seen in Lois Weber and Phillips Smalley ’s Suspense (1913), where it is used to portray simultaneous actions, and in Yakov Protazanov 's The Queen of Spades (1916), where one screen depicts reality and

280-581: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Billy Bitzer Prior to his career as a cameraman, working as a motion picture projectionist, Bitzer developed early cinematic technologies for the American Mutoscope Company , eventually to become the Biograph Company . He admired and learned the art of motion picture photography from Kinetoscope inventor W. K. L. Dickson , who directed

315-443: Is shown on the left of the video) and the late-1990s (The year 1998 is shown on the right). The split screen has also been used extensively in television programs. Newscasts often show two reporters in a split screen frame. The sitcom That '70s Show , Nickelodeon teen sitcom Drake & Josh , Disney Channel teen sitcom Lizzie McGuire , USA Network 's Burn Notice and Fox's 24 made extensive use of split screens. It

350-460: Is sometimes used in game shows to show two contestants simultaneously, and on cable news shows, when participants in a discussion are in different locations. Split screens are frequently used in motor racing, especially during safety car pit stops in the IndyCar Series and NASCAR , where four way splits are used, most often with three leading cars or trucks' pit stops shown on the left and

385-936: The 1964 New York World's Fair . The success of these pavilions further influenced the 1967 Universal exhibition in Montreal, commonly referred to as Expo 67 , where multi-screen highlights included In the Labyrinth , hailed by Time magazine as a "stunning visual display," their review concluding: "such visual delights as Labyrinth ... suggest that cinema—the most typical of 20th century arts—has just begun to explore its boundaries and possibilities," as well as A Place to Stand , which displayed Christopher Chapman 's pioneering "multi-dynamic image technique" of shifting multiple images. Directors Norman Jewison and Richard Fleischer conceived their ambitious split-screen films of 1968 after visiting Expo '67. It's also common to use this technique to simultaneously portray both participants in

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420-482: The DVD release of Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events shows Jim Carrey 's makeup tests from the movie in a four-way split-screen. Viewers can split the audio by selecting which one to listen to, then pressing "ENTER" on their DVD remote. The split screen has also been simulated in video games, most notably Fahrenheit where it is used to allow a player to keep track of multiple simultaneous elements relevant to

455-405: The 1971 Emmy Award-winning TV movie "Brian's Song" which portrays the story of former Chicago Bears running backs Brian Piccolo and Hall of Famer Gale Sayers, it's the night after Piccolo's second surgery and Piccolo (James Caan) is talking to Sayers (Billy Dee Williams) on the phone. There is a diagonal split screen from upper left corner to lower right corner (Piccolo on the right side and Sayers on

490-746: The cinematic vocabulary was invented by film director Roger Avary in The Rules of Attraction (2002) where two separate halves of a split screen are folded together into one seamless shot through the use of motion control photography . The much acclaimed shot was examined and detailed in Bravo Television's Anatomy of a Scene . In 1975, behind the Iron Curtain, filmmaker Zbigniew Rybczynski created his experimental film Nowa Książka (Eng. New Book ), where he split his screen into 9 small screens, shot on 35mm film. This innovative approach allowed him to create

525-577: The development of three-point lighting . He improved in-camera fade and dissolve effects and invented what came to be known as transition tools . Even after the Bell & Howell Model 2709 production camera became the industry standard, he continued to use a Pathe . For all his innovation, Bitzer's career did not survive the industry's transition to sound. In 1944, he suffered a heart attack and died in Hollywood. His autobiography , Billy Bitzer: His Story ,

560-581: The early Biograph shorts on which Bitzer cut his teeth. Bitzer achieved success in 1896 when his film of William McKinley being notified of the presidential nomination of his party was exhibited on the Biograph Company's first program. Until 1903, Bitzer was employed by Biograph primarily as a documentary photographer, and from 1903 onward primarily as the photographer of narrative films, as these gained popularity. In 1908 Bitzer entered into his first collaboration with Griffith. The two would work together for

595-428: The frame facing right, then filming her again, standing at the right and facing left. The negative of the first action was placed into a printer and copied onto another negative, the composite, but this other negative was masked so that only the right part of the original picture is copied. Then the composite was rewound and the negative of the second action was copied onto the right side of each frame. On this second pass,

630-424: The gameplay. A number of music videos have made creative use of split screen presentations. In Michael Jackson 's " Billie Jean " video a number of freeze frames are shown in split screen. Video and film director Michel Gondry has made extensive use of split screen techniques in his videos. One notable example is "Sugar Water" - Cibo Matto (1996), where one side of the screen shows the video played normally, and

665-472: The great split screen movies of the 1960s were two world's fairs - the 1964 New York World's Fair , where Ray and Charles Eames had a 17-screen film they created for IBM's "Think" Pavilion (it included sections with race car driving) and the 3-division film To Be Alive , by Francis Thompson , which won the Academy Award that year for Best Short. John Frankenheimer made Grand Prix after his visit to

700-480: The kind of thing that grows up without ever having a youth and there’s no opportunity to explore it. On Grand Prix I took the multiple image... and carried it down the line quite a way. I think it is terrific at expressing muchness, but I suspect it’s not capable of expressing deep feeling or contemplative..." Hans Canosa 's 2005 film Conversations with Other Women made extensive use of split screens. Conversations juxtaposed shot and reverse shot of two actors in

735-593: The leading characters of the TV series, Shaun the Sheep Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Bitzer . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bitzer&oldid=973019998 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

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770-413: The left side was masked to prevent double exposure. This technique is then carefully hidden by background lines, such as windows, doors, etc. to disguise the split. In Indiscreet (1958), the technique was famously used to bypass the censors and allow Cary Grant and Ingrid Bergman to be in bed together, and even to appear to pat her on the bottom. Several studio-made films in the 1960s popularized

805-498: The left). The BBC series Coupling made extensive use of split screen as one of several techniques that are unconventional for TV series, often to a humorous effect. One episode, 'Split', was even named after the use of the effect. The acclaimed Fox TV series 24 used split-screen extensively to depict the many simultaneous events, enhancing the show's real-time element as well as connecting its multiple storylines. An unusual and revolutionary use of split screen as an extension to

840-405: The other a character's inner desires. This technique has been used to portray twins in such films as Wonder Man (1945), The Dark Mirror (1946), The Parent Trap (both the 1961 original and the 1998 remake ), and Adaptation (2002). In the 1961 version of The Parent Trap , conversations between the twins were simulated by filming the actress ( Hayley Mills ) as she stood at the left of

875-426: The other side shows the same video played backwards. Through careful and creative staging the two sides appear to interact directly - passing objects from side to side and visually referencing each other. The music video for " Doo Wop (That Thing) " by Lauryn Hill was filmed using a split screen technique, the video features Lauryn, performing the song at block parties in two different eras: the mid-1960s (The year 1967

910-440: The popularity of split screen in the 1960s. Although he used it extensively in his work for Grand Prix , he later claimed that it had been artistically exhausted from excessive use. According to Bass: "The point is, it’s a device, and as far as I’m concerned I’ll never use it again — if it actually cries out for it, I’ll use it but as a device it’s lost its currency, because, later on, it was, unfortunately, used meaninglessly. It’s

945-427: The recent or distant past juxtaposed with the present; moments imagined or hoped by the characters juxtaposed with present reality; present experience fractured into more than one emotion for a given line or action, showing an actor performing the same moment in different ways; and present and near future actions juxtaposed to accelerate the narrative in temporal overlap. The visionary French director, Abel Gance , used

980-489: The rest of Bitzer's career, leaving Biograph in 1913 for the Mutual Film Corporation where Bitzer continued to innovate, perfecting existing technologies and inventing new ones. During this time he pioneered the field of matte photography and made use of innovative lighting techniques, closeups, and iris shots. Bitzer provided assistance during Griffith's directorial debut, 1908's The Adventures of Dollie , which

1015-443: The same negative , called the composite . In filmmaking split screen is also a technique that allows one actor to appear twice in a scene. The simplest technique is to lock down the camera and shoot the scene twice, with one "version" of the actor appearing on the left side, and the other on the right side. The seam between the two splits is intended to be invisible, making the duplication seem realistic. An influential arena for

1050-455: The same take, captured with two cameras, for the entire movie. The film was designed to enlist the audience as perceptual editors, as they can choose to watch either character act and react in real time. While the shot/reverse shot function of split screen comprises most of the running time of the film, the filmmakers also used split screen for other spatial, temporal and emotional effects. Conversations' split screen sometimes showed flashbacks of

1085-419: The screen, traditionally in half, but also in several simultaneous images, rupturing the illusion that the screen's frame is a seamless view of reality, similar to that of the human eye. There may or may not be an explicit borderline. Until the arrival of digital technology , a split screen in films was accomplished by using an optical printer to combine two or more actions filmed separately by copying them onto

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1120-499: The term " Polyvision " to describe his three-camera, three-projector technique for both widening and dividing the screen in his 1927 silent epic, Napoléon . The filmmaker Brian De Palma has incorporated split screens into many of his films, most notably in Sisters (1973) and they have since become synonymous with his filmmaking style (Specifically 1981's Blow Out and 1998's Snake Eyes ). The "Interactive Olaf" bonus feature from

1155-442: The use of split screen. They include John Frankenheimer 's Grand Prix (1966), Richard Fleischer 's The Boston Strangler (1968), and Norman Jewison 's The Thomas Crown Affair (1968). In the 1970s, usage continued in films like Airport (1970), Woodstock (1970), The Andromeda Strain (1971), Sisters (1972), Carrie (1976) and More American Graffiti (1979). Title sequence designer Saul Bass lamented

1190-487: Was published posthumously in 1973. In 2003, a survey conducted by the International Cinematographers Guild named him one of the ten most influential cinematographers in history. Bitzer, it is said, "developed camera techniques that set the standard for all future motion pictures". Split screen (video production) In film and video production, split screen is the visible division of

1225-551: Was shot by Arthur Marvin . He eventually succeeded Marvin as Griffith's regular cinematographer, working with him on some of his most important films and contributing significantly to cinematic innovations attributed to Griffith. In 1910, he photographed Griffith's silent short In Old California in the Los Angeles village of "Hollywoodland", qualifying Bitzer as, arguably, Hollywood's first Director of Photography. The apex of Bitzer and Griffith's collaboration came with The Birth of

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