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70-603: The massif has a length of 25 kilometres (16 mi) from the northwest to the southeast and a width of 14 kilometres (8.7 mi). It is located east of the town Ștei , Bihor County and north of the town of Brad , Hunedoara County . The highest peak is Cucurbăta Mare , with an elevation of 1,849 metres (6,066 ft); this also the highest peak of the Apuseni Mountains. Other high peaks are Buteasa (1,790 m), Cârligatele (1,694 m), Piatra Grăitoare (1,658 m), and Bohodei (1,654 m). The Vlădeasa Massif  [ ro ]

140-623: A 2003 constitutional amendment which allowed the parliament to make military service optional. The Parliament of Romania voted to abolish conscription in October 2005, with the vote formalising one of many military modernisation and reform programmes that Romania agreed to when it joined NATO in March 2004. In peacetime , the supreme commander of the Land Forces is the Minister of Defence , while in wartime,

210-623: A "Luna-M" missile battalion, while two of the four army commands had also an "Elbrus" missile brigade. Proven to be fairly inaccurate in combat, "Luna-M" (a.k.a. FROG-7) and "Elbrus" (a.k.a. SCUD-B) missiles would be rather less effective weapons carrying conventional high-explosive warheads. Tipped with nuclear or chemical warheads, however, they could be devastating. According to one former Romanian official writing in 1988, Romania produced chemical agents that could be delivered by battlefield missiles. The vânători de munte specialised troops, reactivated in 1961, were formed up into an independent branch of

280-544: A company had already been commissioned in early 2006. In 2018, the 6th Special Operations Brigade was transformed into the Special Operations Forces Command being directly subordinated to the General staff of Defence . The current Romanian reconnaissance battalions (the 313th, the 317th and the 528th) are also considered special forces units, and were formed in the 1960s during the communist regime . After

350-585: A mother tongue in the urban population, Hungarian (67.9%) predominated, followed by Romanian (24.9%), Yiddish (4.3%), German (1.2%), as well as other minorities. From the religious point of view, the urban population consisted of 31.5% Reformed, 20.6% Jewish, 19.3% Roman Catholic, 17.5% Eastern Orthodox, 9.1% Greek Catholic, 1.1% Lutheran, as well as other minorities. 47°04′20″N 21°55′16″E  /  47.0722°N 21.9211°E  / 47.0722; 21.9211 Romanian Land Forces The Romanian Land Forces ( Romanian : Forțele Terestre Române )

420-626: A potential source of opposition) were purged from the military. This involved copying the Soviet model of military and political organisation, and changing the military doctrine of combat and defence, also in the context of Romania's integration in the strategic system of the Soviets, at the beginning of the Cold War . In the early 1950s the RLF reached a level of 12 rifle, one mechanised, and one tank division. From 1959

490-510: A pro-Soviet government. It has been estimated that the royal coup shortened the war by six months. Romania soon declared war on Nazi Germany and its allies, and the First Army (under the command of General Macici and later Vasile Atanasiu ) and the Fourth Army (under the command of Lieutenant General Gheorghe Avramescu and later Nicolae Dăscălescu ) were pressed into action. After expelling

560-549: A total area of 7,544 km (2,913 sq mi), Bihor is Romania's 6th largest county geographically and the main county in the historical region of Crișana . Its capital city is Oradea . The origin of the name Bihor is uncertain, except that it likely takes its name from an ancient fortress in the current commune of Biharia . It possibly came from vihor , the Serbian and Ukrainian word for "whirlwind" (вихор), or Slavic biela hora , meaning "white mountain". Another theory

630-460: Is a volcanic range extension of the Bihor Mountains to the north, reaching a maximum height of 1,836 metres (6,024 ft). This Romanian location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Bihor County Bihor County ( Romanian pronunciation: [biˈhor] , Hungarian : Bihar megye ) is a county ( județ ) in western Romania . With

700-466: Is also extracted. The main tourist attractions in the county are: According to the 2021 census , the county had a population of 551,297 and the population density was 73.1/km (189.3/sq mi). 51.1% of its population lives in urban areas, lower than the Romanian average. Ethnic composition of Bihor County (2021) Religious composition of Bihor County (2021) The Bihor County Council, renewed at

770-582: Is an elite special operations unit currently belonging to the General Directorate for Defense Intelligence . It is a military special unit, formed of highly skilled individuals, a very large percentage of its members being champions in martial arts, athletic disciplines and so on. DIR was, until December 2003, top secret. After the Romanian Revolution , many firing ranges and training areas were closed and abandoned due to lack of funds. Currently,

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840-504: Is known is that on 1 July 1947 Fourth Army became 3rd Military Region, based in Cluj. The 3rd Military Region became the 3rd Army on 30 April 1960, and the 4th Army on 5 April 1980. During the 1980s, the land forces numbered 140,000 personnel, of whom two-thirds were conscripts. In 1989 the land forces were organized in four armies: the First Army at Bucharest , the Second Army at Buzău ,

910-636: Is one of the largest and most modern training firing ranges and military facilities in Europe, with a total surface area of 270 square kilometres. It was announced on 6 December 2006 that 1,500 U.S. troops stationed at Mihail Kogălniceanu , which in time will form Joint Task Force East , will be using Babadag as a training base. The Romanian Land Forces distinguishes four career paths: officers ( Ofiţeri ), warrant officers ( Maiştrii militari ), NCO's ( Subofiţeri ) and enlisted men ( Soldaţi şi gradaţi voluntari ). The Marshal rank can be given only in wartime by

980-519: Is one of the wealthiest counties in Romania, with a GDP per capita well above the national average. Recently, the economy has been driven by a number of construction projects. Bihor has the lowest unemployment rate in Romania and among the lowest in Europe, with only 2.4% unemployment, compared to Romania's average of 5.1%. The predominant industries in the county are: In the west side of the county there are mines for extracting coal and bauxite . Crude oil

1050-581: Is that Biharea is of Daco-Thracian etymology ( bi meaning "two" and harati "take" or "lead"), possibly meaning two possessions of land in the Duchy of Menumorut . Another theory is that the name comes from bour , the Romanian term for aurochs (from the Latin word bubalus ). The animal once inhabited the lands of northwestern Romania. Under this controversial theory, the name changed from buar to buhar and to Bihar and Bihor . The coat of arms of Bihor County

1120-680: Is the army of Romania , and the main component of the Romanian Armed Forces . Since 2007, full professionalization and a major equipment overhaul have transformed the nature of the Land Forces. The Romanian Land Forces was founded on 24 November [ O.S. 12 November] 1859. It participated in the Romanian War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire , the Second Balkan War against Bulgaria , World War I against

1190-544: The 1st Army and 4th Army prior to 2000. However, due to their personnel having been reduced considerably to reach compatibility with NATO standards, they were renamed and reorganized as divisions. In 2010, the Joint HQ command was renamed as the 2nd Infantry Division Getica and received units from the 1st and 4th Infantry divisions. The official day of the Land Forces is celebrated each year, on 23 April. The Romanian Land Forces have completely overhauled their equipment in

1260-502: The 2020 local elections , consists of 34 counsellors, with the following party composition: Bihor County has four municipalities, six towns, and 91 communes. Municipalities Towns Communes The territory of the county was divided into twelve districts ( plăși ) Within Bihor County there were three urban localities: Oradea (also known as Oradea Mare, the county seat) and urban communes Salonta and Beiuș . According to

1330-597: The 26th Infantry Battalion "Neagoe Basarab" , also known as the Red Scorpions, in Craiova in October 2020. Another 133 units will be produced in Romania, at Bucharest Mechanical Factory . Equipment Summary (2023): The evolution of the special forces within the Romanian Land Forces led to the establishment of the 1st Special Operations Regiment on 1 August 2009, headquartered at Târgu Mureș . It later became

1400-756: The Central Powers (in which it won the decisive battles of Mărăști and Mărășești ), and the Hungarian–Romanian War . During most of World War II (until 1944), Romanian forces supported the Axis powers , fighting against the Soviet Union on the Eastern Front . From August 1944 until the end of the war, Romania fought against Germany under the control of the Soviet Union. When the communists seized power after

1470-519: The Dnister , former part of Moldavia. The Romanian armies saw their first major battles at Odessa and Sevastopol , and in 1942 advanced with other Axis forces deeper into Soviet territory during operation Case Blue . In early November, Romanian mountain troops under the command of Brigadier General Ioan Dumitrache took Nalchik , the farthest point of Axis advance into the Caucasus . The worst defeat for

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1540-831: The Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia proclaimed a union with the Kingdom of Romania . Later on, in April 1919, the newly established Hungarian Soviet Republic vowed to retake occupied territories by force, and Hungarian troops attacked Romanian formations in Transylvania . Under the command of generals Gheorghe Mărdărescu and Traian Moșoiu , the Romanian Army defeated the Hungarians and occupied Budapest in August 1919. In June 1940

1610-517: The LAROM MRL system). Compared to similar Soviet, Hungarian, or Bulgarian divisions, the Romanian ones were more poorly equipped, both in terms of number and quality of heavy weapons. The armored divisions were composed of 3 tank regiments and one mechanized infantry regiment plus support units. The artillery, antitank, and air defence regiments of divisions provided specialised fire support that enabled motorised rifle and tank regiments to maneuver. Each of

1680-669: The Romanian Western Plain – the eastern side of the Pannonian plain . The county is mainly the Criș hydrographic basin with the rivers Crișul Repede , Crișul Negru , and Barcău the main rivers. Prior to World War I , the territory of the county belonged to Austria-Hungary and mostly was contained in the Bihar County of the Kingdom of Hungary . After the collapse of Austria-Hungary at

1750-609: The Second Army in victory at the Battle of Mărăști (22 July to 1 August 1917), while Major Generals Constantin Cristescu and Eremia Grigorescu led the First Army in victory at the Battle of Mărășești (6 August to 8 September 1917). As a result of the Russian Revolution , Romania was left isolated and unable to continue the war, and was forced to sign the Treaty of Bucharest with

1820-762: The Soviet Union occupied Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina . After General (later Marshal ) Ion Antonescu took power in September 1940, Fascist Romania signed the Tripartite Pact with the Axis Powers and subsequently took part in Operation Barbarossa in 1941. An expeditionary force invaded the Soviet Union in Bessarabia and southern Ukraine , alongside the Wehrmacht . The expeditionary force, 'Army Group Antonescu,'

1890-552: The Third Army at Craiova , and the Fourth Army at Cluj-Napoca . The land forces consisted of eight mechanised (infantry) divisions ( 1st , Bucharest, 2nd , Craiova, 9th , Constanța , 10th, Iași , 11th, Oradea , 18th, Timișoara , 67th, Brăila and 81st , Dej ) two armored divisions (the 57th Tank Division at Bucharest and the 6th Tank Division at Târgu Mureș ), one armored brigade, four mountain (infantry) brigades, and four parachute infantry regiments. According to

1960-443: The military budget has grown more than four times, rising from 636 million dollars to 2.8 billion dollars in 2007. Conscription has been abolished and professionalisation has been completed. The modern Moldavian and Wallachian armies were formed in 1830 following Regulamentul Organic . During the 1848 Wallachian Revolution , Gheorghe Magheru assembled an army at Râureni (now part of Râmnicu Vâlcea ). However, due to

2030-431: The president assumes the role of supreme commander. The main combat formations of Romania are the 2nd Infantry Division Getica , and the 4th Infantry Division Gemina . Until 2015, the Romanian Land Forces fielded a third division, namely the 1st Division Dacia . Before June 2008, the 1st and 4th divisions were known as the 1st Territorial Army Corps and the 4th Territorial Army Corps, and in turn they used to be known as

2100-552: The unification of Wallachia with Moldavia , and were commanded by Alexandru Ioan Cuza , Domnitor of Romania until his abdication in 1866. In 1877, at the request of Grand Duke Nicholas Konstantinovich of Russia the Romanian army fused with the Russian forces, and led by King Carol I , fought in what was to become the Romanian War of Independence . They participated in the Siege of Plevna and several other battles. The Romanians won

2170-415: The 10th and 81st Mechanized Divisions and the 6th Tank Division operated soviet and Czechoslovak built T-55/-55A/-55AM tanks, while the remaining three mechanized divisions (1st, 18th and 67th) were equipped with mixed equipment, including a number of outdated soviet T-34 -85 tanks, within their mechanized regiments. The 1st Mechanized Tudor Vladimirescu Division apparently operated four types of tanks, from

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2240-812: The 165-year 'History of Modern Romanian Artillery,' in 1989 each of the four armies were organized into a headquarters and reporting formations under them, which were organized as follows: The mechanized divisions were organized along the Soviet model with a division HQ, three mechanized infantry regiments, one tank regiment, combat and service support units, and a full complement of 10,700 infantry soldiers, having 130 main battle tanks, 216 wheeled armoured personnel carriers (APCs), 30 wheeled armoured reconnaissance vehicles, 18 light SPGs SU-76, 54 towed 120mm. M-38/-43 (or Md.1982 120mm. Romanian made) mortars, 36 towed 122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30) and 12 truck-mounted (Romanian production) 122mm. multiple rocket launchers APR-40 (which will become later, after an extensive modernization,

2310-699: The 1930 census data, the county population was 510,318, ethnically divided among Romanians (61.6%), Hungarians (30.0%), Jews (4.3%), Czechs and Slovaks (2.2%), as well as other minorities. By language the county was divided among Romanian (61.4%), Hungarian (33.8%), Czech (2.0%), Yiddish (1.5%), as well as other minorities. From the religious point of view, the population consisted of Eastern Orthodox (49.8%), Reformed (21.0%), Greek Catholics (10.7%), Roman Catholics (10.4%), Jews (5.4%), Baptists (2.2%), as well as other minorities. The county's urban population consisted of 102,277 inhabitants, 54.8% Hungarians, 26.4% Romanians, 15.4% Jews, 1% Germans, as well as other minorities. As

2380-535: The 4th Army Cooperation Command. The army group-level 2nd Army Corps, under Major General Nicolae Macici , controlled the 9th and 10th Infantry Divisions and the 7th Cavalry Brigade. Additionally the 1st Armoured Division was formed for service on the Eastern Front. The Army Group's first offensive, in conjunction with the Eleventh Army , Operation München , enabled Romania to retake the territory immediately east of

2450-634: The 6th Special Operations Brigade on 25 October 2011. The most famous and well trained unit is the 1st Special Operations Battalion " Vulturii " was created in March 2003. Members of the special forces battalion have benefitted from courses abroad, such as the United States Army Special Forces (Green Berets) course, the United States Marine Corps Force Recon course, as well as other courses. The Special Forces battalion became fully operational during 2007, after

2520-526: The Austro-Hungarian Empire), together with Russian forces. However, German forces under the command of General Erich von Falkenhayn stalled the attack in November 1916, and drove back the Romanian forces. At the same time, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman forces invaded southern Romania, forcing the country into a two-front war. The Central Powers drove deep into Romania and conquered the southern part of

2590-711: The Central Powers. Later on, in 1919, Germany agreed, in the Treaty of Versailles Article 259, to renounce all the benefits provided to it by the Treaty of Bucharest in 1918. After the success of the Vardar offensive on the Macedonian front , which put Bulgaria out of the war, Romania re-entered the war on 10 November 1918, a day before its end in the West. After World War I , in December 1918,

2660-570: The European Union). 2025 is the set date for when the long-term stage is to be completed (full technical integration in NATO and the EU). The stages aim at modernising the structure of the armed forces, reducing the number of personnel, as well as acquiring newer and improved technology that is compatible with NATO standards. Romania abolished compulsory military service on 23 October 2006. This came about due to

2730-491: The Land Forces included cavalry, but the arm disappeared from the force with the disbandment in November 1954 of the 59th Cavalry Division at Oradea . After the Romanian Communist Party seized political power, the sovietization of the army commenced, under the supervision of the new Minister of Defence, Emil Bodnăraș . Thirty per cent of the officers and noncommissioned officers (mostly experienced soldiers, and

2800-422: The RLF operated a total of 2,825 tanks: 1,059 outdated (soviet WW-2 type) T-34 -85 tanks, 785 Soviet and Czechoslovak T-55/-55A/-55AM tanks, 415 Romanian built TR-77-580, 535 Romanian built TR-85 -800, and 31 Soviet T-72 "Ural-1" tanks. The 9th and the 11th Mechanized Divisions operated Romanian built TR-77-580 tanks, the 2nd Mechanized Division and the 57th Tank Division operated Romanian built TR-85 -800 tanks,

2870-448: The RLF with 4 separate mountain brigades in 1989. The vânători de munte were seen as the best-trained forces of the Army in the communist Romania. Each brigade had a mechanized company equipped with MLVM APCs and a mountain artillery battalion of 76mm. mountain guns Md.1982 (similar to Yugoslav 76 mm mountain gun M48 ), but most of the equipment was for a motorized light infantry unit. During

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2940-588: The Romanian expeditionary force on the Eastern Front occurred at Stalingrad , where, during the Soviet counter-offensive of November 1942, the thinly spread forces of the Third Army (under the command of General Petre Dumitrescu , deployed north of Stalingrad) and of the Fourth Army (under the command of Lieutenant General Constantin Constantinescu-Claps , deployed south of Stalingrad) were attacked by vastly superior Soviet forces and suffered combined losses of some 158,000 personnel. During April–May 1944

3010-657: The Romanian forces led by General Mihai Racoviță , together with elements of the German Eighth Army were responsible for defending Northern Romania during the Soviet First Jassy-Kishinev Offensive , and took part in the Battles of Târgu Frumos . In late August 1944, the Red Army entered eastern Romania . On 23 August 1944, a coup led by King Michael I of Romania deposed Marshal Antonescu and set up

3080-513: The Second World War, the army underwent reorganisation and sovietization . Following the Romanian Revolution of 1989, due to shortage of funds, many units were disbanded and much equipment was phased out. Likewise, Romanian military capability declined because of a lack of fuel as well as training. However, since the late 1990s, a number of positive changes have come about and the level of combat readiness has been growing steadily; since 1996,

3150-590: The Soviet Union during the war, but also of many Communist activists. One was the Tudor Vladimirescu First Volunteer Division , under the command of Colonel Nicolae Cambrea , and the other the Horea, Cloșca și Crișan Division , under the command of General Mihail Lascăr (who later served as Minister of Defence from 1946 to 1947). These two units formed the nucleus of the new Romanian Land Forces under Soviet control. The postwar reorganization of

3220-634: The area no longer belongs to Romania. During the Second Balkan War, the Romanian Army suffered a cholera outbreak that provoked 1,600 deaths. On 6 July 1916, the Kingdom of Romania declared war on the German Empire and Austria-Hungary , following the initial success of the Brusilov Offensive (a major Russian offensive against the armies of the Central Powers on the Eastern Front ). The Romanian armies entered Transylvania (then part of

3290-627: The areas most exposed to a possible armored attack, and subordinated to the four army commands. Besides these, there were also nine anti-tank artillery battalions, mostly subordinated to the mechanized divisions, some equipped with Romanian made 100 mm anti-tank gun M1977 , but the majority with older Soviet production 85 mm antitank gun D-48 . Surface-to-surface missile battalions were divided into four batteries, each equipped with one missile launcher. The RLF operated 32 9K52 Luna-M short-range artillery rocket systems and 18 R-17 Elbrus tactical ballistic missile systems. Each mechanized division had

3360-431: The armed forces, for a total of 90,000 men and women. Out of the 75,000 military personnel, about 43,000 are in the Land Forces. The Romanian Land Forces are undergoing a three-stage modernisation. In 2007, the first short-term stage was completed (reorganisation of the command structure and implementation of the voluntary military service). 2015 marked the end of the second stage (operational integration in both NATO and

3430-483: The country ( Wallachia , including Bucharest) by the end of 1916. The Romanian forces, led by Marshal Constantin Prezan , retreated into the north-east part of Romania ( Moldavia ). In the summer of 1917 however, Prezan, aided by Ion Antonescu , successfully defended the remaining unoccupied territories against German and Austro-Hungarian forces led by Field Marshal August von Mackensen . General Alexandru Averescu led

3500-409: The early 1990s, some major units were disbanded and much equipment was phased out or scrapped due to a severe shortage of funds. The whole land forces structure was reorganized from armies into territorial corps, and from regiments into battalions . In the mid-1990s, the situation of the land forces was critical: the military budget was one third that of 1989 (636 million dollars), 50% of the equipment

3570-510: The end of the war, and the declaration of the Union of Transylvania with Romania , the Romanian Army took control of the county in April 1919, during the Hungarian–Romanian War . The territory of Bihor County was officially transferred to the Kingdom of Romania from Hungary as successor state to Austria-Hungary in 1920 under the Treaty of Trianon . After the administrative unification law in 1925,

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3640-568: The entire county per the Treaty of Trianon was reaffirmed in the Paris Peace Treaties, 1947 . In September 1950, the county was disestablished by the communist government of Romania and was replaced by the Bihor Region , whose territory comprised an area similar to the old county. Bihor County was re-established in February 1968, when Romania restored the county administrative system. Bihor

3710-503: The first eight were delivered to the Military Police in December 2006. 31 Piranha III armoured vehicles ( LAV III variant) and 60 URO VAMTAC high mobility vehicles were also ordered in 2007 for deployment in Iraq and Afghanistan . The land forces are also purchasing additional Piranha III armored vehicles. The Land Forces ordered 227 Piranha V armoured vehicles. The first batch of 36 vehicles, produced at GDELS-Mowag's facilities in Kreuzlingen , Switzerland, entered service with

3780-481: The four Army Commands comprised an antiaircraft artillery brigade and an air defense missile artillery regiment (Surface-to-Air). Three of the four air defense missile regiments were equipped with 2K12 Kub systems, and the fourth regiment with 9K33 Osa SAMs in the late 1980s the artillery regiments of mechanized and tank divisions were organized into a regimental HQ, two artillery battalions and one multiple rocket launcher battalion. In terms of their combat equipment,

3850-444: The king – instead of the prefects . Bihor County became part of Ținutul Crișuri . In August 1940, under the auspices of Nazi Germany , which imposed the Second Vienna Award , Hungary retook the territory of Northern Transylvania (which included part of the county) from Romania. In October 1944, Romanian forces with Soviet assistance recaptured the ceded territory and reintegrated it into Romania. Romanian jurisdiction over

3920-412: The lack of proper equipment and the hesitation of some revolution leaders, Magheru ordered his troops to disband when the Ottoman forces swept into Bucharest to stop the revolution. A battle between the Bucharest fire company together with Line infantry soldiers against the Ottomans also took place at Dealul Spirii in 1848. The current Romanian Land Forces were formed in 1860, immediately after

3990-530: The last of the Wehrmacht and Hungarian Army units from Romania at the battles of Turda and Carei , the Romanian armies took part in the Siege of Budapest and the Prague Offensive of May 1945. The Soviet occupation of Romania led to a complete reorganisation of the Romanian Land Forces under the supervision of the Red Army. At the onset, pro-German elements were purged from the Romanian armed forces. In 1944–45, two divisions were formed out of Romanian volunteers—ex-prisoners of war, trained and indoctrinated in

4060-544: The military schools and training units of the Romanian Land Forces are directly subordinated to the central headquarters. There are 5 military high schools ( Câmpulung Moldovenesc , Alba Iulia , Craiova , Breaza , and Constanța ), five military academies, one officer school ( Pitești ), 3 training schools ( Sibiu , Pitești , Buzău ) and 9 training battalions. In the past few years, many training exercises have taken place in Romania with other Balkan or Allied countries. Most of these exercises took place at Babadag , which

4130-559: The modern Soviet T-72 "Ural-1", to a number of Romanian TR-77-580 and Soviet T-55A tanks, and to the outdated T-34 -85 tanks. The predominantly defensive structure of the Romanian Land Forces was also highlighted by the five anti-tank (missile-artillery) regiments (each with 36 Romanian made 100 mm anti-tank gun M1977 and 12 ATGM launcher vehicle based on BRDM-2 4x4 scout armoured car a.k.a. 9P133 "Malyutka" (with 9M14 Malyutka anti-tank guided missiles) and 9P148 "Konkurs" (with 9M113 Konkurs anti-tank guided missiles), placed especially in

4200-426: The name of the county remained as it was, but the territory was reorganized. In 1938, King Carol II promulgated a new Constitution , and subsequently he had the administrative division of the Romanian territory changed. Ten ținuturi (approximate translation: "lands") were created (by merging the counties) to be ruled by rezidenți regali (approximate translation: "Royal Residents") – appointed directly by

4270-401: The past few years, replacing them with more modern equipment. The TR-85 M1 "Bizon" main battle tank and the MLI-84 M "Jder" infantry fighting vehicle are the most modern, domestically produced equipment of the Romanian Land Forces. Also, 43 ex-German Flakpanzer Gepard anti-aircraft systems were commissioned in late 2004. The Land Forces ordered about 100 United States Army Humvees ;

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4340-419: The poem's text) or the Latin alphabet. The county has no significant history with Greece. This county has a total area of 7,544 km (2,913 sq mi). In the eastern side of the county there are the Apuseni Mountains , with the highest peak being the Cucurbăta Mare (also known as the Bihor Peak), at 1,849 m (6,066 ft). The heights decrease westwards, passing through the hills an ending in

4410-434: The program to modernize and restructure the armed forces began on 11 April 2000. In 2005, the army comprised eight combat, four combat support, and two logistic brigades , while ten combat, five combat support and two logistic brigades were further mobilised in case of crisis. Many of these units have been reorganized as part of the 2007 Force Plan . Currently, about 75,000 military personnel and 15,000 civilians comprise

4480-453: The rest of the Cold War." From 1947 to 1960 the country seems to have been divided into three major military regions: Cluj , Bacău , and Bucharest in the west, east, and south, respectively. In wartime the land forces in each military region would become an army corps with their headquarters in Cluj-Napoca, Iași , and Bucharest. Armies seem to have succeeded military regions in 1960, and three armies seem to have become four in 1980. What

4550-399: The revolution, the units suffered from a lack of funds which resulted in the temporary disbandment of the 313th Battalion. However, their equipment was completely overhauled in the past few years and the combat readiness and capabilities have regained full strength. The Special Detachment of Protection and Intervention (DSPI), former Rapid Intervention Squad (DIR) of the Ministry of Defence

4620-413: The rifle and mechanised divisions were converted to mechanized (motorized rifle) divisions, and reductions in strength began. Rottman writes that "force size dropped to six mechanized and two armored divisions by 1970 [actually 1968]. From 1970 to 1976, three more motor rifle divisions were formed, but one was deactivated in 1977, and the eight motor rifle and two armored division figure remained that way for

4690-428: The war, but suffered about 10,000 casualties (dead and wounded). The Romanian Army entered the Second Balkan War against Bulgaria , allowing Romania to annex Southern Dobruja (also known as the Cadrilater). Although some 330,000 troops were mobilised, the Romanians met little resistance in Bulgaria and as such this is not considered a major conflict in Romanian history. This was due to historical claims on land and

4760-422: Was adopted in 1998, and is a quarterly shield featuring a castle (for the Castle of Bihar), five wheat stalks with a ribbon, and a scroll with the text of Deșteaptă-te, române! , covered with a fess featuring three fish. It was subject to redesign in 2013 after it was discovered by a local teacher that the text on the scroll was erroneously written in Greek, rather than Cyrillic (the original alphabet used to write

4830-446: Was composed on 22 June 1941 of the 3rd Army , the 4th Army , the 2nd Army Corps, and the 11th Infantry Division. The 3rd Army comprised the 4th Army Corps (6th and 7th Infantry Divisions), the Cavalry Corps, the Mountain Corps , two separate artillery battalions, a TA unit, and the Air Force's 3rd Army Cooperation Command. The 4th Army consisted of the 3rd Army Corps, the 5th Army Corps, the 11th Army Corps (two fortress brigades), and

4900-434: Was older than 30 years, and 60% of the armoured vehicles and 85% of the missile units were non-operational. Due to lack of fuel and training, the level of combat readiness and military capability was extremely low (only about 30% of the entire land forces were operational). However, after 1996 the government took serious action; the military budget was increased greatly, and modernisation of equipment commenced. Officially,

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