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79-657: The award is named after the Pula Arena , the 1st-century Roman amphitheatre in the coastal city of Pula, where film screenings preceding the awards ceremony traditionally take place. In 1991 the festival was cancelled due to the breakup of Yugoslavia , but then resumed in 1992 as the Croatian film awards festival, from then on excluding films and filmmakers from present-day Slovenia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Montenegro , Serbia , and North Macedonia . It has been held in this format every year since, although no prizes were awarded at

158-553: A capacity of about 5000 spectators, and also hosts operas, ballets, sports competitions as well as the Pula Film Festival . The arena is open to the public daily, and the underground passages house exhibitions of viticulture and olive growing in Istria. The arena has also been used for cinematic works such as Titus , a 1999 film adaptation of Shakespeare 's revenge tragedy Titus Andronicus by Julie Taymor . On 8 July 2019,

237-869: A day, with an average air temperature of 13.7 °C (56.7 °F) (6.1 °C (43.0 °F) in February to 26.4 °C (79.5 °F) in July and August) and sea temperature from 7 °C (45 °F) to 26 °C (79 °F). Pula is the largest city in Istria County , with a metropolitan area of 90,000 people. The city itself has 57,460 residents (census 2011), while the metropolitan area includes Barban /Barbana (2,802 residents), Fažana /Fasana (3,050 residents), Ližnjan /Lisignano (2,945 residents), Marčana /Marzana (3,903 residents), Medulin /Medolino (6,004 residents), Svetvinčenat /Sanvicenti (2,218 residents) and Vodnjan /Dignano (5,651 residents). Its population density

316-526: A football match was played between the former players of FC Bayern Munich and the Croatia national football team as part of a tourism partnership deal between FC Bayern Munich and the Istria Tourist Board signed in 2018. Two professional ice hockey games were played there on September 14 and 16, 2012; KHL Medveščak , a Zagreb-based Erste Bank Eishockey Liga club, hosted HDD Olimpija Ljubljana and

395-504: A major shipbuilding centre. It was chosen for the base in 1859 by Hans Dahlerup  [ da ] , a Danish admiral in the service of Austria. Subsequently, Pola grew from a fading provincial town into an industrial city. The island of Brioni (in Croatian renamed Brijuni ) to the North West of Pola became the summer vacation resort of Austria's Habsburg royal family . In World War I,

474-1183: A part of Pula's economic crescendo during the Austro-Hungarian rule. After World War I, during the Fascist rule, the need for tram transportation declined and it was finally dismantled in 1934. Pula Airport is located north-east of Pula, and serves both domestic and international destinations. Similarly to nearby Rijeka Airport , it is not a major international destination. However, this has changed over recent years as low-cost airline Ryanair started scheduled flights to Pula in November 2006. Easyjet offers many flights to UK airports. Jet2 also offers flights from Newcastle, Birmingham, Glasgow, Leeds-Bradford, Belfast, Manchester, and East Midlands Airports. Scandinavian Airlines (SAS) operates scheduled flights from Stockholm and Copenhagen during summertime. Nearby international airports include Trieste in Italy, Zagreb , Croatia's capital and Ljubljana , Slovenia's capital. There are direct flights into Pula airport from London during

553-467: A population of 52,220 in 2021. It is known for its multitude of ancient Roman buildings, the most famous of which is the Pula Arena , one of the best preserved Roman amphitheaters . The city has a long tradition of wine making , fishing, shipbuilding , and tourism. It was the administrative centre of Istria from ancient Roman times until superseded by Pazin in 1991. Evidence of the presence of Homo erectus one million years ago has been found in

632-609: Is 1,093.27/km (2,831.6/sq mi), ranking Pula fifth in Croatia. Its birth rate is 1.795 per cent and its mortality rate is 1.014 per cent (in 2001 466 people were born and 594 deceased), with a natural population decrease of −0.219 per cent and vital index of 78.45. The majority of its citizens are Croats representing 70.14% of the population (2011 census). The largest ethnic minorities are: 3,454 Serbs (6.01 per cent), 2,545 local Italians (4.43 per cent), 2,011 Bosniaks (3.5 per cent), 549 Slovenians (0.96 per cent). The city

711-473: Is Brioni island or Brijuni national park visited by numerous world leaders since it was the summer residence of Josip Broz Tito . Roman villas and temples still lie buried among farm fields and along the shoreline of the dozens of surrounding fishing and farming villages. The coastal waters offer beaches, fishing, wreck dives to ancient Roman galleys and World War I warships, cliff diving , and sailing to unspoiled coves and islands large and small. Pula

790-499: Is a Roman amphitheatre located in Pula , Croatia . It is the only remaining Roman amphitheatre to have four side towers entirely preserved. It was constructed between 27 BC and AD 68, and is among the world's six largest surviving Roman arenas. The arena is also the country's best-preserved ancient monument . The amphitheatre was depicted on the reverse of the Croatian 10 kuna banknote, issued in 1993, 1995, 2001 and 2004. The Arena

869-769: Is around 7,000 and 12,500 for all standing events. The arena is used as a venue for many concerts. Performances have included ones by Duran Duran , Foo Fighters , Luciano Pavarotti , Đorđe Balašević , Plácido Domingo , Andrea Bocelli , Nina Badrić , Hillsong United , Patrizio Buanne , Jose Carreras , Dino Merlin , Jamiroquai , Anastacia , Eros Ramazzotti , Maksim Mrvica , Norah Jones , Zucchero , Zdravko Čolić , Alanis Morissette , Sinéad O'Connor , Elton John , Dua Lipa , Robbie Williams , 2Cellos , Sting , Michael Bolton , Seal , Il Divo , Tom Jones , Gibonni , Manu Chao , Oliver Dragojević , Leonard Cohen , Grace Jones , Moderat , David Gilmour , Avril Lavigne , Arctic Monkeys , Thompson and Frank Zivkovic. It has

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948-542: Is best known for its many surviving ancient Roman buildings, the most famous of which is its 1st-century amphitheatre , which is among the six largest surviving Roman arenas in the world. and locally known as the Arena . This is one of the best-preserved amphitheatres from antiquity and is still in use today during summer film festivals. During the World War II Italian fascist administration, there were attempts to dismantle

1027-458: Is first mentioned as the main settlement of the Histri, the oldest people on the peninsula, which was the eponym for Istria. Livy was the first who mentioned Nesactium, and the altar dedicated to Emperor Gordian from the 3rd century, where "Res Republica Nesactiensium" is mentioned, confirmed the actual existence of this city. The search for the city began in 1900, when Pietro Kandler first put together

1106-471: Is humid. Temperatures above 10 °C (50 °F) last for more than 240 days a year. There are two different kinds of winds here – the bora brings cold and clear weather from the north in winter, and the southern Sirocco bringing rain in summer. The ' Maestral ' is a summer breeze blowing from the inland to the sea. Like the rest of the region Pula is known for its mild climate and tame sea with an average of sunny days of 2,316 hours per year or 6.3 hours

1185-481: Is located on the edge of town just west of the Amphitheatre. From there, excellent service to a wide range of local, domestic, and international locations is available throughout the year. Several bus companies operate from this Terminus including the local service run by Pulapromet. There is also a guaranteed direct line from Pula to Trieste/Venice, especially into spring/summertime. Passenger ferries also operate from

1264-503: Is one of many fortresses in Pula that the Austrian empire erected to protect the port for its navy. Nesactium is an ancient hill fort settlement, which is considered to be the oldest urban settlement in Istria. The town is settled about 10 km north of Pula, next to Valtura and Pula Airport. The site itself is located above Bay of Budava, and it is well protected by its steep hills. Nesactium

1343-400: Is one of the few remaining gates after the city walls were pulled down at the beginning of the 19th century. It dates from the mid-2nd century, replacing an earlier gate. It consists of two arches, columns, a plain architrave , and a decorated frieze . Close by are a few remains of the old city wall. The Gate of Hercules dates from the 1st century. At the top of the single arch, one can see

1422-571: Is the end point of the EuroVelo 9 cycle route that runs from Gdańsk on the Baltic Sea through Poland, the Czech Republic , Austria, Slovenia and Croatia . It is possible to track dinosaur footprints on the nearby seashores; certain more important finds have been made at an undisclosed location near Bale . Pula had an electric tramway system in the early 20th century. It was built in 1904 as

1501-737: The Divine Comedy : "Sì come a Pola, presso del Carnaro, ch'Italia chiude e i suoi termini bagna" or "As Pola, along the Quarnero , that marks the end of Italy and bathes its boundaries". The Venetians took over Pula in 1331 and would rule the city until 1797. During the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries, Pula was attacked and occupied by the Genoese, the Hungarian army and the Habsburgs; several outlying medieval settlements and towns were destroyed. In addition to war,

1580-668: The Exarchate of Ravenna (540–751). During this period Pula prospered and became the major port of the Byzantine fleet and an integral part of the Byzantine Empire . The Basilica of Saint Mary Formosa was built in the 6th century. From 788 onwards, Pula was ruled by the Frankish Empire under Charlemagne , with the introduction of the feudal system . Under the Franks it was part of

1659-752: The French Empire of Napoleon as part of the Kingdom of Italy , then placed directly under the French Empire's Illyrian Provinces . In 1813, Pola (with Istria) came back to the Austrian Empire . Under the compromise of 1867 , the town – under the original Italian name, Pola – remained in Austria-Hungary until the latter's defeat and dissolution in 1918. Under Austrian rule, Pola regained prosperity. Its large natural harbour became Austria's main naval base and

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1738-637: The Kingdom of Italy . Pula became the seat of the elective counts of Istria until 1077. The town was taken in 1148 by the Venetians and in 1150 Pula swore allegiance to the Republic of Venice , thus becoming a Venetian possession. For centuries thereafter, the city's fate and fortunes were tied to those of Venetian power. It was conquered by the Pisans in 1192 but soon reconquered by the Venetians. In 1238 Pope Gregory IX formed an alliance between Genoa and Venice against

1817-626: The Knights of Malta and medieval fairs. In 1583 the Venetian Senate proposed dismantling the arena and rebuilding it within Venice . The proposals were rejected. Today, a headstone celebrating the Venetian senator Gabriele Emo's  [ sh ] opposition to the plan is currently visible on the second tower. In 1789, stone was taken from Pula arena for the belfry foundations at Pula Cathedral . This

1896-467: The Mausoleum of Galla Placidia at Ravenna . The wall over the door contains a Byzantine carved stone panel. The 15th-century wall paintings may be restorations of Early Christian paintings. When the Venetians raided Pula in 1605, they removed many treasures from this chapel to Venice, including the four columns of oriental alabaster that stand behind the high altar of St Mark's Basilica . The Cathedral of

1975-530: The Middle Ages . The building was constructed under Austro-Hungarian rule and was the former k.u.k. Staatsgymnasium , the Austrian high school. The Aquarium Pula is the biggest aquarium in Croatia, located in the Austro-Hungarian fortress Verudela, which was built in 1886 on the peninsula 3 km (2 mi) from the centre of the city of Pula. Transforming the fortress into the aquarium has been in progress since 2002. The installation encompasses about 60 tanks on

2054-666: The Socialist Republic of Croatia , a federal state within SFR Yugoslavia , upon the ratification of the Paris Peace Treaties on 15 September 1947 – which also created the Free Territory of Trieste . Initially, Pola's population of 45,000 was largely made up of ethnic Italians, however, between December 1946 and September 1947, the vast majority of Italians fled to Italy. Subsequently, the city's Croatian name, Pula, became

2133-525: The Vienna Capitals . Pula Pula ( Croatian: [pǔːla] ), also known as Pola ( Italian: [ˈpɔːla] ; Venetian : Pola ; Istriot : Puola ; Slovene : Pulj ; Hungarian : Póla ), is the largest city in Istria County , Croatia , and the seventh-largest city in the country , situated at the southern tip of the Istrian peninsula in western Croatia, with

2212-526: The breakup of Yugoslavia and the escalation of violence in 1991 in the early stages of the Croatian War of Independence , the festival was abruptly cancelled in 1991 immediately after the scheduled opening in late July. In 1992 the event was renamed and relaunched as Pula Film Festival , as opposed to the Festival of Yugoslav Film as it had been known previously. Award categories and names were unchanged, but

2291-620: The plague , malaria and typhoid ravaged the city. By the 1750s there were only 3,000 inhabitants left in ancient city, an area now covered with weeds and ivy. With the collapse of the Venetian Republic in 1797 following Napoleon 's Treaty of Campo Formio , the city became part of the Habsburg monarchy . It was invaded again in 1805 after the French had defeated the Austrians. It was included in

2370-598: The 14th century. The cloisters display some antique Roman artefacts. The Archaeological Museum of Istria is situated in the park on a lower level than the Roman theatre and close to the Twin Gates. Its collection was started by Marshall Marmont in August 1802 when he collected the stone monuments from the temple of Augustus. The present-day museum was opened in 1949. It displays treasures from Pula and surroundings from prehistory until

2449-490: The 1994 edition. The festival's competition program usually includes screenings of all locally produced feature films made in the preceding 12 months, made possible due to the local film industry's relatively low but highly state subsidized output. This means that everyone involved in making them automatically qualifies for the Golden Arena awards. Therefore there are no Academy Award-style lists of nominees announced prior to

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2528-401: The 1st century BC, close to the sea. In Roman times it was surrounded by temples of Jupiter , Juno and Minerva . This Roman commercial and administrative centre of the city remained the main square of classical and medieval Pula. It is still the main administrative and legislative centre of the city. The temple of Augustus is still preserved today. A part of the back wall of the temple of Juno

2607-504: The 6th century, but was partially rebuilt in the 10th century. In 1583 it was assigned to the Orthodox community of Pula, mainly immigrants from Cyprus and Nauplion . The church owns several icons from the 15th and the 16th century and an iconostasis from the Greek artists Tomios Batos from the 18th century. The star-shaped castle with four bastions is situated on top of the central hill of

2686-627: The Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary was built in the 6th century, when Pula became the seat of a bishopry, over the remains of the original site where the Christians used to gather and pray in Roman times. It was enlarged in the 10th century. After its destruction by Genoese and Venetian raids, it was almost completely rebuilt in the 15th century. It got its present form when a late Renaissance façade

2765-743: The Axis, by the partisans who together with the Yugoslav communists killed many soldiers and civilians, in the first episodes of what would have been named, later on, the Foibe massacres . After World War II , the Istrian Italians of Pula left Yugoslavia towards Italy ( Istrian-Dalmatian exodus ). For two years after 1945, Pola was administered by the Allied Military Government for Occupied Territories (AMG). Pola formed an enclave within south Istria that

2844-667: The Berlitz School; his students were mainly Austro-Hungarian naval officers who were stationed at the Naval Shipyard . While he was in Pola he organised the local printing of his broadsheet The Holy Office , which satirised both William Butler Yeats and George William Russell . Pula's surrounding natural environment, countryside and the turquoise water of the Adriatic have made the city popular summer holiday destination. The pearl nearby

2923-499: The Best Film award, while still being eligible for the separate Best Director award (although on four out of five occasions in this period the same director won both awards for the same film). Since 2008 the award is given to the film's producer. The following table lists all films which were winners of the top three prizes in the period from 1957 to 1980. On four occasions two films shared the same prize - in 1961 and 1965 two films shared

3002-461: The Big Golden Arena, in 1966 two films shared the runner-up award and in 1967 two films shared the third-place award. In addition to this, the 1965 second place prize was not awarded. Shared awards are indicated with an asterisk (*). In 1981 the second and third place prizes were dropped. The following table lists all winners from 1981 to 1990. The Big Golden Arena was not awarded in 1982. Amid

3081-599: The Empire, and consequently against Pisa too. As Pula had sided with the Pisans, the city was sacked by the Venetians in 1243. It was destroyed again in 1267 and again in 1397 when the Genoese defeated the Venetians in a naval battle. Pula then slowly went into decline. This decay was accelerated by the infighting of local families: the ancient Roman Sergi family and the Ionotasi (1258–1271) and

3160-596: The Kingdom of Italy and learn the Italian language. Many left the city and went back to the newly created Yugoslavia . After the collapse of Fascist Italy in 1943, the city was occupied by the German Wehrmacht and remained a base for U-boats. Consequently, the city was subjected to repeated Allied bombing from 1942 to 1944. In the last phase of the war, Pola saw the arrest, deportation, and execution of people suspected of aiding

3239-446: The actual awarding ceremony. The awards are handed out by a jury of five or six members which is named before each festival edition by the festival's managing board. These usually include prominent filmmakers and film critics. Although the festival was established in 1954, the award for best film was first awarded in 1957 - prior to the 1957 edition, the festival had separate critics' choice and audience awards for best film screened at

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3318-569: The area around Pula. The type of materials found in Bronze Age sites in Istria connects these with sites along the Danube. The inhabitants of Istria in the Bronze Age are known as Proto Illyrians. Greek pottery and a part of a statue of Apollo have been found, attesting to the presence or influence of Greek culture . Greek tradition attributed the foundation of Polai to the Colchians , mentioned in

3397-423: The arena along the main axis from which animals, ludi scenes and fighters could be released; stores and shops were located under the raked seating. The amphitheatre was part of the circuit of the gladiators . Each of the four towers had two cisterns filled with perfumed water that fed a fountain or could be sprinkled on the spectators. The amphitheatre could be covered with velaria (large sails), protecting

3476-542: The arena and move it to mainland Italy, which were quickly abandoned due to the costs involved. Two other notable and well-preserved ancient Roman structures are the 1st-century BC triumphal arch , the Arch of the Sergii and the co-eval Temple of Augustus , built in the 1st century AD built on the forum during the reign of the Roman emperor Augustus . The Twin Gates ( Porta Gemina )

3555-479: The arena. The exterior wall is constructed in limestone . The part facing the sea consists of three stories, while the other part has only two stories since the amphitheatre was built on a slope. The maximum height of the exterior wall is 29.40 m (96.5 ft). The first two floors have each 72 arches, while the top floor consists of 64 rectangular openings. The axes of the elliptical amphitheatre are 132.45 and 105.10 m (434.5 and 344.8 ft) long, and

3634-403: The bearded head of Hercules , carved in high-relief , and his club on the adjoining voussoir . A damaged inscription, close to the club, contains the names of Lucius Calpurnius Piso and Gaius Cassius Longinus who were entrusted by the Roman senate to found a colony at the site of Pula. Thus it can be deduced that Pula was founded between 47 and 44 BC. The Augustan Forum was constructed in

3713-521: The cave of Šandalja near Pula. Pottery from the Neolithic period (6000–2000 BC), indicating human settlement , has been found around Pula. In the Bronze Age (1800–1000 BC), a new type of settlement appeared in Istria, called 'gradine', or hill-top fortifications. Many late Bronze Age bone objects, such as tools for smoothing and drilling, sewing needles, as well as spiral bronze pendants, have been found in

3792-515: The centre of a diocese, attested by the remains of foundations of a few religious buildings. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire , the city and region were attacked by the Ostrogoths , Pula being virtually destroyed by Odoacer , a Germanic foederati general in 476 AD. The town was ruled by the Ostrogoths from 493 to 538 AD. When their rule ended, Pula came under the rule of

3871-448: The city, on the road to Nesactium . The amphitheatre remained in use until the 5th century, when Emperor Honorius prohibited gladiatorial combats. It was not until 681 that combat between convicts, particularly those sentenced to death , and wild animals was forbidden. In the 5th century the amphitheatre began to see its stone plundered by the local populace. By the 13th century, the patriarch of Aquileia forbade further removal from

3950-441: The civil war of 42 BC of the triumvirate of Octavian , Mark Antony and Lepidus against Caesar's assassins Brutus and Cassius , the town took the side of Cassius, since the town had been founded by Cassius Longinus , brother of Cassius. After Octavian's victory, the town was demolished. It was soon rebuilt at the request of Octavian's daughter Iulia and was then called Colonia Pietas Iulia Pola Pollentia Herculanea . The colony

4029-418: The clash between Venice and Genoa for the control of the city and its harbour (late 13th and 14th centuries). In 1291, by the Peace of Treviso, Patriarch Raimondo della Torre gained the city as part of the secular realm of the Patriarchate of Aquileia , only to lose it to Venice in 1331, which then held it until its downfall in 1797. Pula is quoted by the Italian poet Dante Alighieri , who had visited Pula, in

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4108-408: The context of the story of Jason and Medea , who had stolen the golden fleece . The Colchians, who had chased Jason into the northern Adriatic, were unable to catch him and ended up settling in a place they called Polai , signifying "city of refuge". In classical antiquity, it was inhabited by the Histri , a Venetic or Illyrian tribe . Strabo , Pomponius Mela and Lycophron wrote that it

4187-404: The festival. Until 1990, the award was always given to the film's production company or companies, except in 1981 when the award was merged with the Golden Arena for Best Director and both the director and production companies of the winning film ( The Fall of Italy by Lordan Zafranović ) were credited with the award. During the Yugoslav period, film production was decentralised with each of

4266-459: The ground floor, the moat, and the first floor of the fortress. In an area of approximately 2,000 m (21,528 sq ft), visitors can view inhabitants of the Northern and Southern Adriatic Sea, tropical marine and freshwater fish, and representatives of European rivers and lakes. From the roof of the fort, visitors may view the entire city of Pula. It is also possible to see the first marine turtle rescue centre in Croatia. Fort Bourguignon

4345-420: The line remains disconnected from the rest of the Croatian Railways network. Plans to tunnel the 'missing link' between this line and from Rijeka have existed for many years, and despite work commencing on this project previously, have never seen completion. People traveling to Rijeka or Zagreb by train must get off in Lupoglav and take a bus to Rijeka. Pula Bus Terminus/Terminal is the main hub for Istria and

4424-417: The mosaics. The windows of the aisles underwent reconstruction in Gothic style after a fire in 1242. The belfry in front of the church was built between 1671 and 1707 using stones from the amphitheatre. There also used to stand a baptistery from the 5th century in front of the church, but it was demolished in 1885. The Orthodox Church of St. Nicholas with its Ravenna-style polygonal apse originally dates from

4503-430: The official name. Today the city of Pola or Pula is officially bilingual, Croatian and Italian, hence both Pula and Pola are official names. Since the collapse of Yugoslavia in 1991, Pula has been part of the Republic of Croatia . The city lies on and beneath seven hills on the inner part of a wide gulf and a naturally well-protected port (depth up to 38 m (125 ft)) open to the northwest with two entrances: from

4582-404: The old city. It was built, over the remains of the Roman capitolium , by the Venetians in the 17th century, following the plans of the French military architect Antoine de Ville . Since 1961 it now houses the Historical Museum of Istria . Close by, on the north-eastern slopes, one can see the remains of a 2nd-century theatre. The Church of St. Francis dates from the end of the 13th century. It

4661-403: The port was the main base for Austro-Hungarian dreadnoughts and other naval forces of the Empire. During this period many inhabitants were Italian speaking. The 1910 Austrian census recorded a city population of 58,562 (45.8% Italian speaking; 15.2% Croatian, the rest were mostly German-speaking military). Following the collapse of Austria-Hungary in 1918, Pola and the whole of Istria – except

4740-405: The sea and through Fažana channel. Today, Pula's geographical area amounts to 5,165 ha (12,760 acres), 4,159 ha (10,280 acres) on land and 1,015 ha (2,510 acres) at sea, bounded from the north by islands Sv. Jerolim and Kozada, city areas Štinjan/Stignano, Veli Vrh/Monte Grande and Sianna with its 'Kaiserwald' forest; from the east area Monteserpo, Valmade, Busoler and Valdebek; from

4819-482: The selection was narrowed to Croatian films only, excluding films made in the other five republics of Yugoslavia . This meant that initially only a handful of films were eligible for awards, and lack of film activity during the ensuing war even led to the cancellation of the 1994 award ceremony, as only one Croatian feature film had been produced in the preceding 12 months. Pula Arena The Pula Arena ( Croatian : Pulska Arena ; Italian : Arena di Pola )

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4898-400: The six republics having their own major film production companies. Jadran Film based in Zagreb and Avala Film based in Belgrade were the two most successful, winning 11 and 8 awards respectively. In the 1990s the award was intermittently merged with the Best Director award, until 1999 when the old format was briefly re-introduced. Between 2003 and 2007 film directors were credited with

4977-557: The south with the old gas works, commercial port Veruda and island Veruda; and from the west Verudela, Lungomare and Musil. Protected from the north by the mountain chain of Alps as well the inner highland, the climate is humid subtropical ( Köppen climate classification : Cfa ), with the highest air temperature averaging 23 °C (73 °F) during July and August and lowest averaging 6 °C (43 °F), in January and February. Summers are usually quite hot, although some unusual heat wave patterns are also common. Normally, it

5056-402: The spectators from sun or rain (as attested by rare construction elements). Below the arena was a system of canals which collected rainwater and effluent and drained into the sea. This amphitheatre, through its conservation, has served as an example for the study of ancient building techniques. In the Middle Ages the interior of the Arena was often used for grazing, occasional tournaments by

5135-570: The territory of Castua Kastav – went to Italy. Pola became the capital of the Province of Pola . The decline in population after World War I was mainly due to economic difficulties caused by the withdrawal of Austro-Hungarian military and bureaucratic facilities and the dismissal of workers from the shipyard. Under the Italian Fascist government of Benito Mussolini , non-Italians, especially Croatian residents who came to Pola under Austro-Hungarian rule, faced stringent political and cultural repression because they had now to integrate themselves into

5214-467: The toponym Vizače with ancient Nesactium. As a result of its rich political history, Pula is a city with a cultural mixture of people and languages from the Mediterranean and Central Europe, ancient and contemporary. Pula's architecture reflects these layers of history. Residents are commonly fluent in both Croatian and Italian but also in foreign languages like German and English. From 30 October 1904 to March 1905 Irish writer James Joyce taught English at

5293-401: The triumphal Arch of the Sergii , the Gate of Hercules (in which the names of the founders of the city are engraved), and the Twin Gates. During the reign of the emperor Septimius Severus the name of the town was changed to "Res Publica Polensis". The town was the site of an execution of two reigning caesares , Crispus in 326 AD and Constantius Gallus in 354 AD. In 425 AD the town became

5372-456: The walls stand 32.45 m (106.5 ft) high. It could accommodate 23,000 spectators in the cavea , which had forty steps divided into two meniani . The seats rest directly on the sloping ground; The field for the games, the proper arena , measured 67.95 by 41.65 m (222.9 by 136.6 ft). The field was separated from the public by iron gates. The arena had a total of 15 gates. A series of underground passageways were built underneath

5451-428: The whole year and several other large airports in Western Europe during summer. On 9 April 2015 European Coastal Airlines established a daily seaplane service from the downtown seaplane terminal at the city's main waterfront. Destinations as of April 2015 are Rijeka , the island of Rab and Mali Lošinj . The airline ceased operation in 2016. A train service operates north from Pula through to Slovenia, however,

5530-413: Was added in the early 16th century. The church still retains several Romanesque and Byzantine characters, such as some parts of the walls (dating from the 4th century), a few of the original column capitals and the upper windows of the nave. In the altar area and in the room to the south one can still see fragments of 5th- or 6th-century floor mosaics with memorial inscriptions from worshippers who paid for

5609-420: Was built between 27 BC and 68 AD, as the city of Pula became a regional centre of Roman rule, called Pietas Julia . The building is named after the sand (Latin harena ) that once covered the inner performance area. It was built outside the town walls along the Via Flavia , the road from Pula to Aquileia and Rome . The amphitheatre was first built in timber during the reign of Augustus (2–14 AD). It

5688-436: Was built in 1314 in the late Romanesque style with Gothic additions such as the rose window . The church consists of a single nave with three apses . An unusual feature of this church is the double pulpit , with one part projecting into the street. A 15th-century wooden polyptych from an Emilian artist adorns the altar. The west portal is decorated with shell motifs and a rose window . The adjoining monastery dates from

5767-466: Was built in the 6th century (before 546) in the form of a Greek cross, resembling the churches in Ravenna . It was built by Maximianus of Ravenna , then a deacon , but later Archbishop of Ravenna . It was, together with another chapel, part of a Benedictine abbey that was demolished in the 16th century. The floors and the walls are decorated with 6th-century mosaics. The decoration bears some resemblance to

5846-496: Was inhabited by Colchians . The Istrian peninsula was conquered by the Romans in 177 BC, starting a period of Romanization. The town was elevated to colonial rank between 46 and 45 BC as the tenth region of the late Roman Republic , under Julius Caesar . During that time the town grew and had at its zenith a population of about 30,000. It became a significant Roman port with a large surrounding area under its jurisdiction. During

5925-551: Was integrated into the Communal Palace in the 13th century. Two Roman theatres have withstood the ravages of time: the smaller one (diameter c. 50 m; 2nd century AD) near the centre, the larger one (diameter c. 100 m; 1st century AD) on the southern edge of the city. The city's old quarter of narrow streets, lined with Medieval and Renaissance buildings, are still surfaced with ancient Roman paving stones. The Byzantine chapel of Santa Maria del Canneto (or St. Mary Formosa)

6004-623: Was occupied by Yugoslavia since 1945 with the help of Churchill. The AMG was occupied by a company of the United States 351st Infantry and a British battalion of the 24th Guards Brigade . Istria was partitioned into occupation zones until the region became officially united with the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( SFR Yugoslavia ) on 15 September 1947, under terms of the Paris Peace Treaties . The city became part of

6083-401: Was part of Venetia et Histria , a region of Roman Italy . Great classical constructions were built of which a few remain. A great amphitheatre , Pula Arena , was constructed between 27 BC and 68 AD, much of it still standing to this day. The Romans also supplied the city with water and sewage systems. They fortified the city with a wall with ten gates. A few of these gates remain:

6162-421: Was replaced by a small stone amphitheatre during the reign of Emperor Claudius . In 79 AD it was enlarged to accommodate gladiator fights by Vespasian and to be completed in 81 AD under Emperor Titus . This was confirmed by the discovery of a Vespasian coin in the malting. In legend, Saint Germanus, of whom little is known, was tortured in the Amphitheatre in or around 290, and subsequently martyred outside

6241-693: Was the last time the arena was used as a source of stone. General Auguste de Marmont , as governor of the Illyrian Provinces during the First French Empire , started the restoration of the arena. This was continued in 1816 by the Ticinese architect Pietro Nobile , commissioned by the Emperor Francis I of Austria . In 1932, the arena was adapted for theatre productions, military ceremonies and public meetings. In its present state, seating capacity

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