Misplaced Pages

#206793

84-547: Bitzaron was founded in 1935, on JNF lands, with the help of Keren Hayesod . In a book about Jewish villages in Palestine , the JNF says that the founders of Bitzaron organized themselves in 1929 before settling on the land as the Tel Hai group , and that in 1947 the population was 175. A second wave of residents, including recently demobilized soldiers and their families arrived shortly after

168-577: A pushke ) has been part of the JNF since its inception, symbolizing the partnership between Israel and the Diaspora. In the period between the two world wars, about one million of these blue and white tin collection boxes could be found in Jewish homes throughout the world. From 1902 until the late 1940s, the JNF sold JNF stamps to raise money. For a brief period in May 1948, JNF stamps were used as postage stamps during

252-527: A 49-year lease agreement with the State of Israel which gives it control over 30,000 hectares (300 km ) of Negev land for the development of forests. The JNF has been criticized for planting non-native pine trees which are unsuited to the climate, rather than local species such as olive trees. Others say that JNF deserves credit for this decision, and the forests would not have survived otherwise. According to JNF statistics, six out of every 10 saplings planted at

336-552: A JNF site in Jerusalem do not survive, although the survival rate for planting sites outside Jerusalem is much higher – close to 95 percent. The Israeli newspaper Maariv wrote that workers remove saplings daily to allow more tourists to plant the following day, but the JNF denied this and said it would sue the paper for libel. The Union for Environmental Defense has criticized the fund's forestry practices for "overreliance on highly flammable pine trees" and overuse of toxic herbicides, in

420-450: A blue box labeled "Keren Le'umit" in his office and urged others to do the same. The first mass-produced boxes were distributed in 1904. Kleinman visited Mandate Palestine in the 1930s and planned to make aliyah , but perished in the Holocaust . Menahem Ussishkin wrote that "The coin the child contributes or collects for the redemption of the land is not important in itself; it is not

504-457: A duty to practice equality towards all citizens of the state. On 26 January 2005, Israel's Attorney General Menachem Mazuz ruled that lease restrictions violated Israeli anti-discrimination laws, and that the ILA could not discriminate against Arab citizens of Israel in the marketing and allocation of the lands it managed; this applied both to government lands and to lands belonging to the JNF. However,

588-452: A eucalyptus forest covering 1,300 dunams (1.3 km ; 0.5 sq mi) and Hasharon Park are located on the outskirts of Hadera. Hot water gushing from the Hadera power plant draws schools of hundreds of sandbar and dusky shark every winter. Scientists are researching the rare phenomenon, which is unknown in the vicinity. It is speculated that the water, which is ten degrees warmer than

672-552: A formal complaint with the Canadian government seeking the revocation of JNF's charitable status on the basis of discrimination. In 2018, JNF Canada informed its members that it was under audit by the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA). The following year, CBC News reported how JNF had used charitable donations to fund Israeli military infrastructure. While Canadians can directly support foreign militaries in their personal capacity,

756-559: A former minister, recommended that a distinction be made between JNF lands and state lands, such that all JNF lands directly acquired via donations from abroad specifically for the benefit of Jews (some 900,000 dunams (900 km )) will pass to the direct control of the JNF; while properties purchased by the JNF from the state in the 1950s and formerly belonging to Palestinian refugees (the so-called "lands of missing persons" or " absentee " lands, amounting to 2,000,000 dunams (2,000 km )) would revert to state control. Rubinstein's intention

840-684: A matriculation certificate. The Democratic School of Hadera , which opened in 1987, was the first of its kind in Israel. The Technoda, an educational center for science and technology equipped with a state-of-the-art telescope and planetarium, is located in Hadera's Givat Olga neighborhood. Hadera is served by the Hillel Yaffe Medical Center . Neighborhoods of Hadera include Givat Olga, Beit Eliezer, Kfar Brandeis , Haotzar, Hephzibah, Neve Haim, Nissan, Ephraim, Bilu, Klarin, Nahaliel, Shimshon, Shlomo, Pe'er, Bialik, Beitar and The Park. Hadera

924-464: A new provision to the 1960 Israel Land Administration Law , entitled "Management of the Jewish National Fund's Lands"; the provision stated that regardless of other conflicting rulings, leasing JNF lands for Jewish settlement did not constitute discrimination, and: "For the purpose of every law, the association documents of the Jewish National Fund will be interpreted according to the judgment of

SECTION 10

#1733086305207

1008-516: A range of massive land infrastructure development projects. In the 1980s, the JNF launched a project known collectively as "Operation Promised Land", to meet the challenge of the massive upsurge of Jewish immigration from the Soviet Union and Ethiopia . In recent years, the JNF has again moved towards the development of towns to accommodate new Jewish immigrants, focusing on the Galilee and Negev regions,

1092-611: A road at the Israeli-Egyptian border to "improve access to the area for security forces" to be developed in coordination with the IDF. A document by JNF's Canadian branch stated that it had helped develop an outdoor fitness area at a military base in Sde Boker for the Gadna program, which prepares young Israelis for IDF service. Regular army personnel could also use the area. Similarly, in 2014,

1176-634: A salaried worker was ILS 5,135, a real change of 8.0% throughout 2000. Salaried males had a mean monthly wage of ILS 6,607 (a real change of 9.0%) compared with ILS 3,598 for females (a real change of 3.1%). The mean income for the self-employed was 6,584. A total of 1,752 people received unemployment benefits and 6,753 received income supplements. In 2019, the total population was 97,334, of which 91.8% were Jewish and 0.9% were Arab. In 2001, 15,622 students were studying at 42 schools (24 elementary schools with 7,933 students, and 21 high schools with 7,689 students). A total of 57.5% of 12th graders were entitled to

1260-442: A temporary settlement was reached (following the compromise proposed in 2005 by Menachem Mazuz) wherein, although the JNF would be prevented from discriminating on grounds of ethnicity, nevertheless every time land is sold to a non-Jew, the ILA would compensate it with an equivalent amount of land, thus ensuring the total amount of land owned by Jewish Israelis remains the same. An alternative proposal submitted by Amnon Rubinstein ,

1344-411: A terrorist opened fire on pedestrians at a bus stop. A massacre of six civilians at a Bat Mitzvah occurred in early 2002. A suicide bomber blew himself up at a falafel stand on October 26, 2005, killing seven civilians and injuring 55, five in severe condition. During the second Lebanon War , on August 4, 2006, three rockets fired by Hezbollah hit Hadera. Hadera is 50 miles (80 km) south of

1428-538: A total of 1,800 rooms. The city is envisaged as a future vacation destination due to its closeness to the Galilee , beaches, and access to major highways. Hadera is located on the Israeli Mediterranean coastal plain , 45 km (28 mi) north of Tel Aviv . The city's jurisdiction covers 53,000 dunams (53.0 km ; 20.5 sq mi), making it the fourth largest city in the country. Nahal Hadera Park,

1512-534: A tourist attraction and contains a number of ad hoc facilities. The buffalo herd was imported from Italy in 1995. Jewish National Fund The Jewish National Fund ( JNF ; Hebrew : קֶרֶן קַיֶּימֶת לְיִשְׂרָאֵל , Keren Kayemet LeYisrael ; previously הפאנד הלאומי ‎, Ha Fund HaLeumi ) is a non-profit organization founded in 1901 to buy land and encourage Jewish resettlement in Ottoman Syria (later Mandatory Palestine , subsequently Israel and

1596-600: Is home to three current football clubs: Hapoel Hadera , which currently plays in Israeli Premier League after being promoted at the end of 2017/18 season. Beitar Hadera (playing in Liga Gimel Shomron) and the women's football club Maccabi Kishronot Hadera (playing in Ligat Nashim Rishona ). In the past, the city was also home to Maccabi Hadera , Hapoel Nahliel and Hapoel Beit Eliezer . The city

1680-536: Is located along 7 km (5 mi) of the Israeli Mediterranean Coastal Plain . The city's population includes a high proportion of immigrants arriving since 1990, notably from Ethiopia and the former Soviet Union . In 2022 it had a population of 103,041. Hadera was established in 1891 as a farming colony by members of the Zionist group, Hovevei Zion , from Lithuania and Latvia . By 1948, it

1764-411: Is not the trustee of the general public in Israel. Its loyalty is given to the Jewish people in the Diaspora and in the state of Israel... The JNF, in relation to being an owner of land, is not a public body that works for the benefit of all citizens of the state. The loyalty of the JNF is given to the Jewish people and only to them is the JNF obligated. The JNF, as the owner of the JNF land, does not have

SECTION 20

#1733086305207

1848-469: The 1947–1949 Palestine war . They were settled along a road, called Soldiers' Street, running west from the center of the moshav. A third wave of new residents, many of whom were new immigrants from Bulgaria, were settled along a road that runs east from the center. Its name was taken from the Book of Zechariah 9:12: "Return to your stronghold, you prisoners of hope." During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War , Bitzaron

1932-503: The Hula Valley . Over fifty years, the JNF planted over 260 million trees largely in semi-arid, rocky, hilly terrain in which cultivation is not cost-effective and the risk of land degradation is high. While the Ministry of Agriculture is the official regulator of Israel's forests, the JNF is responsible for the implementation of forest management and afforestation. In 2006, the JNF signed

2016-589: The Ministry of Defense . The United States branch of the JNF, incorporated on January 26, 1926, is the largest contributor to JNF-KKL. In 1996, JNF-USA was accused of mismanaging funds. According to the charges, only 21% of US donations reached Israel, and money was being diverted to Latin American JNF offices. In the wake of this scandal, the North American management was forced to resign. The tax-exempt status of

2100-693: The Negev , an auditorium and training facilities at an Israeli Navy base in Bat Galim , and mess halls for the 124 Squadron and 131 Squadron of the Israeli Air Force at the Palmachim and Nevatim Airbases . A 2014 document by the JNF notes that funds from its Canadian branch were used for a dozen "KKL for IDF" projects in the previous decade. A JNF Canada document from the same year pitched donors on an IDF family meeting centre for members in active service as well as

2184-535: The Palestinian territories ) for Jewish settlement. By 2007, it owned 13% of the total land in Israel. Since its inception, the JNF has planted over 240 million trees in Israel. It has also built 180 dams and reservoirs, developed 250,000 acres (1,000 km ) of land and established more than 1,000 parks. In 2002, the JNF was awarded the Israel Prize for lifetime achievement and special contribution to society and

2268-696: The Supreme Court entitled Challenging the Prohibition on Arab Citizens of Israel from Living on Jewish National Fund Land . Shortly afterwards, the Association for Civil Rights in Israel and the Arab Center for Alternative Planning also filed a petition to the Supreme Court challenging the ILA policy as discriminatory. The JNF responded to the two petitions on 9 December. In its response, the JNF stated: The JNF

2352-782: The "Jewish National Fund") was formally established at the Fifth Zionist Congress in Basel in 1901. In its early years, the organization was headed by the Jewish industrialist Johann Kremenezky . Early land purchases were completed in Judea and the Lower Galilee. In 1909, the JNF played a central role in the founding of Tel Aviv . The establishment of the " Olive Tree Fund " marked the beginning of Diaspora support of afforestation efforts. The JNF collection box or " blue box " (known in Yiddish as

2436-570: The $ 27.2 million in grants by JNF-USA went to support settlements. In 2021, JNF announced that it would change its policy and subsidize Israeli settlements in the West Bank. However, the necessary vote of the board was delayed indefinitely in April after opposition from members and supporters abroad. Israeli lawmakers have sought, unsuccessfully, to allow the State Comptroller to examine the books of

2520-617: The 1950s. Hadera Paper, established in 1953, continues to be a major employer in the city. The world's largest desalination plant of its type, was inaugurated in December 2009. Hadera is the location of the Orot Rabin Power Plant, Israel's largest power station. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics , as of October 2013, Hadera had a population of 91,634 which is growing at an annual rate of 1.2%. As of 2003,

2604-513: The Attorney General also decided that, whenever a non-Jewish citizen wins an ILA tender for a plot of JNF-owned land, the ILA would compensate the JNF with an equal amount of land. This would allow the JNF to maintain its current hold over 2,500,000 dunams (2,500 km ) of land, or 13% of the total land in Israel. As a result of the Mazuz ruling, authorities found themselves facing a conundrum: on

Bitzaron - Misplaced Pages Continue

2688-657: The British group was using the KKL name to raise funds "for their own causes which are not associated with KKL." The Israeli JNF-KKL said it would launch a separate fundraising operation in the UK. JNF-UK launched a legal action to stop KKL using the names "JNF" or "Jewish National Fund" in the UK. The two organisations made peace after the Israeli-born businessman Samuel Hayek took over as JNF-UK chairman in 2008. Israeli JNF-KKL ended its dispute with

2772-586: The CRA rules ban tax receipts or tax deductions for such donations by charities. JNF told CBC that it had stopped funding military projects in 2016. In August 2024, the Canadian government announced the removal of JNF Canada's charitable status. The CRA revealed 358 pages of documents explaining its decision, which outlined "repeated and serious non-compliance" with the laws governing charities. Reasons included doubts that JNF Canada carries out its stated charitable purpose, an insufficient paper trail documenting where money

2856-508: The ILA, lending it significant leverage within that state body. After concentrating on the centre and northern part of the young state, the JNF-KKL started supporting Jewish settlements around the Negev border from around 1965. After the Six-Day War in 1967, the JNF-KKL started work in the newly occupied Palestinian territories as well. The JNF charter specifies the reclamation of land for

2940-507: The International Arid Land Consortium, which explores the problems and solutions unique to arid and semiarid regions, working to develop sustainable ecological practices to improve the quality of life among people in the dry areas. The early JNF was active in afforestation and reclamation of land. By 1935, JNF had planted 1.7 million trees over a total area of 1,750 acres (7.08 km²) and drained swamps, like those in

3024-535: The JNF Canada's Edmonton branch stated that it was funding a family visitation area, a plaza by the barracks, and an intake and release facility at Tze'elim Army Base . In 2016, the JNF also funded a soccer field at Hatzerim Airbase . JNF's Canadian branch also helped construct a hilltop settler outpost, Givat Oz VeGaon, which was deemed illegal by the Israeli government and received at least 18 demolition orders from

3108-614: The JNF almost from its inception at the initiative of Johann Kremenezky. Once found in many Jewish homes, the boxes became one of the most familiar symbols of Zionism. A children's song about the boxes, written by Dr. Yehoshua Frizman, Headmaster of the Real Gymnasium for Girls in Kovno , ran The box is hanging on the wall The blue box Each penny put inside Redeems the land. A bank clerk named Haim Kleinman in Nadvorna , Galicia placed

3192-534: The JNF from the state, thereby allowing it to continue selling land to Jews only. In July 2007, the Israeli Knesset approved the Jewish National Fund Bill , submitted by MK Uri Ariel ( National Union / National Religious Party ), in its preliminary reading; but the bill was later dropped. The bill sought to authorize the JNF practice of refusing to lease land to Arab citizens. The bill called for

3276-546: The JNF has been helping the Palestinian Authority plan public parks and other civic amenities for the Palestinian city of Rawabi , north of Ramallah. The JNF provided the Palestinian Authority with 3,000 tree seedlings for a forested area being developed on the edge of the new city. Israel's fresh water supply is dependent on 50 days a year of seasonal rainfall, while water consumption has doubled since 1960. Towards

3360-566: The JNF's activities during the Mandatory period were closely associated with Yossef Weitz , the head of its settlement department. From the beginning, JNF's policy was to lease land long-term rather than sell it. In its charter, the JNF states: "Since the first land purchase in Eretz Israel in the early 1900s for and on behalf of the Jewish People, JNF has served as the Jewish People's trustee of

3444-530: The JNF-UK within weeks of ending a similar dispute with the American JNF-USA On 1 May 2020 a ruling was issued to JNF on a will writing service encouraging elderly to leave money to KKL. District Judge Geddes noted on KKL's "lack of independence from JNF UK" The charitable status of the JNF-UK has come under increasing attack. British prime ministers Tony Blair and Gordon Brown had been Honorary Patrons of

Bitzaron - Misplaced Pages Continue

3528-506: The JNF-UK, like all British prime ministers before them since its inception. David Cameron resigned as Honorary Patron to JNF-UK in 2011. According to a spokesman, Cameron said it was an organisation that was specifically focused around work in one specific country—i.e., Israel. Cameron's decision was interpreted as a snub, in spite of the spokesman's assurances that his decision had "absolutely nothing to do with any anti-Israel campaign". However, campaigners claimed that Cameron's resignation

3612-833: The JNF-USA was challenged in 2011 as violating the public policy of the United States with respect to ethnic and religious discrimination. In July 2017, in response to an investigation by the Jewish Daily Forward , the New York State attorney general's office ordered JNF-USA to rescind two illegal loans totaling more than $ 500,000 the organization had made to its chief executive officer, Russell Robinson, and its chief financial officer, Mitchel Rosenzweig. (New York State forbids charities from lending their officers any money.) JNF-USA argued that Robinson and Rosenzweig were not officers under

3696-592: The Jewish National Fund's founders and from a nationalist-Zionist standpoint." In September 2007, the High Court heard a further Adalah petition seeking cancellation of an ILA policy as well as Article 27 of the Regulations of the Obligations of Tenders , which in concert prevent Arab citizens from participating in bids for JNF-controlled land. The High Court of Justice agreed to delay a ruling by at least four months, and

3780-527: The Jewish organization Yachad . The pressures led the JNF to delay the eviction. The JNF played a similar role in evicting the Gozlan family in the 1990s. Hadera Hadera ( Hebrew : חֲדֵרָה [χadeˈʁa] ) is a city located in the Haifa District of Israel , in the northern Sharon region, approximately 45 kilometers (28 miles) from the major cities of Tel Aviv and Haifa . The city

3864-424: The Jewish people as its primary purpose. During the 1980s, almost 60,000 acres (240 km ) were planted. Over 50,000 acres (200 km ) of crop-land were reclaimed, and hundreds of miles of roads built. Research into the soil and water conservation and the construction of dams and reservoirs took on added importance in the face of water shortages and drought. The JNF's collaborative work involves participation in

3948-450: The Lebanese border and marked the farthest point inside Israel hit by Hezbollah. In the 2000s, the city center was rejuvenated, a high-tech business park was constructed, and the world's largest desalination plant was built. New neighborhoods are under construction in the underdeveloped northeastern part of the city, and plans are under way for a large park, shopping malls and hotels with

4032-660: The State of Israel. The name Keren Kayemet comes from the Mishnah . Tractate Peah (1:1) lists the types of good deeds whose rewards are enjoyed in this world, while the principal merit will be in the world to come: hakeren kayemet lo l'olam haba . The idea of a national land purchasing fund was first presented at the First Zionist Congress in 1897 by Hermann Schapira , a Lithuanian-Jewish professor of mathematics. The fund, named Keren Hakayemet (later known in English as

4116-536: The Sumarin family, the children of the original owner, Musa Sumarin, were declared absentees after his death even though there were other family members living in the home at the time. In 1991, the Israeli government took the step of transferring the property to the JNF subsidiary. A campaign against the JNF's eviction was launched by Rabbis for Human Rights , the Sheikh Jarrah Solidarity Movement, and

4200-563: The child that gives to the Keren Kayemeth, but rather the Fund that gives to the child, a foothold and lofty ideal for all the days of his life." The boxes could take a variety of shapes and sizes. Some were paper made to fold flat like envelopes and able to contain only a small number of coins, some early American boxes were cylindrical, some German boxes were made of tin stamped into the shape of bound books. Israel issued postage stamps bearing

4284-485: The city had a population density of 1,516.6 per km . Of the city's population of 2013 of 91,634, approximately 23,407 were immigrants, many from Ethiopia . According to a census conducted in 1922 by the British Mandate authorities , Hadera had a population of 540 inhabitants, consisting of 450 Jews, 89 Muslims and 1 Christian. Hadera has grown steadily since 1948, when the city had a population of 11,800. In 1955,

SECTION 50

#1733086305207

4368-414: The coast south of Giv'at Olga . Others say that the ancient Gadera should be identified with Umm Qais or with al-Judeira . The first Jewish settlers lived in a building known as the Khan near Hadera's main synagogue. The population consisted of ten families and four guards. In 1896 Baron Rothschild paid for "hundreds of black labourers" from Egypt "to dig the broad and deep trenches" needed to drain

4452-479: The context of minimal government and public scrutiny. Some forests have been planted for security reasons and as a means of demarcating Israeli space. Critics argue that many JNF lands outside the West Bank were illegally confiscated from Palestinian refugees, and that the JNF furthermore should not be involved with lands in the West Bank. Shaul Ephraim Cohen has said trees have been planted to restrict Bedouin herding. Susan Nathan wrote that forests were planted on

4536-602: The end of 1935, JNF held 89,500 acres (362 km²) of land housing 108 Jewish communities. In 1939, 10% of the Jewish population of the British Mandate of Palestine lived on JNF land. By 1948, the JNF owned 54% of the land held by Jews in the region, or a bit less than 4% of the land in what was then known as the British Mandate of Palestine. By the eve of statehood, the JNF had acquired a total of 936,000 dunams (936 km ; 361 sq mi) of land; another 800,000 dunams (800 km ; 310 sq mi) had been acquired by other Jewish organizations or individuals. Most of

4620-441: The end of the 1980s, the JNF undertook several large-scale water conservation projects. Dams and reservoirs were built to capture rainwater run-off which would have otherwise been lost in the Arava Valley, Reshafim in the Beit She'arim Valley and Kedma near Kiryat Gat. An artificial lake was built in Timna Park. The JNF has built 200 reservoirs around the country, and plans to build 30 more reservoirs and water treatment plants over

4704-402: The fund would transfer the land to the ILA, and in exchange would receive the purchase price plus a similar-sized plot in the Negev. In December 2011, Seth Morrison resigned from the board of JNF-USA in protest at the decision by Himnuta, a subsidiary of JNF-KKL, to launch eviction proceedings against the Sumarin family, who lived in the Silwan neighborhood of East Jerusalem . In the case of

4788-469: The image of the blue box in 1983, 1991, and 1993 for the JNF's 90th anniversary. T'ruah has expressed concerns that the JNF is not transparent about where their funds go and that the organization may be subsidizing projects in West Bank settlements . The organization's chief executive later acknowledged that JNF does fund projects within settlements. A review of their tax filing from 2014 led Rabbi Jill Jacobs of T'ruah to estimate that about $ 600,000 of

4872-426: The land, initiating and charting development work to enable Jewish settlement from the border in the north to the edge of the desert and Arava in the south." After Israel's establishment in 1948, the government began to sell absentee lands to the JNF. On January 27, 1949, 1,000 km² of land (from a total of about 3,500 km²) was sold to the JNF for the price of IL 11 million. Another 1,000 km² of land

4956-433: The meaning of the law, but the attorney general's officer rejected that argument and the two executives agreed to repay the balance of their loans. In the United Kingdom , the JNF-UK (full name JNF Charitable Trust ) was formed in 1939 and registered as a charitable organization . In October 2005, the JNF-KKL in Israel split from its British partner, accusing JNF-UK of having "misled" the public. The JNF-KKL claimed that

5040-466: The mill was designed to meet all of Israel's paper needs. New neighborhoods were built, among them Givat Olga on the coast, and Beit Eliezer in the east of the city. In 1964, Hadera was declared a city. In the 1990s, large numbers of Russian and Ethiopian immigrants settled in Hadera. Hadera, considered a safe place by its inhabitants, was jolted by several acts of terrorism during the second intifada. On October 28, 2001, four civilians were killed when

5124-460: The next five years. Over the past decade, JNF has invested over $ 114.99 million in reservoir construction, increasing the country's total storage capacity by 7%, to over 130 million cubic metres (34 × 10 ^  US gal) of water. JNF is also involved in river rehabilitation projects all over Israel, such as the Nahal Alexander Restoration Project begun in 2003. The JNF's engagement in developing Israel for Jewish purposes has involved

SECTION 60

#1733086305207

5208-432: The one hand the JNF, as a "private" organization, had received donations from outside Israel which were specifically earmarked for the benefit of Jews; on the other hand, the state and the ILA (an agency of the state), which administered the land owned by the JNF, were banned from discriminating against non-Jews. In early 2005, the JNF and the Finance Ministry were reported as trying to draft a new agreement that would separate

5292-402: The organization to determine whether the group's funds were being spent appropriately. The JNF stipulates that only Jews can buy, mortgage or lease JNF land. Article 23 of the JNF lease states that the lessee must pay compensation to the JNF if this stipulation is violated. On 13 October 2004, Adalah , an organization and legal center for Arab minority rights in Israel, submitted a petition to

5376-706: The payment of land registration fees". Selim al-Khoury, a Christian merchant from Haifa, purchased Kh. al-Khudeira, together with 3000 hectares of land, and established an agricultural estate among the ruins. In 1890, al-Khoury sold al-Khudeira to Yehoshua Hankin (1864–1945). Baron Edmond James de Rothschild 's surveyor, Yitzhak Goldhar, claimed that Hadera was founded on the site of the former town called Gedera of Caesarea ( Hebrew : גדרה של קיסרין ), as mentioned in Tosefta Shevi'it , ch. 7. Benjamin Mazar preferred to locate ancient Gador , formerly known as Gedera by Caesaria , at Tell Ahḍar ("green hill"), later known as Tell esh Sheikh Ziraq and currently as Tel Gador, on

5460-527: The population almost doubled to 22,500. In 1961 it rose to 25,600, in 1972 to 32,200, and in 1983, to 38,700. The median age in Hadera is 32.8, with 23,200 people 19 years of age or younger, 12.1% between 20 and 29, 14,100 between 30 and 44, 17,600 from 45 to 64, and 9,700, 65 or older. As of 2007 , there were 37,500 males and 39,200 females. In 2003, the ethnic makeup was 93.2% Jewish, 0.8% Arab and 6.0% other. In 2000, there were 27,920 salaried workers and 1,819 self-employed. The mean monthly wage in 2000 for

5544-420: The project's lack of transparency in light of the potential strain on ecological resources and the possible impacts on Bedouin communities nearby. In addition to its reclamation and other charitable projects, the JNF also funded infrastructure projects on Israel Defense Forces sites. Documents by the JNF indicated that funds from the Canadian branch were used to fund projects including Camp Ariel Sharon in

5628-427: The regional economic center. In 1913, the settlement included forty households, as well as fields and vineyards, stretching over 30,000 dunams. In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities , Hadera had a total population of 540; 89 Muslims, 1 Christian and 450 Jews. Land disputes in the area were resolved by the 1930s, and the population had grown to 2,002 in 1931. Free schooling

5712-547: The rest of the sea, could be the attraction. Hadera lies along two main Israel Railways lines: the Coastal Line and the nowadays freight-only Eastern Line . The city's railway station is located in the west of the city and is on the Tel Aviv suburban line which runs between Binyamina and Ashkelon . The city center of Hadera is located near Israel's two main north–south highways; Highway 2 , linking Tel Aviv to Haifa, and Highway 4 . This made Hadera an important junction for all coastal bus transportation after 1948 and into

5796-401: The site of abandoned Arab villages after the 1948 war. Nathan also writes that olive trees were replaced by pine and cypress trees and that JNF afforestation policy erases traces of the Arab presence prior to 1948. In 2008, the JNF announced that historical information plaques erected in JNF parks and forests would cite the names of the Arab villages formerly located there. Since 2009,

5880-436: The swamps. They "died in scores". Old tombstones in the local cemetery reveal that out of a population of 540, 210 died of malaria. Therefore, a Bible verse from the Psalms (Tehillim) was inscribed in the city's logo: "Those who sow in tears, will reap with songs of joy." (Ps 126:5) Hashomer guards kept watch over the fields to prevent incursions by the neighboring Bedouin . By the early twentieth century, Hadera had become

5964-449: The transition from Palestine to Israel. The first parcel of land, 200 dunams (0.20 km ) east of Hadera , was received as a gift from the Russian Zionist leader Isaac Leib Goldberg of Vilnius, in 1903. It became an olive grove. In 1904 and 1905, the JNF purchased land plots near the Sea of Galilee and at Ben Shemen . In 1921, JNF land holdings reached 25,000 acres (100 km²), rising to 50,000 acres (200 km²) by 1927. At

6048-465: The two areas of Israel with a tenuous Jewish demographic majority. In particular, the JNF's 600 million dollar Blueprint Negev aims to attract and build infrastructure for 250,000 new settlers in the Negev desert, which accounts for 60% of the country's land mass but remains sparsely populated. The plan has come under scrutiny as groups such as Bustan , Save the Negev, and Ohalah have expressed concern over

6132-569: Was "to avoid passing racist legislation [such as the Ariel Bill] that would limit the use of these lands to the Jews". Others denied however that the Ariel Bill was racist. The Rubinstein proposal was not taken up. In late 2007, a land swap deal was proposed that would allow the JNF to continue leasing its lands only to Jews. Urban JNF land sold in future to non-Jews would include an automatic swap mechanism:

6216-518: Was a regional center with a population of 11,800. In 1952, Hadera was declared a city, with jurisdiction over an area of 53,000 dunams . Hadera was founded on 24 January 1891, in the early days of modern Zionism by Jewish immigrants from Lithuania and Latvia on land purchased by Yehoshua Hankin , known as the Redeemer of the Valley. The land was purchased from a Christian effendi , Selim Khuri. This

6300-530: Was due to political pressure. Since then, the JNF-UK's Honorary Patrons include no leader of the main British political parties. An Early Day Motion in the British parliament called for the revocation of the JNF's charitable status in the UK and was signed by 66 Members of Parliament . In 2012 the Green Party called for the JNF to be stripped of its charity status. In December 2021, JNF-UK Chairman Samuel Hayek

6384-518: Was embroiled in controversy, following remarks that implied that Muslim immigration was endangering the future of British Jews. Following the Six-Day War , the Canadian branch of the JNF raised about $ 15 million US to fund a 1,700-acre park called "Canada Park". The park was built in 1970 on the land of three Palestinian villages which were destroyed on the orders of Yitzhak Rabin . Starting around 2013, Independent Jewish Voices has campaigned against JNF Canada's charitable status, and in 2017 it filed

6468-456: Was going, missing records that the CRA did not have, some documents provided only in Hebrew, and housing documents in a foreign country (Israel). In response, JNF Canada has accused the CRA of "targeted bias", while CEO Lance Davis said JNF Canada repeatedly asked for a conversation with the CRA to explain the discrepencies, but was repeatedly denied. JNF's blue charity boxes were distributed by

6552-689: Was in preferential use by the British military during World War I . In the end of the nineteenth century, the region of Hadera was populated by three immigrant groups – Circassians, Bosnians and Russian Jews. These transnational colonists joined what was, in Roy Marom's words, "a sparsely populated coastal plain inhabited by Arabic-speaking highland peasants and nomads of Turkmen, Nubian, Egyptian and of Arabian-Peninsular descent". Marom further notes that in 1871 Ottoman authorities inspected Khirbet al-Khudeira, and found it 'empty of inhabitants and lacking resident peasants who are eligible to purchase it in return for

6636-632: Was introduced in the city in 1937 in all schools apart from the Histadrut school. After the 1948 War , the north-western part of Hadera (including "Newe Chayyim") expanded on the land which had belonged to the depopulated Palestinian village of Arab al-Fuqara . Hadera's population increased dramatically in 1948 as immigrants flocked to the country. Most of the newcomers were from Europe, though 40 Yemenite families settled there, too. In 1953, Israel's first paper mill opened in Hadera. Financed by investors from Israel, United States, Brazil and Australia,

6720-531: Was known. Earlier, the whole Hadera Stream had been known as Nahr Akhdar ( Arabic : نهر الأخضر , lit.   'green river'). The Crusaders called the location Lictera – a corruption of the Arabic name, el-Khudeira . From the outset, attempts were made to pick instead a Hebrew name for the new settlement. About half a year after it was founded, rabbi Ya'akov Goldman reported on an event in "the moshav of Hadere , that is, Hatzor ". The name Liktera

6804-484: Was on the front lines in the battle against the Egyptian army, and was bombarded by the Egyptian air force. The women and children of the village were evacuated to Rishon LeZion and Ness Ziona , while the men stayed to fight. Bitzaron's economy is based on agriculture and dairy farming. The moshav has numerous citrus groves. It is also notable for its buffalo dairy, founded by Irit and Hagai Treister, which also serves as

6888-453: Was sold to the JNF in October 1950. Over the years questions about the legitimacy of these transactions have been raised but Israeli legislation has generally supported the JNF's land claims. In 1953, the JNF was dissolved and re-organized as an Israeli company under the name Keren Kayemet LeYisrael (JNF-KKL). In 1960, administration of the land held by the JNF-KKL, apart from forested areas,

6972-469: Was the largest purchase of land in Eretz Israel by a Zionist group, although the land was of low quality and mostly swampland. The only inhabitants prior to the purchase were a few families raising water buffaloes and selling papyrus reeds. The village was named after Wadi al-Khudeira ( Arabic : وادي الخضيرة , lit.   'the valley of verdure'), as the nearby section of Hadera Stream

7056-469: Was transferred to a newly formed government agency, the Israel Land Administration (ILA). The ILA was then responsible for managing some 93% of the land of Israel. All the land managed by the ILA was defined as Israel lands ; it included both land owned by the government (about 80%) and land owned by the JNF-KKL (about 13%). The JNF-KKL received the right to nominate 10 of the 22 directors of

#206793