20-549: Bisalpur Dam is a gravity dam on the Banas River near Bisalpur in Tonk district , Rajasthan , India . The dam was completed in 1999 for the purpose of irrigation and water supply. The Bisalpur Dam was set in name of Bisaldev-IV of Chauhan Dynasty Ajmer. The Bisalpur dam was constructed in the 1990s by the Rajasthan state government. During the construction, the people displaced by
40-461: A ₹ 9.5 billion project to supply the Bisalpur water to the remaining areas of the city. In 2016, the almost-dry Pushkar Lake was filled with water from the Bisalpur reservoir for the annual Pushkar Fair . Gravity dam A gravity dam is a dam constructed from concrete or stone masonry and designed to hold back water by using only the weight of the material and its resistance against
60-403: Is an endothermic reaction , which usually takes up heat and is driven by an entropy increase in the system. Examples are numerous: combustion , the thermite reaction , combining strong acids and bases, polymerizations . As an example in everyday life, hand warmers make use of the oxidation of iron to achieve an exothermic reaction: A particularly important class of exothermic reactions
80-416: Is combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel, e.g. the burning of natural gas: These sample reactions are strongly exothermic. Uncontrolled exothermic reactions, those leading to fires and explosions , are wasteful because it is difficult to capture the released energy. Nature effects combustion reactions under highly controlled conditions, avoiding fires and explosions, in aerobic respiration so as to capture
100-462: Is negative." Exothermic reactions usually release heat . The term is often confused with exergonic reaction , which IUPAC defines as "... a reaction for which the overall standard Gibbs energy change Δ G ⚬ is negative." A strongly exothermic reaction will usually also be exergonic because Δ H ⚬ makes a major contribution to Δ G ⚬ . Most of the spectacular chemical reactions that are demonstrated in classrooms are exothermic and exergonic. The opposite
120-474: Is that their large concrete structures are susceptible to destabilising uplift pressures relative to the surrounding soil. Uplift pressures can be reduced by internal and foundation drainage systems. During construction, the exothermic curing of concrete can generate large amounts of heat. The poorly-conductive concrete then traps this heat in the dam structure for decades, expanding the plastic concrete and leaving it susceptible to cracking while cooling. It
140-451: Is the reaction calorimeter , where the heat flow from or into the reaction vessel is monitored. The heat release and corresponding energy change, Δ H , of a combustion reaction can be measured particularly accurately. The measured heat energy released in an exothermic reaction is converted to Δ H ⚬ in Joule per mole (formerly cal/mol ). The standard enthalpy change Δ H ⚬ is essentially
160-406: Is the designer's task to ensure this does not occur. Gravity dams are built by first cutting away a large part of the land in one section of a river, allowing water to fill the space and be stored. Once the land has been cut away, the soil has to be tested to make sure it can support the weight of the dam and the water. It is important to make sure the soil will not erode over time, which would allow
180-682: The Ajmer , Jaipur and Tonk districts. From Nasirabad in Ajmer district , the drinking water is also transported to the Bhilwara district via a 15-wagon train, which can carry 2.5 million litres of water. The reservoir has been called the lifeline of the state capital Jaipur . Currently, around half of the areas under the Jaipur Municipal Corporation get water from Bisalpur. In 2016, the Public Health and Engineering Department (PHED) proposed
200-517: The Bisalpur water for irrigation. On 13 June 2005, 5 farmers were shot dead while protesting the diversion of Bisalpur water to Jaipur. The Bisalpur water reached Jaipur in 2009, leading to public protests in surrounding districts like Ajmer , Bhilwara , Dausa and Tonk , whose residents demanded a share of the water. The Bisalpur dam reservoir supplies irrigation water to the Sawai Madhopur and Tonk districts. It also supplies drinking water to
220-425: The biggest danger to gravity dams and that is why, every year and after every major earthquake, they must be tested for cracks, durability, and strength. Although gravity dams are expected to last anywhere from 50–150 years, they need to be maintained and regularly replaced. Exothermic reaction In thermochemistry , an exothermic reaction is a "reaction for which the overall standard enthalpy change Δ H ⚬
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#1732909616428240-548: The construction of a pipeline to bring Bisalpur water to Jaipur. The project was co-financed by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). ADB financed the transmission system (including purification), while JICA financed the transfer system with an 8.88 billion yen 30-year loan at an interest rate of 1.3%. The project was opposed by farmers relying on
260-607: The dam can begin. Usually gravity dams are built out of a strong material such as concrete or stone blocks, and are built into a triangular shape to provide the most support. The most common classification of gravity dams is by the materials composing the structure: Composite dams are a combination of concrete and embankment dams . Construction materials of composite dams are the same used for concrete and embankment dams. Gravity dams can be classified by plan (shape): Gravity dams can be classified with respect to their structural height: Gravity dams are built to withstand some of
280-512: The dam protested against the state government's rehabilitation and resettlement policy, calling it unjust. In October 1999, the Ashok Gehlot -led Congress government sanctioned a project to bring the Bisalpur reservoir water to the state capital Jaipur . However, the project could not be implemented because of financial constraints. In 2004, the Vasundhara Raje -led BJP government started
300-399: The enthalpy change when the stoichiometric coefficients in the reaction are considered as the amounts of reactants and products (in mole); usually, the initial and final temperature is assumed to be 25 °C. For gas-phase reactions, Δ H ⚬ values are related to bond energies to a good approximation by: In an exothermic reaction, by definition, the enthalpy change has a negative value: where
320-415: The foundation. Gravity dams are designed so that each section of the dam is stable and independent of any other dam section. Gravity dams generally require stiff rock foundations of high bearing strength (slightly weathered to fresh), although in rare cases, they have been built on soil. Stability of the dam primarily arises from the range of normal force angles viably generated by the foundation. Also,
340-444: The released energy, e.g. for the formation of ATP . The enthalpy of a chemical system is essentially its energy. The enthalpy change Δ H for a reaction is equal to the heat q transferred out of (or into) a closed system at constant pressure without in- or output of electrical energy. Heat production or absorption in a chemical reaction is measured using calorimetry , e.g. with a bomb calorimeter . One common laboratory instrument
360-412: The stiff nature of a gravity dam structure endures differential foundation settlement poorly, as it can crack the dam structure. The main advantage to gravity dams over embankments is the scour -resistance of concrete, which protects against damage from minor over-topping flows. Unexpected large over-topping flows are still a problem, as they can scour dam foundations. A disadvantage of gravity dams
380-485: The strongest earthquakes . Even though the foundation of a gravity dam is built to support the weight of the dam and all the water, it is quite flexible in that it absorbs a large amount of energy and sends it into the Earth's crust. It needs to be able to absorb the energy from an earthquake because, if the dam were to break, it would send a mass amount of water rushing downstream and destroy everything in its way. Earthquakes are
400-493: The water to cut a way around or under the dam. Sometimes the soil is sufficient to achieve these goals; however, other times it requires conditioning by adding support rocks which will bolster the weight of the dam and water. There are three different tests that can be done to determine the foundation's support strength: the Westergaard, Eulerian, and Lagrangian approaches. Once the foundation is suitable to build on, construction of
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