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58-603: The main treaty was with the Miamis, who were the main tribe in Indiana. Unqualified references to the treaty usually refer to this one. The treaties acquired a substantial portion of the land area (dubbed the New Purchase ) of the state of Indiana from the Miami , Delaware , Potawatomi , and others in exchange for cash, salt, sawmills, and other goods, effectively moving the northern boundary of

116-561: A legal right to carve out homesteads and settlements on land the tribes considered unceded territory. The Miami invited tribes displaced by white settlers, the Delaware (Lenape) and Shawnee to resettle at Kekionga, forming the nucleus of the pan-tribal Western Confederacy. War parties attacked white settlers, seeking to drive them out, and whites – including Kentucky militia members – carried out sometimes indiscriminate reprisal attacks on Native American villages. The resulting conflict became known as

174-402: A mansion . In 1846, the government forced the tribe's rank-and-file to leave, but several major families who had acquired private property to live on through this practice were exempted and permitted to stay in Indiana, creating a bitter schism. Those who affiliated with the tribe were moved to first to Kansas , then to Oklahoma , where they were given individual allotments of land rather than

232-566: A move that further impacted American relations with the Indians, Harrison also rejected Tecumseh's claim that all the Indians formed one nation and that each nation could have separate negotiations with the United States. Before leaving, Tecumseh informed Harrison that unless the treaty was nullified, he would seek an alliance with the British. The situation continued to escalate, eventually leading to

290-501: A point seven miles from the Wabash river; thence to the Wabash river, by a line parallel to the present boundary line aforesaid; and thence, by the Wabash river, to the place of beginning." The treaty with the Potawatomi of October 2 established cessions of land to the United States. The U.S. government also agreed to pay perpetual annuity to the Potawatomi, as well as to purchase any claim to

348-510: A proclamation forbidding the distribution of alcohol to Indians within thirty miles of Vincennes . During the negotiation of the treaty, Harrison abandoned this principle. He had whiskey distributed to the Potawatomi, Delaware, and Miami negotiators in Fort Wayne on a large scale. The historian Robert M. Owens states that the 1390 Indians at Fort Wayne for the negotiations consumed 218 gallons of whiskey during September and October 1809. Tecumseh

406-592: A reservation as part of efforts to make them assimilate into the American culture of private property and yeoman farming. The U.S. government has recognized what is now the Miami Tribe of Oklahoma as the official tribal government since 1846. In the 20th century, the Indiana-based Miami unsuccessfully sought separate federal recognition. Although they had been recognized by the U.S. in an 1854 treaty, that recognition

464-568: A somewhat separate status, which proved beneficial in the removals of the 19th century. The Miami nation's traditional capital was Kekionga . French years British years The Miami had mixed relations with the United States. Some villages of the Piankeshaw openly supported the American rebel colonists during the American Revolution , while the villages around Ouiatenon were openly hostile. The Miami of Kekionga remained allies of

522-576: A war. Later in 1791, the Washington administration organized a second expedition to attack Kekionga with further orders to build a fort there to permanently occupy the region, but the Western Confederacy attacked its camp en route and destroyed it; the battle, known as St. Clair's Defeat , is recognized as the worst defeat of an American army by Native Americans in U.S. history. In 1794, a third invading force under General "Mad" Anthony Wayne defeated

580-573: Is now Canada who supplied them with firearms and wanted to trade with them for furs, the Miami pushed back into their historical territory and resettled it. At this time, the major bands of the Miami were: In 1696, the Comte de Frontenac appointed Jean Baptiste Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes as commander of the French outposts in northeast Indiana and southwest Michigan. He befriended the Miami people, settling first at

638-571: The Algonquian languages . Among the peoples known as the Great Lakes tribes, they occupied territory that is now identified as north-central Indiana , southwest Michigan , and western Ohio . The Miami were historically made up of several prominent subgroups, including the Piankeshaw , Wea , Pepikokia, Kilatika, Mengakonkia, and Atchakangouen. In modern times, Miami is used more specifically to refer to

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696-451: The Battle of Kenapacomaqua , Wilkinson killed 9 Wea and Miami, and captured 34 Miami as prisoners, including a daughter of Miami war chief Little Turtle. Many of the confederation leaders had been considering terms of peace to present to the United States, but when they received news of Wilkinson's raid, they readied for war. Wilkinson's raid thus had the opposite effect and united the tribes for

754-718: The Beaver Wars by the Iroquois . Early European colonists and traders on the East Coast had fueled demand for furs, and the Iroquois – based in central and western New York – had acquired early access to European firearms through trade and had used them to conquer the Ohio Valley area for use as hunting grounds, which temporarily depopulated as Algonquin woodlands tribes fled west as refugees. The warfare and ensuing social disruption – along with

812-811: The Delaware language exonym for the Miamis, tuwéhtuwe , a name of unknown etymology. Some Miami have stated that this was only a name used by other tribes for the Miami, and not their autonym. They also called themselves Mihtohseeniaki (the people). The Miami continue to use this autonym today. Early Miami people are considered to belong to the Fisher Tradition of Mississippian culture . Mississippian societies were characterized by maize -based agriculture, chiefdom -level social organization, extensive regional trade networks, hierarchical settlement patterns, and other factors. The historical Miami engaged in hunting, as did other Mississippian peoples. Written history of

870-544: The Illiniwek , a loose confederacy of Algonquian-speaking peoples. The term "Miami" has imprecise meaning to historians. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the term "Miami" generally referred to all of these bands as one grand tribe. Over the course of the 19th century, "Miami" came to specifically refer to the Atchakangoen (Crane) band. Around the beginning of the 18th century, with support from French traders coming down from what

928-523: The Northwest Indian War . Seeking to bring an end to the rising violence by forcing the tribes to sign treaties ceding land for white settlement, the George Washington administration ordered an attack on Kekionga in 1790; American forces destroyed it but were then repulsed by Little Turtle's warriors . In 1791, Lieutenant Colonel James Wilkinson launched what he thought was a clever raid. At

986-667: The St. Joseph River , and, in 1704, establishing a trading post and fort at Kekionga , present-day Fort Wayne, Indiana , the de facto Miami capital which controlled an important land portage linking the Maumee River (which flowed into Lake Erie and offered a water path to Quebec) to the Wabash River (which flowed into the Ohio River and offered a water path to the Mississippi Valley). By

1044-578: The Twelve Mile Line Treaty , is an 1809 treaty that obtained 29,719,530 acres of Native American land for the settlers of Illinois and Indiana . The negotiations primarily involved the Delaware tribe but included other tribes as well. However, the negotiations excluded the Shawnee , who were minor inhabitants of the area and had previously been asked to leave by Miami War Chief Little Turtle . Territorial Governor William Henry Harrison negotiated

1102-624: The Wabash River . To motivate those groups to sell their land, Harrison decided, against the wishes of President James Madison , to first conclude a treaty with the tribes who were willing to sell and use those treaties to help influence those who held out. In September 1809, Harrison invited the Potawatomie, Delaware, Eel Rivers, and the Miami to a meeting in Fort Wayne . During the negotiations, Harrison promised large subsidies and direct payments to

1160-592: The 18th century, the Miami had for the most part returned to their homeland in present-day Indiana and Ohio. The eventual victory of the British in the French and Indian War ( Seven Years' War ) led to an increased British presence in traditional Miami areas. Shifting alliances and the gradual encroachment of European-American settlement led to some Miami bands, including the Piankeshaw , and Wea , effectively merging into what

1218-572: The Atchakangouen. By 1846, most of the Miami had been forcefully displaced to Indian Territory (initially to what is now Kansas, and later to what is now part of Oklahoma ). The Miami Tribe of Oklahoma are the federally recognized tribe of Miami Indians in the United States. The Miami Nation of Indiana , a nonprofit organization of self-identified descendants of Miamis who were exempted from removal, have unsuccessfully sought separate recognition. The name Miami derives from '(plural Myaamiaki ),

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1276-576: The British, but were not openly hostile to the United States (except when attacked by Augustin de La Balme in 1780). In the 1783 Treaty of Paris, which ended the American Revolutionary War , Britain transferred its claim of sovereignty over the Northwest Territory – modern-day Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin – to the new United States. White pioneers pushed into the Ohio Valley, leading to disputes over whether they had

1334-558: The Delaware, who dominated central and east central Indiana, to west of the Mississippi River by 1820, clearing the way for colonization by settlers migrating north and west from Cincinnati and other Ohio River settlements. The area was called the Delaware New Purchase until it was divided into Wabash County in the northwest and Delaware County in the southeast on January 2, 1820. Those counties were soon after dissolved, and

1392-409: The Fort Wayne treaty was illegitimate and asked Harrison to nullify it, ominously warning that Americans should not attempt to settle the lands sold in the treaty. Tecumseh acknowledged to Harrison that he had threatened to kill the chiefs who signed the treaty if they carried out its terms. Harrison responded to Tecumseh that the Miami were the owners of the land and could sell it if they so choose. In

1450-482: The Miami traces back to missionaries and explorers who encountered them in what is now Wisconsin , from which they migrated south and eastwards from the mid-17th century to the mid-18th century, settling on the upper Wabash River and the Maumee River in what is now northeastern Indiana and northwestern Ohio. By oral history, this migration was a return to the region where they had long lived before being invaded during

1508-503: The Miami was signed on October 6, 1818, at St. Mary's, Ohio, between representatives of the United States and the Miami tribe , as well as others living in their territory. Jonathan Jennings , Lewis Cass , and Benjamin Parke , acting as representatives of the United States, signed the treaty. William Conner served as an interpreter. The accord contained seven articles. Based on the terms of

1566-472: The Miami. The Treaty of Fort Wayne was finally signed on September 29, 1809, selling the United States over 3,000,000 acres (approximately 12,000 km ), mostly along the Wabash River north of Vincennes. With the help of Miami Chief Pacanne , who was influential with the Wea, Harrison later that winter was able to obtain the acceptance of the Wea by offering them a large subsidy. The Kickapoo were closely allied with

1624-589: The Native Americans did not trust the surveyors' equipment, so a spear was thrown down at ten o'clock and the shadow became the treaty line. The Twelve Mile Line was a reference to the Greenville Treaty and the establishment of a new 'line' parallel to it but twelve miles further west. In 1809 Harrison began to push for a treaty to open more land for white American settlement. The Miami, Wea, and Kickapoo were "vehemently" opposed to selling any more land around

1682-600: The Oklahoma-based Miami tribe has about 5,600 enrolled members. However many other Indiana-based Miami still consider themselves a separate group that has been unfairly denied separate federal recognition. The Miami Nation of Indiana does not have federal tribal recognition. Senate Bill No. 311 was introduced in the Indiana General Assembly in 2011 to formally grant state recognition to the tribe, giving it sole authority to determine its tribal membership, but

1740-564: The Shawnee at Prophetstown and Harrison feared they would be difficult to sway. He offered the Wea an increased subsidy if the Kickapoo would also accept the treaty, causing the Wea to pressure the Kickapoo leaders to accept, which they eventually did. By the spring of 1810, Harrison had completed negotiations and the treaty was finalized. Harrison made much of his opposition to the sale or distribution of alcohol to Indians. On August 23, 1809, he issued

1798-594: The United States gathered around Ouiatenon and Prophetstown , where Shawnee Chief Tecumseh led a coalition of Native American nations. Territorial governor William Henry Harrison and his forces destroyed Prophetstown in 1811, and in the War of 1812 – which included a tribal siege of Fort Wayne – attacked Miami villages throughout the Indiana Territory. Although Wayne had promised in the Treaty of Greenville negotiations that

Treaty of St. Mary's (1818) - Misplaced Pages Continue

1856-660: The Wabash River, except for some individual plots and a parcel in north central Indiana between the Eel River and the Salamonie River called the Big Miami Reserve. The Reserve contained about 760,000 acres (3,100 km) and was the largest Indian reservation ever to exist within the state of Indiana. It encompassed all of present-day Howard County , and portions of seven surrounding counties: Wabash , Miami , Cass , Clinton , Tipton , Madison , and Grant . At its creation,

1914-412: The Wea leaders were not present at the negotiations even though they were the primary inhabitants of the land being sold. The Miami also wanted any new land sales to be paid for by the acre, and not by the tract. Harrison agreed to make the treaty's acceptance contingent on approval by the Wea and other tribes in the territory being purchased, but he refused to purchase land by the acre. He countered that it

1972-487: The Wea of October 2 resulted in the Wea ceding their claims to all lands in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. In return, the U.S. government agreed to pay a sum total of $ 3,000 in silver annually to the Wea on a reservation the tribe had claimed earlier in the treaty. This reserved tract of land was described as "Beginning at the mouth of Raccoon creek; thence by the present boundary line, seven miles; thence, northeasterly, seven miles, to

2030-646: The Wyandot (September 20), the Potawatomi (October 2), the Wea (October 2), the Delaware (October 3), and the Miami (October 6). The treaty with the Wyandot, Seneca, Shawnese, and Ottawas of September 17, 1818, established that the grants described in the Treaty of Fort Meigs (formally titled, "Treaty with the Wyandots, etc., 1817") would be considered only as reservations for the use of indigenous peoples. The 1818 treaty also granted additional land reservations and annuity payments to

2088-484: The accord, the Miami ceded territories south of the Wabash River covering a large portion of central Indiana, subsequently known as the "New Purchase", to the United States. This tract consisted of the entire central portion of Indiana between the Wabash River and the old boundary established by the Treaty of Fort Wayne (1809 ). It also established the first Indian reservation in Indiana, the Great Miami Reserve in

2146-461: The area was wilderness, and there were no colonial settlements between Terre Haute and Fort Wayne on the Wabash River. The reservation was short-lived. By 1840, via several additional treaties, the state effectively acquired the reservation and removed the Indians to west of the Mississippi River . The treaties resulted in the confinement of the Miami to the reserve area and the removal of

2204-487: The areas came to be called the "Wabash New Purchase" and "Delaware New Purchase" (renamed the "Adams New Purchase" in 1827). Subsequently, 35 new counties were carved out of the original area. The future state capital of Indianapolis was founded in 1822, roughly in the center of the New Purchase area. Miami people The Miami ( Miami–Illinois : Myaamiaki ) are a Native American nation originally speaking one of

2262-548: The bill did not advance to a vote. United States years A number of places have been named for the Miami nation. However, Miami, Florida is not named for this tribe, but for the Miami River in Florida, which is in turn named after the unrelated Mayaimi people. Treaty of Fort Wayne (1809) The Treaty of Fort Wayne , sometimes called the Ten O'clock Line Treaty or

2320-528: The ceded land made by the Kickapoo . William Conner served as an interpreter. The treaty with the Delawares (Lenape) of October 3 established the cession of all Lenape land in Indiana to the United States. In return, the U.S. government was to provide a country for the displaced Lenape people west of the Mississippi River; full compensation for their improvements; perpetual annuity; grants of land to individuals; and

2378-570: The confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers , burned tribal settlements along dozens of miles of the Maumee River, and erected Fort Wayne at Kekionga. Wayne then imposed the Treaty of Greenville in 1795, which ended the Northwest Indian War. Under it, confederacy leaders like Little Turtle agreed to cede most of what is now Ohio, along with other tracts to the west including what is now central Detroit, Chicago, and Fort Wayne, in exchange for annual payments. Those Miami who still resented

Treaty of St. Mary's (1818) - Misplaced Pages Continue

2436-578: The involved indigenous groups. The treaty with the Wyandot of September 20, resulted in the cession by the Natives of two small tracts of land in Wayne County , Michigan Territory , containing the villages of Maguaga and Brownstown in present-day Riverview and Flat Rock, Michigan . In return, Territorial Governor Lewis Cass granted them land in Huron Charter Township, Michigan . The treaty with

2494-431: The northern portion of the New Purchase. In another tenet of the accord, the United States agreed to pay the Miami a perpetual annuity of fifteen thousand dollars. Moreover, the United States agreed to construct one gristmill and one sawmill , as well as provide one blacksmith , one gunsmith , and agricultural implements. The Miami would also be provided one hundred and sixty bushels of salt annually. The New Purchase

2552-555: The payment of certain claims. The U.S. government also agreed to provide and support a blacksmith for the Lenape after their removal to the west, and the Lenape were allowed to occupy their ceded territory for up to three years after the signing of the treaty. Signatories included, among others, Kikthawenund of the Unalatchgo Lenape clan and federal commissioner Jonathan Jennings . William Conner served as an interpreter. The treaty with

2610-423: The remaining unceded territory would remain tribal land – the origin of the name "Indiana" – forever, that is not what happened. Wayne would die a year later. White traders who came to Fort Wayne were used by the government to deliver the annual treaty payments to the Miami and other tribes. The traders also sold them alcohol and manufactured goods. Between annuity days, the traders sold them such things on credit, and

2668-400: The spread of infectious European diseases such as measles and smallpox for which they had no immunity – contributed to the decimation of Native American populations in the interior. Historic locations When French missionaries first encountered the Miami in the mid-17th century, generating the first written historical record of the tribe, the indigenous people were living around

2726-470: The state from near the Ohio River to the Wabash River in the northwest and north. They also resulted in creation of Indian reservations and continued the process of Indian removals in Indiana begun by the Treaty of Greenville in 1795. In the fall of 1818 six separate treaties were completed at St. Marys, Ohio , between the United States and the Wyandot, Seneca, Shawnese, and Ottawas (September 17), with

2784-417: The treaty lines from the Treaty of Fort Wayne of 1809; the far southeastern and northeastern boundaries were treaty lines from the Treaty of Grouseland of 1805, and parts of the eastern and western boundaries were the borders of the state. The southern tip of the area extended to what is today central Jackson County near Brownstown . By the treaty with the Miami, the Miami ceded most of their land south of

2842-458: The treaty with the tribes. The treaty led to a war with the United States begun by Shawnee leader Tecumseh and other dissenting tribesmen in what came to be called " Tecumseh's War ". The treaty has two nicknames in popular American culture: the "Ten O'clock Line Treaty of 1809" and the "Twelve Mile Line Treaty", both of which are associated with the disparate parcels of land defined by the treaty. The first nickname comes from tradition that says

2900-461: The tribe's autonym (name for themselves) in their Algonquian language of Miami–Illinois . This appears to have been derived from an older term meaning "downstream people." Some scholars contended the Miami called themselves the Twightwee (also spelled Twatwa ), supposedly an onomatopoeic reference to their sacred bird, the sandhill crane . Recent studies have shown that Twightwee derives from

2958-416: The tribes if they would cede the other lands under discussion. Only the Miami opposed the treaty. They presented a copy of the Treaty of Greenville to highlight the section that guaranteed their possession of the lands around the Wabash River. They then explained the history of the region and how they had invited the Wea and other tribes to settle in their territory as friends. The Miami were concerned that

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3016-453: The tribes repeatedly ran up more debts than the existing payments could cover. Harrison and his successors pursued a policy of leveraging these debts to induce tribal leaders to sign new treaties ceding large swaths of collectively-held reservation land and then to agree to the tribe's removal. As incentives to induce tribal leaders to sign such treaties, the government gave them individual deeds and other personal perks, such as building one chief

3074-415: The western shores of Lake Michigan . According to Miami oral tradition, they had moved there a few generations earlier from the region that is now northern Indiana, southern Michigan, and northwestern Ohio to escape pressure from Iroquois war parties seeking to monopolize control over furs in the Ohio Valley. Early French explorers noticed many linguistic and cultural similarities between the Miami bands and

3132-470: Was a jagged shaped area comprising most of the central third of the state. It had a large trapezoid "bite" out of the northern boundary that became the Great Miami Reserve, and a sawtooth in the northwest where the Tippecanoe and Wabash Rivers formed a gore. The treaties defined the northern and western boundary as the Wabash, Tippecanoe, and Vermillion rivers; the southwestern and southeastern boundaries were

3190-465: Was better for the tribes to sell the land in tracts so as to prevent the Americans from only purchasing their best lands by the acre and leaving the tribes with only poor land on which to live. After two weeks of negotiating, the Potawatomie leaders convinced the Miami to accept the treaty as reciprocity to the Potawatomie who had earlier accepted treaties less advantageous to their tribe at the request of

3248-570: Was sometimes called the Miami Confederacy. Native Americans created larger tribal confederacies led by Chief Little Turtle ; their alliances were for waging war against Europeans and to fight advancing white settlement, and the broader Miami itself became a subset of the so-called Western Confederacy during the Northwest Indian War. The U.S. government later included the Miami with the Illini for administrative purposes. The Eel River band maintained

3306-579: Was stripped in 1897. In 1980, the Indiana legislature recognized the Eastern Miami as a matter of state law and voted to support federal recognition, but in 1993, a federal judge ruled that the statute of limitations on appealing their status had expired. In 1996, the Miami Tribe of Oklahoma changed its constitution to permit any descendant of people on certain historical roles to join, and since then hundreds of Indiana-based Miami have become members. Today

3364-512: Was the powerful leader of a breakaway Shawnee group living just north of the area covered in the treaty. He questioned the legality of the treaty stating that these Native leaders did not have the right to sign the treaty, and rightfully sell land that is held in common with other Native peoples. In August 1810, he led 400 armed warriors from several different tribes in traveling down the Wabash to meet with Harrison in Vincennes. Tecumseh insisted that

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