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39-488: The society was founded on September 6, 1947, at the First International Biometric Conference at Woods Hole, Massachusetts , US . Its first president was Ronald Fisher and its first secretary was Chester Ittner Bliss . The society is organized into (mostly national) regions and (international) networks , many of which also hold their own conferences. It publishes the journal Biometrics ,

78-433: A film one molecule thick upon the surface of water, with the hydrophilic group down in the water and the hydrophobic chains clumped together on the surface. The thickness of the film could be easily determined from the known volume and area of the oil, which allowed investigation of the molecular configuration before spectroscopic techniques were available. Following World War I Langmuir contributed to atomic theory and

117-549: A fixed schedule posted on the side of the bridge. Nobska Light , a lighthouse at Nobska Point , is operated by the United States Coast Guard , and the accompanying house is the home of the commander of the Coast Guard base at Little Harbor. The local landmark The Knob is a rocky outcropping that overlooks Buzzards Bay and Quisset Harbor. It is a part of the privately owned Salt Pond bird sanctuaries. According to

156-479: A priority dispute with Lewis over this work; Langmuir's presentation skills were largely responsible for the popularization of the theory, although the credit for the theory itself belongs mostly to Lewis. While at General Electric from 1909 to 1950, Langmuir advanced several fields of physics and chemistry , inventing the gas-filled incandescent lamp and the hydrogen welding technique . The Langmuir Laboratory for Atmospheric Research near Socorro, New Mexico ,

195-604: Is a census-designated place in the town of Falmouth in Barnstable County , Massachusetts , United States. It lies at the extreme southwestern corner of Cape Cod , near Martha's Vineyard and the Elizabeth Islands . The population was 781 at the 2010 census . It is the site of several marine science institutions, including Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , the Marine Biological Laboratory ,

234-660: Is known for its extremely strong current, approaching four knots . It is one of four straits allowing maritime passage between Buzzards Bay and Vineyard Sound; the others are Canapitsit Channel , Quick's Hole and Robinson's Hole . Published yearly is the Eldridge Tide and Pilot Book , which has a detailed reference section showing the complex pattern of tides and currents. Ferries operated by The Woods Hole, Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket Steamship Authority run regularly between Woods Hole and Martha's Vineyard. The present Woods Hole, Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket Steamship Authority

273-511: Is located at the southwestern tip of the town of Falmouth (and of Cape Cod) at 41°31′36″N 70°39′47″W  /  41.52667°N 70.66306°W  / 41.52667; -70.66306 (41.526730, -70.663184). The term "Woods Hole" refers to a strait named Woods Hole , which separates Cape Cod from the Elizabeth Islands (specifically, Uncatena Island and Nonamesset Island ) and which boats, yachts, and small ferries can use to travel between Vineyard Sound and Buzzards Bay . The strait

312-555: The Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics (JABES) jointly with the American Statistical Association , the quarterly newsletter Biometric Bulletin , and the regional journal Biometrical Journal (formerly Biometrische Zeitschrift ). This article about a professional association is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Woods Hole, Massachusetts Woods Hole

351-559: The Nobska Light lighthouse, and the terminus of the Steamship Authority ferry route between Cape Cod and the island of Martha's Vineyard. Historically, Woods Hole included one of the few good harbors (along with Hyannis ) on the southern side of Cape Cod (i.e. Great Harbor, contained by Penzance Point). The community became a center for whaling, shipping, and fishing, prior to its dominance today by tourism and marine research. At

390-650: The United States Census Bureau , the Woods Hole CDP has a total area of 3.9 square miles (10.1 km ), of which 2.1 square miles (5.5 km ) is land and 1.8 square miles (4.6 km ) (45.24%) is water. The annual Falmouth Road Race brings thousands of runners to Woods Hole in August each year. The route of the 7-mile (11 km) race starts outside the front door of the Captain Kidd tavern and follows

429-669: The Woodwell Climate Research Center , NOAA's Northeast Fisheries Science Center (which started the Woods Hole scientific community in 1871), the Woods Hole Science Aquarium , a USGS coastal and marine geology center, and the home campus of the Sea Education Association . Woods Hole is also the site of United States Coast Guard Sector Southeastern New England (formerly USCG Group Woods Hole),

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468-432: The atomic hydrogen welding process; the first plasma weld ever made. Plasma welding has since been developed into gas tungsten arc welding . In 1917, he published a paper on the chemistry of oil films that later became the basis for the award of the 1932 Nobel Prize in chemistry. Langmuir theorized that oils consisting of an aliphatic chain with a hydrophilic end group (perhaps an alcohol or acid ) were oriented as

507-498: The census of 2000, there were 925 people, 459 households, and 212 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 165.3/km (427.9/mi ). There were 942 housing units at an average density of 168.4/km (435.8/mi ). The racial makeup of the CDP was 94.70% White , 1.62% African American , 0.54% Native American , 1.84% Asian , 0.22% from other races , and 1.08% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.97% of

546-788: The International Solvay Institute for Physics in Belgium. He joined Katharine B. Blodgett to study thin films and surface adsorption. They introduced the concept of a monolayer (a layer of material one molecule thick) and the two-dimensional physics which describe such a surface. In 1932 he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry ." In 1938, Langmuir's scientific interests began to turn to atmospheric science and meteorology . One of his first ventures, although tangentially related,

585-701: The Partial Recombination of Dissolved Gases During Cooling" ( German : Ueber partielle Wiedervereinigung dissociierter Gase im Verlauf einer Abkühlung ). He later did postgraduate work in chemistry. Langmuir then taught at Stevens Institute of Technology in Hoboken, New Jersey , until 1909, when he began working at the General Electric research laboratory ( Schenectady, New York ). His initial contributions to science came from his study of light bulbs (a continuation of his PhD work). His first major development

624-583: The affluent Chestnut Hill area in Philadelphia. He graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in metallurgical engineering ( Met.E. ) from the Columbia University School of Mines in 1903. He earned his PhD in 1906 under Friedrich Dolezalek  [ de ] in Göttingen , for research done using the " Nernst glower ", an electric lamp invented by Nernst. His doctoral thesis was entitled "On

663-400: The average family size was 2.58. In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 13.5% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 25.7% from 25 to 44, 26.4% from 45 to 64, and 27.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48 years. For every 100 females, there are 94.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.7 males. The median income for a household in the CDP

702-471: The beginning of the twentieth century included Seward Prosser of New York's Bankers Trust Company; Francis Bartow, a partner in J. P. Morgan and Company ; Joseph Lee, a partner in Lee, Higginson & Co. ; and Franklin A. Park, an executive of Singer Sewing Machine . Other notable businessmen established homes on Gansett Point, Nobska Point, and at Quissett Harbor, further from the village center. Irving Langmuir ,

741-619: The bulb. His assistant in vacuum tube research was his cousin William Comings White . As he continued to study filaments in vacuum and different gas environments, he began to study the emission of charged particles from hot filaments ( thermionic emission ). He was one of the first scientists to work with plasmas , and he was the first to call these ionized gases by that name because they reminded him of blood plasma . Langmuir and Tonks discovered electron density waves in plasmas that are now known as Langmuir waves . He introduced

780-423: The concept of electron temperature and in 1924 invented the diagnostic method for measuring both temperature and density with an electrostatic probe, now called a Langmuir probe and commonly used in plasma physics. The current of a biased probe tip is measured as a function of bias voltage to determine the local plasma temperature and density. He also discovered atomic hydrogen , which he put to use by inventing

819-566: The corner of his bedroom, and he was content to answer the myriad questions that Irving would pose. Langmuir's hobbies included mountaineering , skiing , piloting his own plane, and classical music . In addition to his professional interest in the politics of atomic energy, he was concerned about wilderness conservation. Langmuir attended several schools and institutes in America and Paris (1892–1895) before graduating high school from Chestnut Hill Academy (1898), an elite private school located in

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858-672: The end of the nineteenth century, Woods Hole was the home of the Pacific Guano Company , which produced fertilizer from guano imported from islands in the Pacific Ocean, the Caribbean, and the coast of South Carolina . After the firm went bankrupt in 1889, Long Neck – the peninsula on which their factory was located – was renamed Penzance Point and was developed with shingle-style summer homes for bankers and lawyers from New York and Boston. Notable property owners on Penzance Point at

897-653: The fictional character Matt Hooper. Hooper is described as a marine biologist , focusing on the study of sharks. Coincidentally, a great white shark was spotted some years later near Woods Hole in September 2004. Woods Hole is part of the Falmouth public school district, served by Mullen-Hall Elementary, Morse Pond Middle School, Lawrence Junior High School , and Falmouth High School . Woods Hole students also often attend Upper Cape Cod Regional Technical High School , Sturgis Charter Public School , and Falmouth Academy . As of

936-502: The laboratory and in the atmosphere, that the introduction of ice nuclei dry ice and silver iodide into a sufficiently moist cloud of low temperature ( supercooled water ) could induce precipitation ( cloud seeding ); though in frequent practice, particularly in Australia and the People's Republic of China, the efficiency of this technique remains controversial today. In 1953 Langmuir coined

975-406: The population. There were 459 households, out of which 14.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.7% were married couples living together, 5.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 53.6% were non-families. 40.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.94 and

1014-404: The process. He also discovered that twisting the filament into a tight coil improved its efficiency. These were important developments in the history of the incandescent light bulb . His work in surface chemistry began at this point, when he discovered that molecular hydrogen introduced into a tungsten-filament bulb dissociated into atomic hydrogen and formed a layer one atom thick on the surface of

1053-533: The scientist, also lived in Woods Hole and died there on August 16, 1957. Before 1898, the Woods Hole Yacht Club was formed. In 1899, the Woods Hole Golf course was started. Around 1919, it was expanded to 18 holes. In 1976, The Woods Hole Foundation was created. The eminent Hungarian born biochemist and Nobel prize laureate, Albert Imre Szent-Györgyi de Nagyrápolt died in Woods Hole in 1986. Woods Hole

1092-665: The shore of Vineyard Sound through Falmouth to Shipwrecked (historically, the British Beer Company, which closed due to COVID-19), another tavern, in Falmouth Heights. The Woods Hole School is the home of the Children's School of Science. Founded in 1913, this institution (locally known as "CSS" and "Science School") provides science classes for students between seven and 16 years old that focus on scientific investigation by observation. Students regularly visit ecosystems around

1131-519: The term " pathological science ", describing research conducted with accordance to the scientific method , but tainted by unconscious bias or subjective effects. This is in contrast to pseudoscience , which has no pretense of following the scientific method. In his original speech, he presented ESP and flying saucers as examples of pathological science; since then, the label has been applied to polywater and cold fusion . His house in Schenectady,

1170-549: The understanding of atomic structure by defining the modern concept of valence shells and isotopes . Langmuir was president of the Institute of Radio Engineers in 1923. Based on his work at General Electric, John B. Taylor developed a detector ionizing beams of alkali metals, called nowadays the Langmuir-Taylor detector . In 1927, he was one of the participants of the fifth Solvay Conference on Physics that took place at

1209-564: The village to study the organisms in their natural environments, such as the Sippewissett Salt Marsh . The Children's School of Science draws upon the talent brought to the village by the research institutions but also educates the children of both scientists and locals. Some mention of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution is made in the 1975 blockbuster film Jaws as having been the center of research for

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1248-428: Was $ 47,604, and the median income for a family was $ 57,969. Males had a median income of $ 31,964 versus $ 31,875 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $ 30,752. None of the families and 5.3% of the population were living below the poverty line , including no under 18 and 6.4% of those over 64. Irving Langmuir Irving Langmuir ( / ˈ l æ ŋ m j ʊər / ; January 31, 1881 – August 16, 1957)

1287-756: Was a refutation of the claim of entomologist Charles H. T. Townsend that the deer botfly flew at speeds of over 800 miles per hour. Langmuir estimated the fly's speed at 25 miles per hour. After observing windrows of drifting seaweed in the Sargasso Sea he discovered a wind-driven surface circulation in the sea. It is now called the Langmuir circulation . During World War II , Langmuir and Research Associate Vincent J Schaefer worked on improving naval sonar for submarine detection, and later to develop protective smoke screens and methods for deicing aircraft wings. This research led him to theorize and then demonstrate in

1326-505: Was an American chemist , physicist , and engineer . He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1932 for his work in surface chemistry . Langmuir's most famous publication is the 1919 article "The Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules" in which, building on Gilbert N. Lewis 's cubical atom theory and Walther Kossel 's chemical bonding theory, he outlined his "concentric theory of atomic structure". Langmuir became embroiled in

1365-491: Was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976. Langmuir was married to Marion Mersereau (1883–1971) in 1912 with whom he adopted two children: Kenneth and Barbara. After a short illness, he died in Woods Hole, Massachusetts from a heart attack on August 16, 1957. His obituary ran on the front page of The New York Times . On his religious views, Langmuir was an agnostic. According to author Kurt Vonnegut , Langmuir

1404-451: Was eleven, it was discovered that he had poor eyesight. When this problem was corrected, details that had previously eluded him were revealed, and his interest in the complications of nature was heightened. During his childhood, Langmuir was influenced by his older brother, Arthur Langmuir. Arthur was a research chemist who encouraged Irving to be curious about nature and how things work. Arthur helped Irving set up his first chemistry lab in

1443-461: Was formed from the New Bedford, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket Steamboat Company, which in turn was a consolidation of earlier companies dating to the early 19th century, just before the railroad arrived. Much of Woods Hole centers around the enclosed harbor of Eel Pond. The Eel Pond Bridge, a bascule drawbridge at the mouth of the harbor, allows boats to enter and exit the harbor according to

1482-545: Was named in his honor, as was the American Chemical Society journal for surface science called Langmuir . Irving Langmuir was born in Brooklyn , New York, on January 31, 1881. He was the third of the four children of Charles Langmuir and Sadie, née Comings. During his childhood, Langmuir's parents encouraged him to carefully observe nature and to keep a detailed record of his various observations. When Irving

1521-426: Was the improvement of the diffusion pump , which ultimately led to the invention of the high-vacuum rectifier and amplifier tubes. A year later, he and colleague Lewi Tonks discovered that the lifetime of a tungsten filament could be greatly lengthened by filling the bulb with an inert gas , such as argon , the critical factor (overlooked by other researchers) being the need for extreme cleanliness in all stages of

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