Pontic Steppe
37-627: (Redirected from Bistrica River ) Bistrica or Bistrice , from Proto-Slavic * bystrъ 'quickly flowing, rushing', may refer to: Places [ edit ] Albania [ edit ] Bistricë, Albania , a settlement in Vlorë County Bosnia and Herzegovina [ edit ] Bistrica (Banja Luka) Bistrica (Gradiška) Bistrica (Fojnica) Bistrica (Gornji Vakuf) Bistrica (Jajce) Bistrica (Zenica) Bistrica, Žepče Croatia [ edit ] Bistrica, Croatia ,
74-587: A Roman road, and the Ancient Roman fort of Ančnik. It serves as a starting point for hiking excursions to nearby Mount Boč . The parish church in the settlement is dedicated to Saint Bartholomew (Slovene: sveti Jernej ) and belongs to the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Maribor . It is first mentioned in written documents dating to 1240, but was greatly rebuilt and extended in the Baroque style in
111-439: A distinction between two pitch accents, traditionally called "acute" and "circumflex" accent. The acute accent was pronounced with rising intonation, while the circumflex accent had a falling intonation. Short vowels (*e *o *ь *ъ) had no pitch distinction, and were always pronounced with falling intonation. Unaccented (unstressed) vowels never had tonal distinctions, but could still have length distinctions. These rules are similar to
148-715: A late-period variant, representing the late 9th-century dialect spoken around Thessaloniki ( Solun ) in Macedonia , is attested in Old Church Slavonic manuscripts. Proto-Slavic is descended from the Proto-Balto-Slavic branch of the Proto-Indo-European language family, which is the ancestor of the Baltic languages , e.g. Lithuanian and Latvian . Proto-Slavic gradually evolved into the various Slavic languages during
185-541: A macron above the letter, while in the latter it is not clearly indicated. The following table explains these differences: For consistency, all discussions of words in Early Slavic and before (the boundary corresponding roughly to the monophthongization of diphthongs , and the Slavic second palatalization ) use the common Balto-Slavic notation of vowels. Discussions of Middle and Late Common Slavic, as well as later dialects, use
222-801: A river between Delvinë and Sarandë in southwestern Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina [ edit ] Bistrica (Vrbas) [ sr ] , a river in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, tributary of Vrbas Bistrica (Drina) , a river near Foča in Eastern Bosnia, tributary of Drina Bistrica (Livanjsko Polje) , a river near Livno in Western Bosnia Greece [ edit ] Haliacmon ( Bistrica ), longest river in Greece Kosovo [ edit ] Bistrica (Ibar) [ sr ] , tributary of Ibar Dečani Bistrica ,
259-653: A river in western Kosovo, tributary of the White Drin Peć Bistrica , a river in southwestern Kosovo, tributary of the White Drin Prizren Bistrica , a river in northern Kosovo, tributary of the White Drin Kožnjar Bistrica , see Dečani Bistrica Loćane Bistrica [ sr ] , tributary of Erenik , see Dečani Bistrica Montenegro [ edit ] Bistrica (Lim) [ fr ; sr ] , 2 tributaries of
296-523: A settlement in the Municipality of Tržič Bistrica, Šentrupert , a settlement in the Municipality of Šentrupert Bohinjska Bistrica , a settlement in the Municipality of Bohinj Ilirska Bistrica , a town in the Municipality of Ilirska Bistrica Kamniška Bistrica , a settlement, a valley, and a river Slovenska Bistrica , a town the Municipality of Slovenska Bistrica Rivers [ edit ] Albania [ edit ] Bistricë (river) ,
333-525: A village in Bitola municipality Bistrica, Čaška , a village in Čaška Municipality Romania [ edit ] Bistrița , a city in Bistrița-Năsăud County, in northern Transylvania Serbia [ edit ] Bistrica (Crna Trava) , a village Bistrica (Lazarevac) , a village Bistrica (Leskovac) , a village Bistrica (Nova Varoš) , a village Bistrica (Novi Sad) , a quarter of
370-501: A village in eastern Croatia Marija Bistrica , a town and Marian shrine Zlatar-Bistrica , a town in western Croatia Kosovo [ edit ] Bistrica, Leposavić , a village in Leposavić municipality Montenegro [ edit ] Bistrica, Mojkovac , a village in Mojkovac municipality Bistrice, Podgorica North Macedonia [ edit ] Bistrica, Bitola ,
407-604: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Proto-Slavic Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European Proto-Slavic (abbreviated PSl. , PS. ; also called Common Slavic or Common Slavonic )
SECTION 10
#1732873614682444-473: Is slight dialectal variation. It also covers Late Common Slavic when there are significant developments that are shared (more or less) identically among all Slavic languages. Two different and conflicting systems for denoting vowels are commonly in use in Indo-European and Balto-Slavic linguistics on the one hand, and Slavic linguistics on the other. In the first, vowel length is consistently distinguished with
481-484: Is the unattested , reconstructed proto-language of all Slavic languages . It represents Slavic speech approximately from the 2nd millennium BC through the 6th century AD . As with most other proto-languages, no attested writings have been found; scholars have reconstructed the language by applying the comparative method to all the attested Slavic languages and by taking into account other Indo-European languages . Rapid development of Slavic speech occurred during
518-543: The Drava Statistical Region . The town was established in the 13th century on the trade road between Maribor and Celje , and was granted market rights in 1313. It was originally called just " Bistrica ", a common toponym for rapid-flowing streams and rivers in South Slavic languages; the present name of Slovenska Bistrica (German: Windisch-Feistritz ) first appears in records dating from 1565. Before 1918,
555-1496: The South Morava Slovenia [ edit ] Kamnik Bistrica , an Alpine river in northern Slovenia, tributary of the Sava Triglav Bistrica , an Alpine river in Upper Carniola, tributary of the Sava Dolinka Tržič Bistrica , a river in Upper Carniola, tributary of the Sava See also [ edit ] Bistrica (disambiguation) , in Slovene, Croat, Serb and Macedonian Bistritsa (disambiguation) (Бистрица), in Bulgarian Bistritz (disambiguation) , in German Bistriţa (disambiguation) , in Romanian Bystrica (disambiguation) , in Slovak Bystrzyca (disambiguation) , in Polish Feistritz (disambiguation) , in German Bystřice (disambiguation) , in Czech Topics referred to by
592-519: The Proto-Slavic period, coinciding with the massive expansion of the Slavic-speaking area. Dialectal differentiation occurred early on during this period, but overall linguistic unity and mutual intelligibility continued for several centuries, into the 10th century or later. During this period, many sound changes diffused across the entire area, often uniformly. This makes it inconvenient to maintain
629-552: The Proto-Slavic/Common Slavic time of linguistic unity roughly into three periods: Authorities differ as to which periods should be included in Proto-Slavic and in Common Slavic. The language described in this article generally reflects the middle period, usually termed Late Proto-Slavic (sometimes Middle Common Slavic ) and often dated to around the 7th to 8th centuries. This language remains largely unattested, but
666-564: The Slavic notation. For Middle and Late Common Slavic, the following marks are used to indicate tone and length distinctions on vowels, based on the standard notation in Serbo-Croatian : There are multiple competing systems used to indicate prosody in different Balto-Slavic languages. The most important for this article are: The following is an overview of the phonemes that are reconstructible for Middle Common Slavic. Middle Common Slavic had
703-470: The South Slavic languages, as well as Czech and Slovak, tended to preserve the syllabic sonorants, but in the Lechitic languages (such as Polish) and Bulgarian, they fell apart again into vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations. In East Slavic, the liquid diphthongs in *ь or *ъ may have likewise become syllabic sonorants, but if so, the change was soon reversed, suggesting that it may never have happened in
740-706: The Zeta and Lim river in Montenegro Romania [ edit ] Bistrița (Someș) , a river in the Romanian region of Transylvania Serbia [ edit ] Bistrica (Nišava) , a river in southeastern Serbia, tributary of the Nišava Bistrica (Vlasina) [ sr ] , a river in southeastern Serbia, tributary of the Vlasina Bistrica (South Morava) , a river in southeastern Serbia, tributary of
777-448: The accent (moved it to the preceding syllable). This occurred at a time when the Slavic-speaking area was already dialectally differentiated, and usually syllables with the acute and/or circumflex accent were shortened around the same time. Hence it is unclear whether there was ever a period in any dialect when there were three phonemically distinct pitch accents on long vowels. Nevertheless, taken together, these changes significantly altered
SECTION 20
#1732873614682814-452: The accent was free and thus phonemic; it could occur on any syllable and its placement was inherently a part of the word. The accent could also be either mobile or fixed, meaning that inflected forms of a word could have the accent on different syllables depending on the ending, or always on the same syllable. Common Slavic vowels also had a pitch accent . In Middle Common Slavic, all accented long vowels, nasal vowels and liquid diphthongs had
851-617: The beginning of the syllable. By the beginning of the Late Common Slavic period, all or nearly all syllables had become open as a result of developments in the liquid diphthongs . Syllables with liquid diphthongs beginning with *o or *e had been converted into open syllables, for example *TorT became *TroT, *TraT or *ToroT in the various daughter languages. The main exception are the Northern Lechitic languages ( Kashubian , extinct Slovincian and Polabian ) only with lengthening of
888-502: The city of Novi Sad Bistrica (Petrovac) , a village in the Petrovac na Mlavi municipality, Braničevo District Slovenia [ edit ] Bistrica, Črnomelj , a settlement in the Municipality of Črnomelj Bistrica, Litija , a settlement in the Municipality of Litija Bistrica, Naklo , a settlement in the Municipality of Naklo Bistrica ob Sotli , a settlement in the Municipality of Bistrica ob Sotli Bistrica pri Tržiču ,
925-463: The distribution of the pitch accents and vowel length, to the point that by the end of the Late Common Slavic period almost any vowel could be short or long, and almost any accented vowel could have falling or rising pitch. Most syllables in Middle Common Slavic were open . The only closed syllables were those that ended in a liquid (*l or *r), forming liquid diphthongs, and in such syllables,
962-510: The first place. Slovenska Bistrica Slovenska Bistrica ( pronounced [slɔˈʋeːnska ˈbiːstɾitsa] ; German : Windisch-Feistritz ) is a town south of Maribor in eastern Slovenia . It is the seat of the Municipality of Slovenska Bistrica , one of the largest municipalities in Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria . The town is included in
999-479: The following vowel system ( IPA symbol where different): The columns marked "central" and "back" may alternatively be interpreted as "back unrounded" and "back rounded" respectively, but rounding of back vowels was distinctive only between the vowels *y and *u. The other back vowels had optional non-distinctive rounding. The vowels described as "short" and "long" were simultaneously distinguished by length and quality in Middle Common Slavic, although some authors prefer
1036-450: The latter half of the first millennium AD, concurrent with the explosive growth of the Slavic-speaking area. There is no scholarly consensus concerning either the number of stages involved in the development of the language (its periodization ) or the terms used to describe them. One division is made up of three periods: Another division is made up of four periods: This article considers primarily Middle Common Slavic, noting when there
1073-599: The least in Russian and the most in Czech. Palatalized consonants never developed in Southwest Slavic (modern Croatian, Serbian, and Slovenian), and the merger of *ľ *ň *ř with *l *n *r did not happen before front vowels (although Serbian and Croatian later merged *ř with *r). As in its ancestors, Proto-Balto-Slavic and Proto-Indo-European, one syllable of each Common Slavic word was accented (carried more prominence). The placement of
1110-414: The preceding vowel had to be short. Consonant clusters were permitted, but only at the beginning of a syllable. Such a cluster was syllabified with the cluster entirely in the following syllable, contrary to the syllabification rules that are known to apply to most languages. For example, *bogatьstvo "wealth" was divided into syllables as * bo-ga-tь-stvo , with the whole cluster * -stv- at
1147-470: The restrictions that apply to the pitch accent in Slovene . In the Late Common Slavic period, several sound changes occurred. Long vowels bearing the acute (long rising) accent were usually shortened, resulting in a short rising intonation. Some short vowels were lengthened, creating new long falling vowels. A third type of pitch accent developed, known as the "neoacute", as a result of sound laws that retracted
Bistrica - Misplaced Pages Continue
1184-452: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Bistrica . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bistrica&oldid=1157998070 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
1221-460: The syllable and no metathesis (*TarT, e.g. PSl. gordъ > Kashubian gard ; > Polabian * gard > gord ). In West Slavic and South Slavic, liquid diphthongs beginning with *ь or *ъ had likewise been converted into open syllables by converting the following liquid into a syllabic sonorant (palatal or non-palatal according to whether *ь or *ъ preceded respectively). This left no closed syllables at all in these languages. Most of
1258-491: The terms "lax" and "tense" instead. Many modern Slavic languages have since lost all length distinctions. Vowel length evolved as follows: In § Grammar below, additional distinctions are made in the reconstructed vowels: Middle Common Slavic had the following consonants (IPA symbols where different): The phonetic value (IPA symbol) of most consonants is the same as their traditional spelling. Some notes and exceptions: In most dialects, non-distinctive palatalization
1295-449: The town had a German-speaking majority (in the last Austrian census of 1910, 57.7% of the inhabitants declared German as their language of daily communication), while the surrounding countryside was almost exclusively Slovene-speaking. The town has a population of 8,016 (in 2018). Many locals commute to Maribor for work, less than an hour's drive away. The town offers several interesting sights, including Bistrica Castle , churches,
1332-447: The traditional definition of a proto-language as the latest reconstructable common ancestor of a language group, with no dialectal differentiation. (This would necessitate treating all pan-Slavic changes after the 6th century or so as part of the separate histories of the various daughter languages.) Instead, Slavicists typically handle the entire period of dialectally differentiated linguistic unity as Common Slavic . One can divide
1369-576: Was probably present on all consonants that occurred before front vowels. When the high front yer *ь/ĭ was lost in many words, it left this palatalization as a "residue", which then became distinctive, producing a phonemic distinction between palatalized and non-palatalized alveolars and labials. In the process, the palatal sonorants *ľ *ň *ř merged with alveolar *l *n *r before front vowels, with both becoming *lʲ *nʲ *rʲ. Subsequently, some palatalized consonants lost their palatalization in some environments, merging with their non-palatal counterparts. This happened
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