50-494: Binagol is a Filipino sweet steamed delicacy of the Waray people made from mashed giant taro corms , condensed milk , sugar , coconut milk , and egg yolks. It is distinctively placed in half of a coconut shell and then wrapped in banana leaves and twine. The name means "placed in a coconut shell", from the Visayan bagol (coconut shell). Binagol traditionally uses the corms of
100-451: A Filipino breakfast. An example of such a combination order is kankamtuy : an order of kan in (rice), kam atis (tomatoes) and tuy o (dried fish). Another is tapsi : an order of tap a and si nangág or si naing . Other examples include variations using a silog suffix, usually some kind of meat served with si nangág or si naing , and it log (egg). The three most commonly seen silogs are tapsilog (having tapa as
150-556: A meatloaf dish, not a sausage as understood elsewhere), suman (a savory rice and coconut milk concoction steamed in leaves such as banana), and pancit canton . The table may also have various sweets and pastries such as leche flan , ube , sapin-sapin , sorbetes (ice cream), totong or sinukmani (a rice, coconut milk and mongo bean pudding), ginataan (a coconut milk pudding with various root vegetables and tapioca pearls ), and gulaman (an agar jello-like ingredient or dessert ). Christmas Eve, known as Noche Buena ,
200-511: A shrimp-based sauce), tokwa't baboy (fried tofu with boiled pork ears in a garlic-flavored soy sauce and vinegar dressing), and dinuguan (a spicy stew made of pork blood), which is often served with puto (steamed rice flour cakes). Dim sum and dumplings, brought to the islands by Fujianese migrants , have been given a Filipino touch and are also popular merienda fare. Street food, such as squid balls and fish balls, are often skewered on bamboo sticks and consumed with soy sauce and
250-547: A skillet that is typically served with onions. Some well-known stews are kare-kare and dinuguan . In kare-kare , also known as "peanut stew", oxtail or ox tripe is the main ingredient and is cooked with vegetables in a peanut-based preparation. It is typically served with bagoong (fermented shrimp paste ). In dinuguan , pig's blood, entrails, and meat are cooked with vinegar and seasoned with chili peppers, usually siling mahaba . Rice noodles Rice noodles are noodles made with rice flour and water as
300-460: A sweet peanut and garlic sauce. Ukoy is shredded papaya combined with small shrimp (and occasionally bean sprouts) and fried to make shrimp patties. It is often eaten with vinegar seasoned with garlic, salt and pepper. Both lumpiang sariwa and ukoy are often served together in Filipino parties. Lumpiang sariwa has Chinese origins, having been derived from popiah . As in most Asian countries,
350-401: A sweet soy-garlic blend and then grilled. There is also sisig , a popular pulutan made from the pig's cheek skin, ears, and liver that is initially boiled, then charcoal-grilled and afterwards minced and cooked with chopped onions, chillies, and spices. Smaller snacks such as mani ( peanuts ) are often sold steamed in the shell, salted, spiced, or flavored with garlic by street vendors in
400-513: Is sinangag ( garlic fried rice ) or sinaing, with fried egg and meat—such as tapa , longganisa , tocino , karne norte (corned beef), or fish such as daing na bangus (salted and dried milkfish )—or itlog na pula ( salted duck eggs ). Coffee is also commonly served, particularly kapeng barako , a variety of coffee produced in the mountains of Batangas noted for having a strong flavor. Certain portmanteaus in Filipino have come into use to describe popular combinations of items in
450-534: Is a common breakfast item often served with garlic fried rice. Filipino cuisine continues to evolve as new techniques and styles of cooking, and ingredients find their way into the country. Traditional dishes both simple and elaborate, indigenous and foreign-influenced, are seen as are more current popular international dishes and fast food fare. However, the Filipino diet is higher in total fat, saturated fat , and cholesterol than other Asian diets. In 2013, President Noynoy Aquino signed Republic Act No. 10611, or
500-921: Is a light meal or snack especially in the afternoon, similar to the concept of afternoon tea . If the meal is taken close to dinner, it is called merienda cena , and may be served instead of dinner. Filipinos have a number of options to take with kapé , which is the Filipino pronunciation of café ( coffee ): breads and pastries like pandesal , ensaymada (buttery brioche covered in grated cheese and sugar), hopia (pastries similar to mooncakes filled with mung bean paste ) and empanada (savoury, meat-filled pasties ). Also popular are kakanín , or traditional pastries made from sticky rice like kutsinta , sapin-sapin (multicoloured, layered pastry), palitaw , biko , suman , bibingka , and pitsi-pitsî (served with desiccated coconut). Savoury dishes often eaten during merienda include pancit canton (stir-fried noodles), palabok (rice noodles with
550-536: Is mostly used to contribute sourness to a dish. Another is the tabon-tabon, a tropical fruit used by pre-colonial Filipinos as an anti-bacterial ingredient, especially in Kinilaw dishes. The country also cultivates different type of nuts and one of them is the pili nut , of which the Philippines is the only known exporter of edible varieties. It is usually made as a merienda or is incorporated in other desserts to enhance
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#1732877143424600-481: Is often served with various dipping sauces . Fried food is often dipped either in vinegar with onions, soy sauce with juice squeezed from kalamansi (Philippine lime or calamansi ). Patis ( fish sauce ) may be mixed with kalamansi as dipping sauce for most seafood or mixed with a stew called nilaga . Fish sauce , fish paste ( bagoong ), shrimp paste ( bagoong alamang ) and crushed ginger root ( luya ) are condiments that are often added to dishes during
650-461: Is often used in desserts, coconut milk ( kakang gata ) in sauces, and coconut oil for frying. Abundant harvests of root crops like potatoes, carrots, taro ( gabi ), cassava ( kamoteng kahoy ), purple yam ( ube ), and sweet potato ( kamote ) make them readily available. The combination of tomatoes ( kamatis ), garlic ( bawang ), and onions ( sibuyas ) is found in many dishes. Meat staples include chicken , pork , beef , and fish . Seafood
700-650: Is popular as a result of the bodies of water surrounding the archipelago. Popular catches include tilapia , catfish ( hito ), milkfish ( bangus ), grouper ( lapu-lapu ), shrimp ( hipon ), prawns ( sugpo ), mackerel ( galunggong , hasa-hasa ), swordfish ( isdang-ispada ), oysters ( talaba ), mussels ( tahong ), clams ( halaan and tulya ), large and small crabs ( alimango and alimasag respectively), game fish , sablefish, tuna, cod ( bakalaw ), blue marlin , and squid / cuttlefish (both called pusit ). Also popular are seaweeds ( damong dagat ), abalone , and eel ( igat ). The most common way of having fish
750-445: Is purple colored ground sticky rice steamed vertically in small bamboo tubes. More common at celebrations than in everyday home meals, lumpiang sariwa , or fresh lumpia, is a fresh spring roll that consists of a soft crepe wrapped around a filling that can include strips of kamote (sweet potato), singkamas ( jicama ), bean sprouts, green beans, cabbage, carrots and meat (often pork). It can be served warm or cold and typically with
800-481: Is similar to Chinese congee . Fried chicken also has roots in the Philippines, where the earliest evidence of chicken being fried has been found in a Philippine archeological site. Spanish rule ushered several large changes to the cuisines of much of the archipelago, from the formation of the Manila galleon trade network to domestic agricultural reform. The galleon trade brought two significant culinary influences to
850-414: Is slang for a breakfast consisting of pandesal , kape (coffee), and itlog (egg). An establishment that specializes in such meals is called a tapsihan or tapsilugan . A typical Filipino lunch ( tanghalian ) is composed of a food variant (or two for some) and rice, sometimes with soup. Whether grilled, stewed, or fried, rice is eaten with everything. Due to the tropical climate of the Philippines,
900-471: Is the most important feast. During this evening, the star of the table is the Christmas ham and Edam cheese ( queso de bola ). Supermarkets are laden with these treats during the Christmas season and are popular giveaways by Filipino companies in addition to red wine, brandy, groceries, or pastries. Available mostly during the Christmas season and sold in front of churches along with bibingka , puto bumbong
950-610: Is to have it salted, pan-fried or deep-fried, and then eaten as a simple meal with rice and vegetables. It may also be cooked in a sour broth of tomatoes or tamarind as in pangat , prepared with vegetables and a souring agent to make sinigang , simmered in vinegar and peppers to make paksiw , or roasted over hot charcoal or wood ( inihaw ). Other preparations include escabeche (sweet and sour), relleno (deboned and stuffed), or " kinilaw " (similar to ceviche; marinated in vinegar or kalamansi ). Fish can be preserved by being smoked ( tinapa ) or sun-dried ( tuyo or daing ). Food
1000-646: Is used in making sweets, cakes and other pastries. Sticky rice with cocoa, also called champorado is also a common dish served with daing (dried herring). Rice and coconuts as staples throughout the archipelago as in the rest of Southeast Asia meant similar or adopted dishes and methods based on these crops. Some of these are evident in the infusion of coconut milk particularly in the renowned laing and sinilihan (popularized as Bicol express ) of Bicol. Other regional variants of stews or soups commonly tagged as ginataan (g) or "with coconut milk" also abound Filipino kitchens and food establishments. A dish from
1050-622: The Cordilleras and among Muslim Filipinos , spicy ( anghang ) is a base of cooking flavor. Counterpoint is a feature in Filipino cuisine which normally comes in a pairing of something sweet with something salty. Examples include champorado (a sweet cocoa rice porridge), being paired with tuyo (salted, sun-dried fish); dinuguan (a savory stew made of pig's blood and innards), paired with puto (sweet, steamed rice cakes); unripe fruits such as green mangoes (which are only slightly sweet but very sour), are eaten dipped in salt or bagoong ;
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#17328771434241100-823: The Philippine Army which utilizes banana leaves spread out on the table as the main serving platter, upon which is laid out portions of rice and a variety of Filipino dishes for friendly, filial or communal feasting. The use of spoons and forks, however, is still the norm. Filipinos traditionally eat three main meals a day: almusal or agahan (breakfast), tanghalían (lunch), and hapunan (dinner) plus morning and an afternoon snack called meryenda (also called minandál or minindál ). A traditional Filipino breakfast ( almusal ) might include pandesal (small bread rolls), kesong puti (fresh, unripened, white Filipino cheese, traditionally made from carabao's milk) champorado (chocolate rice porridge), silog which
1150-560: The Qin dynasty when people from northern China invaded the south. Due to climatic conditions, the northern Chinese have traditionally preferred wheat and millet which grew in cold weather while the southern Chinese preferred rice which grew in hot weather. Noodles are traditionally made out of wheat and eaten throughout northern China so to adapt, northern cooks tried to prepare "noodles" using rice, thus inventing rice noodles. Over time rice noodles and their processing methods have been introduced around
1200-755: The Visayas simmered in coconut water, ideally in bamboo, is the binakol usually with chicken as the main ingredient. A variety of fruits and vegetables are often used in cooking. Plantains (also called saba in Filipino), kalamansi , guavas ( bayabas ), mangoes , papayas , and pineapples lend a distinctly tropical flair in many dishes, but mainstay green leafy vegetables like water spinach ( kangkong ), Chinese cabbage ( petsay ), Napa cabbage ( petsay wombok ), cabbage ( repolyo ) and other vegetables like eggplants ( talong ) and yard-long beans ( sitaw ) are just as commonly used. Coconuts are ubiquitous. Coconut meat
1250-665: The giant taro (locally known as talyan or talian ); however, the corms of the taro (known in Tagalog as gabi and in Eastern Visayas , where the delicacy originates, as gaway ) is also alternatively used. It is a type of nilupak . Filipino cuisine Filipino cuisine is composed of the cuisines of more than a hundred distinct ethnolinguistic groups found throughout the Philippine archipelago . A majority of mainstream Filipino dishes that comprise Filipino cuisine are from
1300-887: The Americas and several Pacific islands also under Spanish rule, notably Guam and the Marianas . Rice, sugarcane , coconuts , citruses , mangoes , and tamarind from the Philippine islands were all naturalized in these areas. Within Mexican cuisine , Filipino influence is particularly prevalent in the west coast of Guerrero , which includes tuba winemaking, guinatan coconut milk-based dishes, and probably ceviche . In Guam, several Filipino dishes like pancit and lumpia became regular fare, and dishes like kelaguen and kalamai were local adaptations of Filipino predecessors (respectively, kilawin and kalamay ). The United States emerged as
1350-521: The Food Safety Act, to establish safeguards for the Filipino people's diet and health in regards to food quality and consumption. In 2022, TasteAtlas ranked Filipino cuisine as the 23rd best in the world, while chicken inasal and sisig were ranked one of the best dishes globally. Filipino cuisine centres around the combination of sweet ( tamis ), sour ( asim ), and salty ( alat ), although in Bicol ,
1400-487: The Philippines has traditionally been an informal and communal affair centered around the family kitchen. Food tends to be served all at once and not in courses. Like many of their Southeast Asian counterparts Filipinos do not eat with chopsticks. The traditional way of eating is with the hands, especially dry dishes such as inihaw or prito . The diner will take a bite of the main dish, then eat rice pressed together with their fingers. This practice, known as kamayan (using
1450-640: The Philippines. Another snack is kropeck , fish crackers. Tokwa't baboy is fried tofu with boiled pork marinated in a garlic-flavored soy sauce or vinegar dip. It is also served as a side dish to pancit luglog or pancit palabok . Also, tuhog-tuhog is accompanied by sweet or spicy sauce. This includes fish balls , kikiam, squid balls, and other snacks. For festive occasions, people band together and prepare more sophisticated dishes. Tables are often laden with expensive and labor-intensive treats requiring hours of preparation. In Filipino celebrations, lechon (less commonly spelled litson ) serves as
1500-506: The Spaniards, the Philippines had frequent trade with China. Their trade with Chinese merchants was frequent enough to where there were Chinese outposts along some of the coastal cities of the Philippines. The Chinese introduced rice noodles to the islands, the main ingredient of pancit , and eggrolls ; the Philippine version is known as lumpia . The start of rice cultivation was a major development in Filipino cuisine. In Northern Luzon,
1550-537: The centerpiece of the dinner table. It is usually a whole roasted pig, but suckling pigs ( lechonillo , or lechon de leche ) or cattle calves ( lechong baka ) can also be prepared in place of the popular adult pig. It is typically served with lechon sauce, which is traditionally made from the roasted pig's liver. Other dishes include hamonado (honey-cured beef, pork or chicken), relleno (stuffed chicken or milkfish), mechado , afritada , caldereta , puchero , paella , menudo , morcon , embutido (referring to
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1600-545: The cooking process or when served. Adobo is one of the most popular Filipino dishes and is considered unofficially by many as the national dish. It usually consists of pork or chicken, sometimes both, stewed or braised in a sauce usually made from vinegar, cooking oil, garlic, bay leaf, peppercorns, and soy sauce. It can also be prepared "dry" by cooking out the liquid and concentrating the flavor. Bistek , also known as "Filipino beef steak," consists of thinly sliced beef marinated in soy sauce and calamansi and then fried in
1650-490: The famous Banaue rice terraces were created over 2,000 years ago by the Ifugao people. Using only basic tools, the Ifugao built the terraces using stone and mud walls to create flat surfaces on the steep mountain slopes, which allowed them to cultivate rice in the highlands. Like much of Asia, rice is a staple of Filipino cuisine. Rice-based dishes are common among all regions, with influences from various countries, e.g., arroz caldo
1700-529: The first peoples of the Philippine archipelago, were nomadic hunter-gatherers whose diet consisted of foraged wild tubers, seafood, and game meat. Around 6000 BP, subsequent migrations of seafaring Austronesians , whom the majority of contemporary Filipinos descend from, brought new techniques in aquaculture and agriculture, and various domesticated foodstuffs and animals. The plains of central and southwestern Luzon , Bicol peninsula , and eastern Panay were major producers of rice, exporting surplus elsewhere to
1750-516: The flavor due to the milky texture it gives off as it melts in the mouth. Vinegar is a common ingredient. Adobo is popular not solely for its simplicity and ease of preparation, but also for its ability to be stored for days without spoiling, and even improve in flavor with a day or two of storage. Tinapa is a smoke-cured fish while tuyo , daing , and dangit are corned, sun-dried fish popular because they can last for weeks without spoiling, even without refrigeration. Cooking and eating in
1800-521: The food traditions of various ethnolinguistic groups and tribes of the archipelago, including the Ilocano , Pangasinan , Kapampangan , Tagalog , Bicolano , Visayan , Chavacano , and Maranao ethnolinguistic groups. The dishes associated with these groups evolved over the centuries from a largely indigenous (largely Austronesian ) base shared with maritime Southeast Asia with varied influences from Chinese , Spanish , and American cuisines, in line with
1850-955: The islands: Chinese and Mexican . The galleon exchange was mainly between Manila and Acapulco , mainland New Spain (present-day Mexico ), hence influence from Mexican cuisine brought a vast array of both New World and Spanish foodstuffs and techniques. Directly from the Americas were primarily crops: maize , chili peppers , bell peppers , tomatoes , potatoes , peanuts , chocolate , pineapples , coffee beans , jicama , various squashes , annatto , and avocados , among others. Mexicans and other Latin Americans also brought various Spanish cooking techniques, including sofrito , sausage making ( longganisa , despite more akin to chorizos ), bread baking , alongside many dishes giving way to locally adapted empanadas , paellas , omelettes called tortas , and tamales . Likewise, migrating Filipinos brought their culinary techniques, dishes, and produce to
1900-1034: The major waves of influence that had enriched the cultures of the archipelago, and adapted using indigenous ingredients to meet local preferences. Dishes range from the very simple meal of fried salted fish and rice to curries, paellas , and cozidos of Iberian origin made for fiestas . Popular dishes include lechón (whole roasted pig), longganisa (Philippine sausage), tapa (cured beef), torta (omelette), adobo (vinegar and soy sauce-based stew), kaldereta (meat stewed in tomato sauce and liver paste), mechado (larded beef in soy and tomato sauce), pochero (beef and bananas in tomato sauce), afritada (chicken or beef and vegetables simmered in tomato sauce), kare-kare ( oxtail and vegetables cooked in peanut sauce ), pinakbet (kabocha squash, eggplant, beans, okra, bitter melon, and tomato stew flavored with shrimp paste), sinigang (meat or seafood with vegetables in sour broth), pancit (noodles), and lumpia (fresh or fried spring rolls). Negritos ,
1950-482: The meat portion), tocilog (having tocino as the meat portion), and longsilog (having longganisa as the meat portion). Other silogs include hotsilog (with a hot dog ), bangsilog (with bangus (milkfish) ), dangsilog (with danggit (rabbitfish) ), spamsilog (with spam ), adosilog (with adobo), chosilog (with chorizo ), chiksilog (with chicken), cornsilog (with corned beef ), and litsilog (with Manila lechon" (or "Luzon lechon") . Pankaplog
2000-451: The preference is to serve ice-cold water, juices, or soft drinks with meals. Dinner, while still the main meal, is smaller than in other countries. Typical meals in a Filipino dinner are usually leftover meals from lunch. Filipino dinner is usually served in the time period between 6–8 pm, though dinner is served much more early in the countryside. Merienda is taken from the Spanish, and
2050-512: The principal ingredients. Sometimes ingredients such as tapioca or corn starch are added in order to improve the transparency or increase the gelatinous and chewy texture of the noodles. Rice noodles are most common in the cuisines of China , India and Southeast Asia . They are available fresh, frozen, or dried, in various shapes, thicknesses and textures. Fresh noodles are also highly perishable; their shelf life may be just several days. The origin of rice noodles dates back to China during
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2100-439: The rest of the archipelago. Rice was a symbol of wealth, with many rice-based delicacies used as offerings in important ceremonies. While the colonial periods brought much influence to the culture and cuisine of the Philippines, the influence of countries surrounding the Philippines before those times as well as the origins of that cuisine within the Philippines itself are also vitally important. Pre-dating their colonization by
2150-804: The second frying gives the crunchiness and golden color; chicharong bituka , pig intestines that have been deep-fried to a crisp; chicharong bulaklak , similar to chicharong bituka it is made from mesenteries of pig intestines and has an appearance roughly resembling a flower, hence the bulaklak name; and chicharong manok , chicken skin that has been deep fried until crisp. Other examples of deep-fried pulutan are crispy crablets, crispy frog legs, chicharong isda or fish skin cracklings, and tugnas or deep-fried pork fat (also known as pinaigi ). Examples of grilled foods include isaw, or chicken or pig intestines skewered and then grilled; inihaw na tenga , pig ears that have been skewered and then grilled; and pork barbecue, skewered pork marinated in
2200-584: The sour juice of the calamondin as condiments. Pulutan (from the Filipino word pulot which literally means "to pick up") is a term roughly analogous to the English term "finger food" or Spanish tapas . Originally, it was a snack accompanied with liquor or beer but has found its way into Filipino cuisine as appetizers or, in some cases, main dishes, as in the case of sisig . Deep-fried pulutan include chicharon (less commonly spelled tsitsaron ), pork rinds that have been boiled and then twice fried,
2250-438: The staple food in the Philippines is rice . It is most often steamed and always served with meat, fish and vegetable dishes. Leftover rice is often fried with garlic to make sinangag , which is usually served at breakfast together with a fried egg and cured meat or sausages. Rice is often enjoyed with the sauce or broth from the main dishes. In some regions, rice is mixed with salt, condensed milk, cocoa, or coffee. Rice flour
2300-425: The use of cheese (which is salty-sweet) in sweetcakes (such as bibingka and puto ), as well as an ice cream flavoring. Filipino cuisine has a variety of native ingredients used. The biota that developed yielded a particular landscape and in turn gave the place local ingredients that enhanced flavors to the dishes. Kalamansi , a fruit that belongs to the genus citrus, is one of these well known ingredients and
2350-630: The victor of the Spanish–American War in 1898, purchasing the Philippines from Spain for $ 20 million during the Treaty of Paris . The Philippines remained a colony until 1946. Americans introduced Filipinos to fast food, including hot dogs , hamburgers , ice cream , and American-style fried chicken , different from the fried chicken already known in the country since pre-colonial times. They also introduced convenient foods such as Spam , corned beef , instant coffee , and evaporated milk . Today, Spam
2400-419: The washed left hand for picking the centralized food and the right hand for bringing food to the mouth), is rarely seen in urbanized areas. However, Filipinos tend to feel the spirit of kamayan when eating amidst nature during out-of-town trips, beach vacations, and town fiestas. During the Spanish occupation, which yielded Western influences, Filipinos ate with the paired utensils of spoon and fork. The knife
2450-648: The world, becoming especially popular in Southeast Asia . In India, idi-appam , strings of cooked rice, was known in ancient Tamil country around 1st century AD, as per references in the Sangam literature , according to food historian K. T. Achaya . The shelf life may be extended by drying and removing its moisture content. Studies of drying rice noodles were conducted by the International Food Research Journal. Pasta made from brown rice flour
2500-426: Was not used as in other countries, because Spain prohibited them to have knives. Filipinos use the side of the spoon to "cut" the food. Due to Western influence, food is often eaten using flatware—forks, knives, spoons—but the primary pairing of utensils used at a Filipino dining table is that of spoon and fork, not knife and fork. Kamayan is also used in the " boodle fight " concept, a style of dining popularized by
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