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55-524: Bilohiria Raion was a part of Volhynia . Before 2020, it was one out 20 Raions of Khmelnytskyi Oblast . This was a small raion which occupied the 17th place among the districts of the region (776.3 km² corresponds to 3.8% of the total area Khmelnytskyi Oblast ). Bilohiria Raion was south of Rivne Oblast ( Ostroh Raion ), southwest of Iziaslav Raion , north of Teofipol Raion , and east of Ternopil Oblast ( Lanivtsi Raion and Shumsk Raion ). The Horyn , Vilia , Poltva and other rivers flowed through

110-673: A chronicle ( letopis ) of 1044. The oldest existing church is the Dormition of the Mother of God built by Mstyslav Izyaslavovych in 1160. By the late 18th century it fell into disuse and finally collapsed in 1829, but was restored between 1896 and 1900. The third of the old Orthodox churches is the Eastern Orthodox Basil the Great 's cathedral, which was erected in the 14th or 15th century, though local legends attribute its construction to Volodymyr

165-580: A frontline just west of the city of Lutsk . Due to an invasion of the Bolsheviks , the government of Ukraine was forced to retreat to Volhynia after the sack of Kyiv . Military aid from the Central Powers as a result of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk brought peace in the region and some degree of stability. Until the end of the war, the area saw a revival of Ukrainian culture after years of Russian oppression and

220-839: A number of the Marchlewszczyzna Polish national districts was formed in the Soviet-controlled part of Volhynia. In 1931, the Vatican of the Roman Catholic Church established a Ukrainian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Volhynia, Polesia and Pidliashia , where the congregation practiced the Byzantine Rite in Ukrainian language. From 1935 to 1938, the government of the Soviet Union deported numerous nationals from Volhynia in

275-781: A part of childhood in Volhynia. A small south-western part of Volhynia was annexed by Austria in the First Partition of Poland in 1772. In 1783, a porcelain factory was founded in Korzec by Józef Klemens Czartoryski . After the Third Partition of Poland in 1795, the remainder of Volhynia was annexed as the Volhynian Governorate of the Russian Empire . It covered an area of 71,852.7 square kilometres. Following this annexation,

330-561: A part of the newly formed oblast. During the World War II , raion was occupied by the Nazi Germany in 1941-1944 and was dissolved, while its territory was part of the Wolhynien und Podolien General bezirk. Following the war, Kamianets-Podilskyi Oblast was revived, while in 1946 Lyakhivtsi were renamed to Bilohiria, while Lyakhivtsi Raion became Bilohiria Raion. In 1954 the administrative center

385-616: A population transfer to Siberia and Central Asia , as part of the dekulakization , an effort to suppress peasant farmers in the region. These people included Poles of Eastern Volhynia (see Population transfer in the Soviet Union ). Following the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact in 1939, and the subsequent invasion and division of Polish territories between the Reich and the USSR,

440-669: Is a small city in Volyn Oblast , northwestern Ukraine . It serves as the administrative centre of Volodymyr Raion and the center of Volodymyr urban hromada . It is one of the oldest cities in Ukraine and the historic centre of the region of Volhynia ; it served as the capital of the Principality of Volhynia and later as one of the capital cities of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia . Population: 37,910 (2022 estimate). The medieval Latin name of

495-636: Is estimated that about 1.5% survived the Holocaust. The number of Ukrainian victims of Polish retaliatory attacks until the spring of 1945 is estimated at approx. 2,000−3,000 in Volhynia. The Germans operated the Stalag 346, Stalag 357 and Stalag 360 prisoner-of-war camps in Volhynia. In 1945, Soviet Ukraine expelled ethnic Germans from Volhynia following the end of the war, claiming that Nazi Germany had used ethnic Germans in eastern Europe as part of its Generalplan Ost . The expulsion of Germans from eastern Europe

550-644: Is one of the oldest towns in Ukraine. It was originally a stronghold founded by Vladimir the Great (Volodymyr the Great). In 988, the city became the capital of Volodymyr Principality and the seat of an Orthodox bishopric, as mentioned in the Primary Chronicle . In 1160, the building of the Sobor of Dormition of the Holy Mother of God was completed. By the 13th century, the city became part of Galicia–Volhynia as one of

605-637: The Battle of Kostiuchnówka , in which the Poles defeated the Russians, (and as the place of establishment of the accomplished Legia Warsaw football club, relocated to Warsaw only in 1920.)) After the 1917 February Revolution and the formation of the Russian Provisional Government , Ukrainian nationalists declared the autonomous Ukrainian People's Republic . The territory of Volhynia was split in half by

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660-454: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania divided the region, Poland taking western Volhynia and Lithuania taking eastern Volhynia (1352–1366). During this period many Poles and Jews settled in the area. The Roman and Greek Catholic churches became established in the province. In 1375, a Roman Catholic Diocese of Lodomeria was established, but it was suppressed in 1425. Many Orthodox churches joined

715-700: The Greek Catholic Josaphat's church was added to the list. Following the Russian Empire 's takeover of the town, in the effect of the Partitions of Poland , both shrines were confiscated and donated to the authorities of the Orthodox Church, which converted them to an Orthodox monastery and church, respectively, while the Dominican monastery was converted to an administrative building. There also exists Volodymyr Historical Museum , an architectural monument of

770-713: The Pripyat valley as part of the vast East European Plain , between the Western Bug in the west and upper streams of Uzh and Teteriv rivers. Before the partitions of Poland , the eastern edge stretched a little west along the right-banks of the Sluch River or just east of it. Within the territory of Volhynia is located Little Polisie, a lowland that actually divides the Volhynian-Podolian Upland into separate Volhynian Upland and northern outskirts of Podolian Upland ,

825-649: The Reichskommissariat Ukraine , and immediately the Jewish community of 11,554 began to be persecuted. Between 1–3 September 1942, 25,000 Jews from the local area were shot at Piatydni . On 13 November 1942, the Germans killed another 3,000 Jews from the town near Piatydni. During World War II, a German concentration camp was located near the city. About 140 Jews returned to the city after the war but most later emigrated. By 1999, only 30 remained. From September 1941,

880-574: The Russian Partition until 1917. In the 19th century, as part of anti-Polish repressions, the Russians demolished the Dominican church and Capuchin monastery, and the former Jesuit and then Basilian church was converted into an Orthodox church. In the 18th and 19th centuries the town started to grow rapidly, mostly thanks to large numbers of Jews settling there as part of the Pale of Settlement . By

935-646: The Southern Bug River, whose name may come from the Proto-Slavic root * vol/vel- 'wet'. In other versions, the city was located over 20 km (12 mi) to the west of Volodymyr near the mouth of the Huczwa  [ pl ] River, a tributary of the Western Bug . Geographically it occupies northern areas of the Volhynian-Podolian Upland and western areas of Polesian Lowland along

990-707: The Ukrainian People's Republic , with the Polish 17th Infantry Regiment capturing it overnight on 23 January 1919. In the interbellum , the city was a seat of a powiat within the Volhynian Voivodeship of Poland and an important garrison was located there. In 1926, the Volyn Artillery Reserve Cadet School ( Wołyńska Szkoła Podchorążych Rezerwy Artylerii ) was established in Włodzimierz. Before

1045-499: The Volyn , Rivne and parts of the Zhytomyr , Ternopil and Khmelnytskyi oblsts of Ukraine, as well as parts of Poland (see Chełm ). Major cities include Lutsk , Rivne , Kovel , Volodymyr , Kremenets (Ternopil Oblast) and Starokostiantyniv (Khmelnytskyi Oblast). Before World War II , many Jewish shtetls (small towns), such as Trochenbrod and Lozisht , were an integral part of

1100-572: The Walitābā and king Mājik , which some read as Walīnānā and identified with the Volhynians , were "the original, pure-blooded Saqaliba , the most highly honoured" and dominated the rest of the Slavic tribes, but due to "dissent" their "original organization was destroyed" and "the people divided into factions, each of them ruled by their own king", implying existence of a Slavic federation which perished after

1155-419: The partitions of Poland and the annexation of Volhynia by the Russian Empire in 1795, it was called Volodymyr-Volynskyi (Vladimir-Volynsky) to distinguish it from Vladimir-on-Klyazma . The name was not in use between 1919 and 1939 when the city was again part of Poland. In 1944, the name Volodymyr-Volynskyi was restored. On 1 October 2021, the city council voted to drop the regional qualifier and change

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1210-516: The Germans and an illegal self-defense unit. In the city, Poles suffered from overpopulation, hunger and diseases. According to later research by Władysław Siemaszko and Ewa Siemaszko , a total of 111 Poles were killed in a dozen UPA attacks. The city was liberated by the Red Army on 20 July 1944 and annexed to the Ukrainian SSR . After the war, the vast majority of Polish residents was displaced to

1265-613: The Germans operated the Oflag XI-A prisoner-of-war camp in the town, which was reorganized as Stalag 365 in April 1942. In 1943, the city became a shelter for Poles escaping massacres carried out by Ukrainian nationalists of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA). Attacks by the UPA took place mainly in the suburbs. Poles were defended both by the Polish police established with the consent of

1320-425: The Great , who supposedly built it some time after 992. In 1497, Duke Alexander Jagiellon erected a Catholic church of Holy Trinity and a Dominican monastery. In 1554, another wooden Catholic church was founded by Princess Anna Zbaraska , which was later replaced by a new St. Joachim and Anna's church in 1836. In 1755, a Jesuit church was erected there by the starost of Słonim Ignacy Sadowski and, in 1780,

1375-546: The Polish 1863 January Uprising against Russia were fought in the region, including the Battle of Salicha . In 1897, the population amounted to 2,989,482 people (41.7 per square kilometre). It consisted of 73.7 percent East Slavs (predominantly Ukrainians ), 13.2 percent--400,000 Jews , 6.2 percent Poles , and 5.7 percent Germans . Most of the German settlers had immigrated from Congress Poland . A small number of Czech settlers also had migrated here. Their main regional center

1430-416: The Polish king, Casimir the Great , captured the city, and subsequently it became part of the Kingdom of Poland . The Polish king began building a castle, destroyed by Lithuanians after 1370, and established a Catholic bishopric in the city (known as Włodzimierz), later transferred to nearby Lutsk , which in the 15th century instead of Volodymyr became the leading city and capital of Volhynia . In 1370, it

1485-587: The Reich to forced labour camps, arrests, detention in camps and mass executions, by 1943 ethnic Poles constituted only 10–12% of the entire population of Volhynia. During the German invasion,the Jewish population in Volhynia was approximately 460,000. About 400,000–450,000 Jews and 100,000 Poles (men, women and children) in Volhynia were massacred by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army and Ukraine collaborators. The Jews were shot and thousands buried in large pits. The main massacre took place between August and October 1942. It

1540-663: The Russian government greatly changed the religious make-up of the area: it forcibly liquidated the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church , transferring all of its buildings to the ownership and control of the Russian Orthodox Church . Many Roman Catholic church buildings were also given to the Russian Church. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Lutsk was suppressed by order of Empress Catherine II . Several battles of

1595-552: The Soviet Union invaded and occupied the Polish part of Volhynia. In the course of the Nazi–Soviet population transfers which followed this (temporary) German-Soviet alliance, most of the ethnic German-minority population of Volhynia were transferred to those Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany . Following the mass deportations and arrests carried out by the NKVD , and repressive actions against Poles taken by Germany, including deportation to

1650-484: The Ukrainian historian Yuriy Dyba, the chronicle phrase « и оустави по мьстѣ. погосты и дань. и по лузѣ погосты и дань и ѡброкы » (and established in place pogosts and tribute along Luha), the path of pogosts and tribute reflects the actual route of Olga's raid against the Drevlians further to the west, up to the Western Bug 's right tributary Luha River . As early as 983, Vladimir the Great appointed his son Vsevolod as

1705-617: The Volodymyr-Volynskyi murders were shown in 2012 to have been carried out by German forces, most likely the Einsatzgruppen C. The primary archeological evidence for German culpability was that most of the bullet shell casings were dated 1941 and were from a German factory. Testimony by a Jewish survivor of the city, Ann Kazimirski (née Ressels), who lived on Kovelska Street, recorded by the USC Shoah Foundation corroborated

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1760-618: The attack of the Pannonian Avars . Volhynia may have been included in (or was in the sphere of influence of) the Grand Duchy of Kiev (Ruthenia) as early as the tenth century. At that time Princess Olga sent a punitive raid against the Drevlians to avenge the death of her husband Grand Prince Igor (Ingvar Röreksson); she later established pogosts along the Luha River . In the opinion of

1815-510: The city's landmarks were built at that time, including the Baroque church of St. Joachim and St. Anne, the Jesuit church, the Dominican monastery and the chapel of St. Josaphat. Włodzimierz was also a garrison town, with the 6th Polish Infantry Regiment stationed there in 1790, and the 2nd Polish National Cavalry Brigade stationed there in 1794. On 17 July 1792, the Battle of Włodzimierz took place in

1870-500: The denial of Ukrainian traditions. After German troops were withdrawn, the whole region was engulfed by a new wave of military actions by Poles and Russians competing for control of the territory. The Ukrainian People's Army was forced to fight on three fronts : Bolsheviks, Poles and a Volunteer Army of Imperial Russia. In 1919, Volhynia became part of the Polish-controlled Volhynian District . In 1921, after

1925-547: The district. There was a rail line through the district ( Shepetivka — Ternopil ). At the time of disestablishment, the raion consisted of two hromadas : The raion (district) was created on 7 March 1923 as Lyakhivtsi Raion within Shepetivka Okruha, Volhynia Governorate . In 1925 all governorates of Ukraine were liquidated. From 1923 to 1930 the district was part of the Shepetivka Okruha (see Okruhas of Ukraine ). In 1930 all okruhas of Ukraine were liquidated. In 1932 it

1980-537: The end of the Polish–Soviet War, the treaty known as the Peace of Riga divided Volhynia between Poland and the Soviet Union , with Poland retaining the larger part, in which the Volhynian Voivodeship was established with the capital in Łuck , and the largest city being Równe . Most of eastern Volhynian Governorate became part of the Ukrainian SSR , eventually being split into smaller districts. During that period,

2035-483: The latter organization in order to benefit from a more attractive legal status. Records of the first agricultural colonies of Mennonites , religious refugees of Dutch , Frisian and German background, date from 1783. After 1569, Volhynia was organized as a voivodeship within the larger Lesser Poland Province of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . Future Polish King Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki spent

2090-702: The most important trading towns in the region. After being conquered by Batu Khan in 1240, the city was under the rule of the Mongol Empire , together with other principalities in Rus'. In 1241, the Mongol army gathered near the town before the First Mongol invasion of Poland . In the early 14th century, the Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus' , Theognostus , resided in the city for several years before moving to Moscow . In 1349,

2145-441: The name of the city to just Volodymyr . The decision had to be ratified by Ukraine's national parliament ( Verkhovna Rada ) to take effect. On 14 December 2021 parliament approved the name change (it was supported by 348 people's deputies). The city of Vladimir in Russia opposed the name change, claiming that there can be only one city called Vladimir. Over the centuries its residents and rulers have used various names: The city

2200-432: The outbreak of World War II , the city's population was predominantly Polish and Jewish , with a Ukrainian minority. Following the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union , and the start of World War II , the city was occupied by Soviet forces on 19 September 1939. On 23 June 1941, at the start of the German invasion of the Soviet Union , the city was occupied by Germany and attached to

2255-419: The post-war Polish territories, as the city was annexed from Poland by the Soviets. A Cold War air base was located north-east of the town at Zhovtnevy . Since 1991, the city has been part of Ukraine. A series of mass graves were discovered in 1997, with exhumations completed by 2013. Originally thought to be an example of NKVD mass murder , similar to the Katyn massacre and the Vinnytsia massacre ,

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2310-417: The region are not clearly defined, but in Ukraine it is roughly equivalent to Volyn and Rivne Oblasts ; the territory that still carries the name is Volyn Oblast. Volhynia has changed hands numerous times throughout history and been divided among competing powers. For centuries it was part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth . After the Russian annexation during the Partitions of Poland , all of Volhynia

2365-404: The region. At one time all of Volhynia was part of the Pale of Settlement designated by Imperial Russia on its southwesternmost border. The first records can be traced to the Ruthenian chronicles, such as the Primary Chronicle , which mentions tribes of the Dulebes , Buzhans and Volhynians . The land was mentioned in the works of Al-Masudi and Abraham ben Jacob that in ancient times

2420-418: The ruler of the Volhynian principality. In 988, he established the city of Volodymer ( Володимѣръ ). Volhynia's early history coincides with that of the duchies or principalities of Galicia and Volhynia . These two successor states of the Kievan Rus formed Galicia–Volhynia between the 12th and the 14th centuries. After the disintegration of the Galicia–Volhynia circa 1340, the Kingdom of Poland and

2475-401: The second half of the 19th century, they made up the majority of the population. According to the Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland , in the late 19th century, the city had 8,336 inhabitants, 6,122 of them Jews. In 1908, the railway station was opened. Immediately after World War I , the area became disputed by the newly formed Second Polish Republic , Bolshevist Russia , and

2530-512: The so-called Kremenets Hills. Volhynia is located in the basins of the Western Bug and Pripyat, therefore most of its rivers flow either in a northern or a western direction. Relative to other historical regions, it is northeast of Galicia , east of Lesser Poland and northwest of Podolia . The borders of the region are not clearly defined, and it is often considered to overlap a number of other regions, among which are Polesia and Podlasie . The territories of historical Volhynia are now part of

2585-494: The town " Lodomeria " became the namesake of the 19th century Austro-Hungarian Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria , of which the town itself was not a part. Five kilometres (three miles) south from Volodymyr is Zymne , where the oldest Orthodox monastery in Volhynia is located. The city was named after Vladimir the Great (Volodymyr the Great), who was born in the village of Budiatychi , about 20 km from Volodymyr, and later also abbreviated Lodomeria , Ladimiri . Following

2640-405: The vicinity of the town: a numerically inferior Polish force led by Tadeusz Kościuszko defeated a Russian army. The city remained a part of Poland until the Third Partition of Poland of 1795 when the Russian Empire annexed it. That year the Russian authorities changed the name of several cities in Volhynia , including Zviahel , which became Novohrad-Volynskyi. Volodymyr-Volynskyi stayed within

2695-418: The view that the perpetrators were German and that the victims were primarily Jewish. Anthropological analysis of the remains led to the conclusion that three quarters of the victims were women and children. The 747 victims were reinterred in local city cemeteries. The oldest place of worship in the town is the Temple of Volodymyr, erected several kilometres from the modern town's centre and first mentioned in

2750-400: Was Kwasiłów . Although economically the area was developing rather quickly, upon the eve of the First World War it was still the most rural province in Western Russian Empire. During World War I , Volhynia was the place of several battles, fought by the Austrians, Germans and the Polish Legions against Russia, eg. the Battle of Kostiuchnówka . (The village of Kostiuchnówka is known for

2805-415: Was included to the newly formed Vinnytsia Oblast . In 1935-37 Lyakhivtsi Raion was part of the Soviet Shepetivka border okrug (still part of Vinnytsia Oblast), which was part of border okrug system that stretched along the western border of the Soviet Union . In 1937 Kamianets-Podilskyi Oblast was created based on three border okrugs (Kamianets-Podilskyi, Proskuriv, and Shepetivka). Lyakhivtsi Raion became

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2860-455: Was made part of the Pale of Settlement on the southwestern border of the Russian Empire . Important cities include Rivne , Lutsk , Zviahel , and Volodymyr . The alternative name for the region is Lodomeria after the city of Volodymyr , which was once a political capital of the medieval Volhynian Principality. According to some historians, the region is named after a semi-legendary city of Volin or Velin , said to have been located on

2915-449: Was moved from Kamianets-Podilskyi to Khemlnytskyi (before 1954 Proskuriv) and the oblast was renamed as Khmelnytskyi Oblast . Finally Bilohiria Raion was formed September 23, 1959. Volhynia Volhynia or Volynia ( / v oʊ ˈ l ɪ n i ə / voh- LIN -ee-ə ; see below ) is a historic region in Central and Eastern Europe , between southeastern Poland , southwestern Belarus , and north western Ukraine . The borders of

2970-573: Was part of broader mass population transfers after the war . The Soviet Union annexed Volhynia to Ukraine after the end of World War II. In 1944, the communists in Volyhnia suppressed the Ukrainian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate. Most of the remaining ethnic Polish population were expelled to Poland in 1945. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the 1990s, Volhynia has been an integral part of Ukraine. Volodymyr (city) Volodymyr ( Ukrainian : Володимир ), previously known as Volodymyr-Volynskyi ( Володимир-Волинський ) from 1944 to 2021,

3025-409: Was taken by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (after 1386, part of the Polish–Lithuanian Union ) and it was not until the Union of Lublin of 1569 that it returned to the Crown of Poland . In the meantime, the city was given Magdeburg town rights in 1431. In 1491 and 1500, it was invaded by Tatars . From 1566 to 1795 it was part of the Volhynian Voivodeship . It was a royal city of Poland. Most of

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