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160-514: In 2006, the Hofmühle Dresden Museum and a small mill store with a café were opened in one part of the complex. Other buildings are used by various companies. Since 2014, large parts of the former Bienertmühle have been converted into loft apartments , with completion scheduled for 2021. From 2015 to 2018, the Bienert family's villa, which had fallen into disrepair during this period, underwent

320-636: A shipyard with a considerable floor area on which the lines produced by a naval architect can be laid off in their full dimensions. After that the full-size drawings can be copied with the aid of wooden moulds to which, in turn, the steel frames or, in the case of wooden vessels, the hull moulds, are fashioned (see lofting ). An elevated area or gallery in a shipyard where workers stand while fitting rigging . A large, open, high ceilinged space where parachute riggers re-pack parachutes into parachute containers. A large open space used by sailmakers to make sails . The floor has to be big enough to lay out

480-500: A bakery with ten ovens, as well as a warehouse for 1000 tons and a silo for 500 tons of grain. In 1896, the Bienerts estimated the mill's annual production at about 24,850 tons of wheat, 9,150 tons of rye, 375 tons of corn, 1,885 tons of rapeseed, and 1,440 tons of flax. In 1897 the mill had 269 workers and employees. "Bienert's social and community involvement was almost avant-garde for his time. (C. Müller) He gave his workers and employees

640-461: A barn, directly under the roof , used for storage (as in most private houses). In this sense it is roughly synonymous with attic , the major difference being that an attic typically constitutes an entire floor of the building, while a loft covers only a few rooms, leaving one or more sides open to the lower floor. In British usage, lofts are usually just a roof space accessed via a hatch and loft ladder, while attics tend to be rooms immediately under

800-683: A betrayal of the Protestant cause. However, Spanish chief minister Olivares correctly interpreted them as an invitation to open negotiations, and in return for an Anglo-Spanish alliance offered to restore Frederick to his Rhineland possessions. Since Frederick's demand for full restitution of his lands and titles was incompatible with the Treaty of Munich, hopes of a negotiated peace quickly evaporated. Despite defeat in Bohemia, Frederick's allies included Georg Friedrich of Baden and Christian of Brunswick , while

960-500: A company pension scheme even after the introduction of statutory pension insurance (1891). The company's own kitchen prepared 160 portions of food every day, and simple bakery products (mainly products of the Bienert Bakery, which did not meet the quality standards) and beverages were available to the workers at reduced prices in the above-mentioned headquarters building, with the Bienert company bearing any deficits. He even took care of

1120-474: A comprehensive restoration process, during which it was converted into a residential condominium complex. The existence of a gristmill in the village of Plauen near Dresden has been documented since 1366. On May 17th of this year, a mill at its current location was recorded for the first time in the interest register of the Dresden Kreuzkirche , Dresden. It seems that until approximately 1480, this mill

1280-439: A fireplace. Loft apartments are apartments that are generally built from former industrial buildings. When industrial developments are developed into condominiums instead of apartments, they may be called loft condominiums . The general term warehouse-to-loft conversions may sometimes be used for development of industrial buildings into apartments and condominiums. "Loft-style" may also refer simply to developments where

1440-433: A four-story building was constructed to the west of the mill race as a wheat mill. The Mühlgraben itself was vaulted to accommodate the new oil mill and grain washing, while the old part of the building became the rye mill. In 1881, Traugott Bienert finally made his two sons, Theodor (1857-1935) and Erwin Bienert (1859-1930), partners in the business, finally handing over the management to them in 1885 and moving to his villa in

1600-704: A legally elected ruler, regardless of religion. Although Frederick accepted the crown and entered Prague in October 1619, his support eroded over the next few months. In July 1620, the Protestant Union proclaimed its neutrality, while John George of Saxony backed Ferdinand in return for the cession of Lusatia , and a guarantee of Lutheran rights in Bohemia. Maximilian of Bavaria funded a combined Imperial-Catholic League army led by Count Tilly and Charles of Bucquoy , which pacified Upper and Lower Austria and occupied western Bohemia before marching on Prague. Defeated by Tilly at

1760-399: A loft to create an extra room in order to prevent needing to move to a new house. The most common additions are an extra bedroom or study. The attic area of a building tends to be unused, but when converted can add a large amount of floor space. Housing for domestic pigeons is often called a pigeon loft. Pigeon lofts consist of a large cage or aviary and sometimes a nest box . They were

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1920-762: A mercenary army under Ernst von Mansfeld was sent to support the Bohemian rebels. Attempts by Maximilian and John George of Saxony to broker a negotiated solution ended when Matthias died in March 1619, since many believed the loss of his authority and influence had fatally damaged the Habsburgs. By mid-June 1619, the Bohemian army under Thurn was outside Vienna and although Mansfeld's defeat by Imperial forces at Sablat forced him to return to Prague, Ferdinand's position continued to worsen. Gabriel Bethlen , Calvinist Prince of Transylvania , invaded Hungary with Ottoman support, although

2080-574: A mill site. The Bienertmühle, which had been damaged by fire in 1988 and had since fallen into disrepair, was finally closed down by the Treuhand in 1990, ending the history of the mill at this location after more than 600 years. The Bread Combinate was also broken up into individual companies in 1990: The Treuhand transformed the combine's Dresden operations, the Bienert bread factory and the Pirna plant into " Dresden Bread and Confectionery Products GmbH". In 1992,

2240-410: A model workshop, a dance school, and a yoga studio, were housed in the aforementioned main building from 1878, the old granary (the upper floors of which were partially demolished and replaced by a new structure), the former rye mill, and the former mill store. Loft A loft is a building's upper storey or elevated area in a room directly under the roof (American usage), or just an attic :

2400-567: A profound turning point. The leaseholder Raetzsch had become so inefficient as a result of this and the finer flours with which the Austrian mills tried to conquer the Saxon market, that he had difficulties to raise at least 3000 thalers per year instead of the required 7000 thalers. For this reason, a new lease was granted in 1851, which Gottlieb Traugott Bienert obtained after separating from other businesses, some of which he had established himself (including

2560-458: A rebuilt freight car and three rebuilt freight trailers, which were used exclusively for transporting grain and flour between the two mills and the bread factory, and were approved for 15 tons of freight each. These tram transports with their distinctive white paint and Bienert lettering continued until the early 1960s. From Altplauen Street, the entrance to the Bienertmühle yard was directly behind

2720-528: A regional grouping or " Imperial circle ", which primarily focused on defence and operated as autonomous bodies. Above all of these was the Imperial Diet , which only assembled on an irregular basis, and then largely served as a forum for discussion, rather than legislation. Although, in theory, emperors were elected, the position had been held by the House of Habsburg since 1440. The largest single landowner within

2880-517: A return to the position prevailing pre-1627, while Protestants wanted that of 1618. Made overconfident by success, in March 1629 Ferdinand passed an Edict of Restitution , which required all lands taken from the Catholic church after 1555 to be returned. While technically legal, politically it was extremely unwise, since doing so would alter nearly every single state boundary in North and Central Germany, deny

3040-603: A savings book with five hundred marks as a confirmation gift, which was maintained until the beginning of the First World War. Around 1900, the numerous railroad crossings on the Dresden-Freital section of the Dresden-Werdau railroad line caused increasing problems due to the increase in road and rail traffic. Starting in 1901, plans were made to raise the level of the line and extend it to four tracks in order to eliminate

3200-452: A small mill shop with a café in the former factory outlet. In addition, there is an exhibition of historic chocolate moulds from the Plauen company Anton Reiche and the life of Gret Palucca, dance teacher and wife of Friedrich Bienert from 1924 to 1930. The preserved mill technology from the 1930s can also be seen here. Temporary exhibitions and events are regularly held in the other rooms. Between

3360-413: A storage space under the roof usually accessed by a ladder (primarily British usage). A loft apartment refers to large adaptable open space, often converted for residential use (a converted loft ) from some other use, often light industrial. Adding to the confusion, some converted lofts themselves include upper open loft areas. In US usage, a loft is an upper room or storey in a building , mainly in

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3520-471: A street-level business occupies the first floor while apartment "lofts" are placed above the first floor. Sometimes, loft apartments are one component of municipal urban renewal initiatives that also include renovation of industrial buildings into art galleries and studio space as well as promotion of a new part of the city as an " arts district ". Originally popular with artists , they are now highly sought-after by other bohemians and hipsters, and

3680-623: A traditional amenity, now usually abandoned or repurposed in the palaces of nobility and commercial buildings that predate telegraphy. Thirty Years%27 War The Thirty Years' War , from 1618 to 1648, was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history . Fought primarily in Central Europe , an estimated 4.5 to 8 million soldiers and civilians died from the effects of battle, famine, or disease, while parts of Germany reported population declines of over 50%. Related conflicts include

3840-508: A vantage point in order to develop this and the surrounding area, also as a replacement for the Bienert Garden, which was no longer accessible to the public. This was opened to the public in 1906. After the mill was closed, the extinguishing water pond, which had become a hazard, was removed in the 2000s and the area was renaturalized. After the closure of the Ratsstein quarry in this area and

4000-493: A water turbine drive, initially using a Girard turbine, which was later supplemented by another. In 1897 the Bienerts stated the power of both as 70 and 110 e. P. S. , i.e. "at the shaft". In the same year, he also introduced the Austrian Hochmüllerei with its permanent sifting (i.e. sieving) and also gained new experience. In 1854, the first Boland kneading machine for the bakery was introduced. Bienert also built silos in

4160-488: Is a residential unit located in a commercially zoned building that has either been issued a certificate of residential occupancy or meets specific criteria making it eligible for the protection of loft laws, which vary state by state. For example, in New York State a live/work loft must meet the following criteria: Loft Law was designed to protect artists and other entrepreneurs that are remote workers . To qualify for

4320-697: Is generally traced to 1618 , when Emperor Ferdinand II was deposed as king of Bohemia and replaced by the Protestant Frederick V of the Palatinate . Although Imperial forces quickly suppressed the Bohemian Revolt , Frederick's participation expanded the fighting into the Palatinate , whose strategic importance drew in the Dutch Republic and Spain, then engaged in the Eighty Years' War. In addition,

4480-556: Is referenced in a source as "Raths-Walkmühle, situated on the Mühlgraben above Plauen." In 1568, the Saxon Elector August purchased the fulling mill with the intention of converting it into a flour mill. A new fulling mill of the guild was constructed with the fulling mill weir on the current site of Hofmühlenstraße, located to the south of the junction with Biedermannstraße. This structure has been documented since this period and

4640-1124: Is the demand for these spaces that real estate developers have taken to creating ready-made "lofts" in urban areas that are gentrifying or that seem primed to do so. While some of these units are created by developers during the renovation of old buildings, a number of them are included in the floor plans of brand new developments. Both types of pre-fab loft offer buyers or renters proximity to urban amenities afforded by traditional lofts, but without perceived safety risks of living in economically depressed formerly industrial areas. Real estate industry distinguishes between two kinds of lofts. "Hard lofts" are former industrial buildings converted to residential or live/work use. Many of these conversions retain open ceilings with exposed beams, electrical wiring, and HVAC ducts, instead of covering them with modern suspended ceilings or sheetrock ceilings. "Soft lofts" are loft-style residential buildings built entirely anew. They are open-concept spaces with high ceilings, large windows, brickwork, and cement ceilings. Soft lofts can look more residential and have modern finishes, but lack

4800-400: Is used for the upper room or the space just under the roof in larger buildings. The word originates from Old Norse lopt, loft which also could mean air or being elevated (as in the related word løfte , English "to lift"). In older Scandinavian usage, loft referred to a two-storey unheated building used for storage and bedroom, in contrast to dwelling buildings that were one-storey with

4960-484: The Anne's Church . This mill was known as such until its closure in 1927. The first miller, Zacharias Zimmermann, is documented for 1570. In order to ensure the profitability of the mill, a rescript of April 6, 1569 introduced compulsory grinding in this mill for 33 Dresden villages (and 210 mill guests), which was extended to 66 villages in 1661. The two mills of the brothers Matthes and Andreas Moyses, which were located near

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5120-614: The Baltic trade . Managing these issues was hampered by the fragmented nature of the empire. Its representative institutions included 300 Imperial Estates distributed across Germany, the Low Countries , Northern Italy , and present-day France. These ranged in size and importance from the seven prince-electors who voted for the Holy Roman Emperor , down to prince-bishoprics and Imperial cities like Hamburg . Each also belonged to

5280-560: The Battle of White Mountain in November 1620, the Bohemian army disintegrated, and Frederick was forced to flee the country. By abandoning Frederick, the German princes hoped to restrict the dispute to Bohemia, but Maximilian's dynastic ambitions made this impossible. In the October 1619 Treaty of Munich , Ferdinand transferred the Palatinate's electoral vote to Bavaria, and allowed Maximilian to annex

5440-571: The Bohemian Revolt in May 1618. Ferdinand once claimed he would rather see his lands destroyed than tolerate heresy within them. Less than 18 months after taking control of Styria in 1595, he had eliminated Protestantism in what had been a stronghold of the Reformation . Absorbed by their war in the Netherlands, his Spanish relatives preferred to avoid antagonising Protestants elsewhere. They recognised

5600-959: The Eighty Years' War , the War of the Mantuan Succession , the Franco-Spanish War , the Torstenson War , the Dutch-Portuguese War , and the Portuguese Restoration War . The war can be seen as a continuation of the religious conflict initiated by the 16th-century Reformation within the Holy Roman Empire . The 1555 Peace of Augsburg attempted to resolve this by dividing the Empire into Catholic and Lutheran states, but over

5760-562: The Elbe and Weser rivers. Ferdinand had paid Albrecht von Wallenstein for his support against Frederick with estates confiscated from the Bohemian rebels, and now contracted with him to conquer the north on a similar basis. In May 1625, the Lower Saxony kreis elected Christian their military commander, although not without resistance; Saxony and Brandenburg viewed Denmark and Sweden as competitors, and wanted to avoid either becoming involved in

5920-810: The Heilbronn League in April 1633. In July, their combined forces defeated an Imperial army under Bronckhorst-Gronsfeld at Oldendorf . Critics claimed this defeat was caused by Wallenstein's failure to support the Bavarians, while rumours spread that he was preparing to switch sides. As a result, Emperor Ferdinand ordered his arrest in February 1634, and on 25th, he was assassinated by his own officers in Cheb. The loss of Wallenstein and his organisation left Emperor Ferdinand reliant on Spain for military support. Since their main concern

6080-514: The North , South , and along the Pyrenees . Since many foreign rulers were also Imperial princes, divisions within the empire drew in external powers like Christian IV of Denmark , who joined the war in 1625 as Duke of Holstein-Gottorp . Disputes occasionally resulted in full-scale conflict like the 1583 to 1588 Cologne War , caused when its ruler converted to Calvinism. More common were events such as

6240-630: The Roman Catholic Diocese of Halberstadt in early 1625. As Duke of Holstein, Christian IV was also a member of the Lower Saxon circle, while the Danish economy relied on the Baltic trade and tolls from traffic through the Øresund . In 1621, Hamburg accepted Danish "supervision", while his son Frederick became joint-administrator of Lübeck , Bremen , and Verden ; possession ensured Danish control of

6400-869: The Sack of Magdeburg in May 1631 provided a powerful warning of the consequences of Imperial victory. Once again, Richelieu used French financial power to bridge differences between the Swedes and the German princes; the 1631 Treaty of Bärwalde provided funds for the Swedes and their Protestant allies, including Saxony and Brandenburg. These amounted to 400,000 Reichstaler per year, or one million livres , plus an additional 120,000 for 1630. While less than 2% of total French income, these payments boosted that of Sweden by more than 25%, and allowed Gustavus to maintain 36,000 troops. Gustavus used this army to win victories at Breitenfeld in September 1631, then Rain in April 1632, where Tilly

6560-472: The Upper Palatinate . Many Protestant rulers had supported Ferdinand against Frederick because they objected to deposing the legally elected king of Bohemia. On the same grounds, they viewed Frederick's removal as an infringement of "German liberties", while for Catholics, it presented an opportunity to regain lands and properties lost since 1555. The combination destabilised large parts of the Empire. At

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6720-599: The Upper Saxon Circle and Brandenburg the Lower , both kreise had remained neutral during the campaigns in Bohemia and the Palatinate. However, Frederick's deposition in 1623 meant John George of Saxony and the Calvinist George William, Elector of Brandenburg became concerned Ferdinand intended to reclaim formerly Catholic bishoprics currently held by Protestants. These fears seemed confirmed when Tilly restored

6880-831: The Valtellina , cutting the link between Spanish controlled Milan and the Empire. In May, their main army of 35,000 invaded the Spanish Netherlands, but withdrew in July after suffering 17,000 casualties. In March 1636 , France joined the Thirty Years War as an ally of Sweden, whose loss of most of the territories gained by Gustavus and their taxes made it increasingly reliant on French financing. The Spanish then invaded Northern France, causing panic in Paris before lack of supplies forced them to retreat. A Swedish army under Johan Banér defeated

7040-520: The Weißeritz flood in 2002 , the rescue of the entire ensemble, which is now a listed building, began and the final restoration work was to be completed in 2018, with the remaining work continuing until 2020. In 2006, the Hofmühle Museum opened an exhibition on the history of the Bienertmühle and the city of Plauen in the main building of the mill complex on Altplauener Straße, built in 1878, as well as

7200-473: The balance of power in favour of France, and set the stage for the expansionist wars of Louis XIV which dominated Europe for the next sixty years. The 1552 Peace of Passau ended the Schmalkaldic War , a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics within the Holy Roman Empire . The 1555 Peace of Augsburg tried to prevent their recurrence by fixing boundaries between the two faiths, using

7360-625: The gentrification of the former manufacturing sectors of medium to large cities is now a familiar pattern. One such sector is Manhattan 's Meatpacking District . The adoption of the Adaptive Reuse Ordinance (2001) in the City of Los Angeles (primarily the Arts District ) is another example of such legislation to encourage the conversion of no longer economically viable industrial and commercial buildings to residential loft communities. Such

7520-728: The 1606 "Battle of the Flags" in Donauwörth, when riots broke out after the Lutheran majority blocked a Catholic religious procession. Emperor Rudolf approved intervention by the Catholic Maximilian of Bavaria . In return, he was allowed to annex the town, and as agreed at Augsburg, the official religion changed from Lutheran to Catholic. When the Imperial Diet opened in February 1608, both Lutherans and Calvinists sought formal re-confirmation of

7680-531: The 1947 numbering plan), was preserved as a bicycle shed in the grounds of the Coswig depot from 1965. Members of the Dresden Tram Museum recovered it in 1996 when the depot was disbanded and refurbished it until 2007. It can be rolled and is part of the Dresden Tram Museum's collection of museum vehicles. In 1928, after the railroad was raised, a railroad silo was added to the now elevated siding. The wheat mill

7840-663: The Augsburg settlement. In return, the Habsburg heir Archduke Ferdinand required the immediate restoration of all property taken from the Catholic Church since 1555, rather than the previous practice whereby the court ruled case by case. This demand threatened all Protestants, paralysed the diet, and removed the perception of Imperial neutrality. Loss of faith in central authority meant towns and rulers began strengthening their fortifications and armies; outside travellers often commented on

8000-923: The Austrian and Spanish Habsburgs often worked together, their objectives did not always align. Spain was a global maritime superpower, whose possessions stretched from Europe to the Philippines , and much of the Americas . In contrast, Austria was a land-based power, focused on ensuring their pre-eminence within Germany and securing their eastern border against the Ottoman Empire . Before Augsburg, unity of religion compensated for lack of strong central authority; once removed, it presented opportunities for those who sought to further weaken it. These included ambitious Imperial states like Lutheran Saxony and Catholic Bavaria , as well as France, confronted by Habsburg lands on its borders to

8160-428: The Baltic. He was supported by Spain, for whom it provided an opportunity to open another front against the Dutch. On 13 May 1628, his deputy von Arnim besieged Stralsund , the only port with facilities large enough to build this fleet. However, this threat led Gustavus Adolphus to send several thousand Scots and Swedish troops to Stralsund, commanded by Alexander Leslie who was also appointed governor. Von Arnim

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8320-408: The Bienert Villa southwest of the Würzburger/ Kaitzer Straße junction (now part of Dresden University of Technology) - to fundamentally redesign the Bienert Garden. He enlisted the services of horticultural architect Max Bertram, who equipped and redesigned it with grottos, fountains and an arbour attached to Hochplauen's water house. The Bienerts took advantage of the raising of Potschappler Straße in

8480-401: The Bienert company. During the air raids on Dresden , damage to the mill and bread factory was limited. From the raids of February 13-15, 1945, the following is documented: an aerial mine hit in the so-called "high-rise building" (as the railroad silo of 1928 was called), which caused considerable damage to the two top floors; a bomb hit in the bread factory, which destroyed the eighth oven and

8640-403: The Bienert port mill as "VEB Dresden Mills, Part II". The former "VEB Dresden Mills", which had been created in 1951 by the nationalization of the "König-Friedrich-August-Mills AG"(renamed "Dölzschner Mills AG" in 1946), now operated under the name "VEB Dresden Mills, Part III" with the addition of the mills in Freital , Heidenau , Niesky , and Meissen . After the transfer to public ownership,

8800-403: The Bienerts "have always had the warmest sympathy for their employees and have always endeavored to help them in all emergencies". Nevertheless, even during the November Revolution of 1918, when strikes broke out everywhere, workers in the Bienert mills walked off the job. The mills had an enemy: Court Councillor Johannes Alfred Pleißner (1854-1945), authorized signatory and chief engineer, who on

8960-435: The Bienerts to reorganize transportation between the two mills, which until then had been by horse-drawn wagon and time-consuming railroad trips. In the same year, tram tracks were laid in the yards of both the Bienertmühle and the Bread Factory (as well as a connection from Magdeburger Straße to the Hafenmühle), and from that point on, transportation was also provided by tram cars. In 1926, the Dresden tramway took into service

9120-532: The Bohemian Crown. Most of Frederick's advisors urged him to reject it, as did the Duke of Savoy, and his father-in-law James I. The exceptions included Christian of Anhalt and Maurice of Orange , for whom conflict in Germany was a means to divert Spanish resources from the Netherlands. The Dutch offered subsidies to Frederick and the Protestant Union, helped raise loans for Bohemia, and provided weapons and munitions. However, wider European support failed to materialise, largely due to lack of enthusiasm for removing

9280-478: The Brettmühle in Radeberg, the lease of the Obermühle (Grundmühle Jessen) in Liebethaler Grund , and a bakery in the Radeberg suburb). On May 1, 1852, he took over the now neglected, partly dilapidated mill, which employed only eight people and only four of the original 16 mill wheels were still in operation. Bienert's zeal transformed the Hofmühle from the ground up. This was further expanded in 1872 when, after 20 years of "dogged work" (quote from Bienert), he bought

9440-401: The Brettschneide was replaced by an oil mill with 16 pairs of rams as an extension of the Bienertmühle to ensure profitability. The drive for the oil mill was branched off inside the courtyard mill, reducing the number of available water wheels from 16 to 14. The abolition or replacement of the compulsory milling between 1840 and 1850 (in this year for the last landowners in Plauen itself) was

9600-474: The Catholic Church. In May 1618, Protestant nobles led by Count Thurn met in Prague Castle with Ferdinand's two Catholic representatives, Vilem Slavata and Jaroslav Borzita . In what became known as the Third Defenestration of Prague , both men were thrown out of the castle windows along with their secretary Filip Fabricius , although all three survived. Thurn established a Protestant-dominated government in Bohemia, while unrest expanded into Silesia and

9760-565: The Catholic League, despite strong opposition from Protestant members, as well as the Spanish. The Palatinate was clearly lost; in March, James instructed Vere to surrender Frankenthal, while Tilly's victory over Christian of Brunswick at Stadtlohn in August completed military operations. However, Spanish and Dutch involvement in the campaign was a significant step in internationalising the war, while Frederick's removal meant other Protestant princes began discussing armed resistance to preserve their own rights and territories. With Saxony dominating

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9920-439: The Dutch provided him with military support after the Eighty Years' War restarted in April 1621 and his father-in-law James funded an army of mercenaries under Mansfeld. However, their failure to co-ordinate effectively led to a series of defeats by Spanish and Catholic League forces, including Wimpfen in May 1622 and Höchst in June. By November 1622, the Imperials controlled most of the Palatinate, apart from Frankenthal , which

10080-450: The Dutch. Doing so required his election as emperor, which was not guaranteed; Maximilian of Bavaria, who opposed the increase of Spanish influence in an area he considered his own, tried to create a coalition with Saxony and the Palatinate to support his candidacy. Another option was Frederick V, Elector Palatine , a Calvinist who succeeded his father in 1610, and in 1613 married Elizabeth Stuart , daughter of James I of England . Four of

10240-408: The Emperor, Gustavus became an obvious ally for Richelieu. In September 1629, the latter helped negotiate the Truce of Altmark between Sweden and Poland, freeing Gustavus to enter the war. Partly a genuine desire to support his Protestant co-religionists, like Christian he also wanted to maximise his share of the Baltic trade that provided much of Sweden's income. Following failed negotiations with

10400-508: The Emperor, Gustavus landed in Pomerania in June 1630 with nearly 18,000 Swedish troops. Using Stralsund as a bridgehead, he marched south along the Oder towards Stettin and coerced Bogislaw XIV, Duke of Pomerania , into agreeing an alliance which secured his interests in Pomerania against his rival Sigismund. As a result, the Poles turned their attention to Russia, initiating the 1632 to 1634 Smolensk War . However, Swedish expectations of widespread German support proved unrealistic. By

10560-500: The Empire. Hoping to create a wider coalition against Ferdinand, the Dutch invited France, Sweden, Savoy, and the Republic of Venice to join, but it was overtaken by events. In early 1626, Cardinal Richelieu , main architect of the alliance, faced a new Huguenot rebellion at home and in the March Treaty of Monzón , France withdrew from Northern Italy, re-opening the Spanish Road. Dutch and English subsidies enabled Christian to devise an ambitious three part campaign plan; while he led

10720-421: The German states and Ferdinand agreed to the Peace of Prague ; in return for withdrawing the Edict of Restitution, the Heilbronn and Catholic Leagues were dissolved and replaced by a single Imperial army, although Saxony and Bavaria retained control of their own forces. This is generally seen as the point when the war ceased to be a primarily inter-German religious conflict. In March 1635, French soldiers entered

10880-468: The Habsburg heartlands of Lower and Upper Austria , where much of the nobility was also Protestant. Losing control of these threatened the entire Habsburg state, while Bohemia was one of the most prosperous areas of the Empire and its electoral vote crucial to ensuring Ferdinand succeeded Matthias as Emperor. The combination meant their recapture was vital for the Austrian Habsburgs but chronic financial weakness left them dependent on Maximilian and Spain for

11040-419: The Habsburgs persuaded them to avoid direct involvement; this was helped when the Ottomans became involved in the 1620 Polish war , followed by the 1623 to 1639 conflict with Persia . On 19 August, the Bohemian Estates rescinded Ferdinand's 1617 election as king; on the 26th, they formally offered the crown to Frederick. Two days later, Ferdinand was elected emperor, making war inevitable if Frederick accepted

11200-404: The Hofmühle as a "sales, residential and service building", which was only substantially altered once, in 1901. It also housed the kitchen for the mill workers, which provided 160 meals a day. Since then, the building has been used almost unchanged until 1991, and has remained largely undamaged in the years since. It now houses the Hofmühle Dresden Museum. In 1880, the old oil mill was demolished and

11360-408: The Hofmühle from the Saxon State Treasury and finally transformed it from an outdated craft business into a modern (for its time exemplary) industrial enterprise. Bienert undertook several educational trips to France, Belgium, Austria, Hungary and Switzerland to learn about the most advanced technologies of the time and to gain experience with them. In addition to Bienert's courage to take healthy risks,

11520-638: The Hofmühle; the aforementioned engineer W. Arndt was appointed manager and organized the resumption of operations. From then on, however, the mill and bakery were primarily used to supply the Soviet occupying forces. Grain was delivered from the Soviet Union. For the general population, the main activity at first - even with the provisional facilities - was husking, i.e. processing barley into pearl barley and groats, and barley and oats into flakes. This changed in 1948, when

11680-520: The Hofmüller leaseholder Gottlob Gäbler donated the altar (with the exception of the altarpiece, which dates from 1859). The tenant Johann Friedrich Wahl (died 1769) is also known as a patron of the parish. The Hofmühle was not spared the effects of war. During the Thirty Years' War in 1643, General Piccolomini had disposed of the town of Freiberg , gathered his 16,000 troops around Dresden, and chose

11840-637: The Holy Roman Empire, they controlled lands containing over eight million subjects, including Austria , Bohemia and Hungary . The Habsburgs also ruled the Spanish Empire until 1556, when Charles V divided the two empires between different branches of the family. This bond was reinforced by frequent inter-marriage, while Spain retained Imperial territories such as the Spanish Netherlands , Milan and Franche-Comté . Although these links meant

12000-459: The Holy Roman Empire, with support from external powers. After 1635 , the empire became one theatre in a wider struggle between France , chiefly supported by Sweden, and Emperor Ferdinand III , whose principal ally was Spain. Fighting ended with the 1648 Peace of Westphalia , the terms of which included greater autonomy within the empire for states like Bavaria and Saxony , as well as acceptance of Dutch independence by Spain. The conflict shifted

12160-744: The Imperials at Wittstock on 4 October, and re-established their predominance in North-East Germany, despite the defection of most of their German allies. Ferdinand II died in February 1637, and was succeeded by his son Ferdinand III , who faced a deteriorating military position. Although Matthias Gallas and the main Imperial army had forced Banér back to the Baltic, in March 1638, Bernard destroyed an Imperial army at Rheinfelden . His capture of Breisach in December secured French control of Alsace and severed

12320-636: The June 1629 Treaty of Lübeck . Christian retained his German possessions of Schleswig and Holstein, in return for relinquishing Bremen and Verden, and abandoning support for the German Protestants. While Denmark kept Schleswig and Holstein until 1864, this effectively ended its reign as the predominant Nordic state. Once again, the methods used to obtain victory explain why the war failed to end. Ferdinand paid Wallenstein by letting him confiscate estates, extort ransoms from towns, and allowing his men to plunder

12480-578: The Königsmühle, built in 1747, and the Neumühle, built between 1726 and 1728 above the Hofmühle (both also electoral mills, the Neumühle and the Hofmühle with 16 grinding wheels). It was rebuilt in 1776 and received a front length of 92 Ell (about 50 meters) towards the Weißeritz and two "Gestocke" (floors) throughout. The buildings to the left and right of the millrace were made fireproof with fire gables. In 1818

12640-726: The Loft Law protection, the unit must be primarily residential with the commercial purpose being clearly incidental to the residential use; utilising no more than 49% of the total space; with no more than 3 employees; and be carried on by the actual occupant of the unit. Historically, loft residents consisted of artists and other artisans taking advantage of cheap rents, large spaces and load-bearing floors. Loft residences were illegal and loft dwellers resided under commercial leases, forgoing basic residential rights such as domestic hot water and sanitation . To relieve their uncertain status, many state legislatures enacted loft laws. A long building at

12800-615: The Netherlands, while the loss of 's-Hertogenbosch to the Dutch Army under Frederick Henry in 1629 caused dismay in Madrid. From 1626 to 1629, Gustavus was engaged in a war with Poland–Lithuania , ruled by his Catholic cousin Sigismund , who also claimed the Swedish throne and had Imperial support. Once this conflict ended, and with only a few minor states like Hesse-Kassel still openly opposing

12960-568: The Plauen ground track, which ran between Altplauen and the then Plauen railroad station on Potschappler Straße (later known as " Alte Dresdner Straße ") to the right of the Weißeritz, along the Bienertmühle and after a sharp bend over the Hegereiter bridge (until 1921, when it was moved to the left of the Weißeritz). This prompted Theodor Bienert, who lived in the Bienert Villa - Erwin Bienert lived in

13120-928: The Spanish Netherlands, needed to secure the Spanish Road , an overland route connecting Habsburg possessions in Italy to Flanders . This allowed him to move troops and supplies by road, rather than sea where the Dutch navy was dominant; by 1618, the only part not controlled by Spain ran through the Electoral Palatinate . Since Emperor Matthias had no surviving children, in July 1617 Philip III of Spain agreed to support Ferdinand's election as king of Bohemia and Hungary. In return, Ferdinand made concessions to Spain in Northern Italy and Alsace, and agreed to support their offensive against

13280-649: The Spanish Road, forcing Gallas to divert resources there. Although von Hatzfeldt defeated a combined Swedish-German force at Vlotho in October, lack of supplies forced Gallas to withdraw from the Baltic. In April 1639, Banér defeated the Saxons at Chemnitz , then entered Bohemia in May. To retrieve the situation, Ferdinand diverted Piccolomini 's army from Thionville , ending direct military cooperation between Austria and Spain. Pressure grew on Olivares to make peace, especially after French and Swedish gains in Germany cut

13440-532: The Swedes and Imperials met at Lützen , where both sides suffered heavy casualties; Gustavus himself was killed, while some Swedish units incurred losses of over 60%. Fighting continued until dusk when Wallenstein retreated, abandoning his artillery and wounded. Despite their losses, this allowed the Swedes to claim victory, although the result continues to be disputed. After his death, Gustavus' policies were continued by his Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna , and with French backing, Sweden and their German allies formed

13600-567: The Weißeritz River was extended again in 1907, adding four storeys. It now housed the engine house of the Bienertmühle. In 1913, the second part of the business was opened with the Hafenmühle in Dresden's Friedrichstadt . The Bienerts then built a modern industrial bakery in Plauen on the site of the former "Hegersche Gut" estate east of the railroad tracks. Some of the old mill buildings as well as

13760-402: The acquisition of territories within the empire by rulers like Christian IV of Denmark and Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden gave them and other foreign powers an ongoing motive to intervene. Combined with fears the Protestant religion in general was threatened, what started as an internal dynastic dispute became a European conflict. The period from 1618 to 1635 was primarily a civil war within

13920-405: The area of the Mühlgraben inlet to renew the still-existing yard mill weir from 1569 below the Hegereiter bridge and to redesign the water inlet into the Mühlgraben (the keystone T. B. 1902 can be seen at the original location). The garden was given a wrought-iron fence, and after the road was moved to the left bank of the Weißeritz, it was partially extended to the river (some of it still exists) and

14080-516: The bakery on the Hofmühlen property by a transportation bridge. Following the construction of the Dresden-Werdau railway line in the area between 1923 and 1927, a tunnel was constructed to connect the two properties. After twenty years of laborious work, Bienert was able to purchase the Hofmühle for 150,000 thalers on May 1, 1872. This transaction paved the way for him to make further investments. In

14240-437: The bridge over the Weißeritz River, which is still visible with remnants of the tracks; immediately after the railroad bridge, the tracks branched off to the bread factory. Most of the track remains were removed in the 1990s, but short sections of track can still be seen in the yard. The body of one of the three sidecars, that of the Bienert sidecar 3301 built in 1921 and converted for these transports in 1926 (number according to

14400-457: The ceiling panels; and air pressure damage in the area of the boilers, generators, and mills. W. Arndt's report concluded: "The most important parts of the factory ... were substantially undamaged." One worker was killed. According to W. Arndt, at least the bread factory continued to operate until almost the end of the war. On May 8, 1945, the Red Army entered Dresden and took over the protection of

14560-515: The character and history of hard lofts. A commercial loft refers to upper storey space, usually in a commercial or industrial building with higher ceilings; a second storey area for storage or offices above may be added within the original space used by a previous business occupant, effectively becoming a mezzanine area within the commercial loft space. Such adaptation of loft space, can result in better operating efficiencies for ongoing light industrial, commercial and work/live use. A Live/work loft

14720-497: The company was renamed "Dresden Bread and Confectionery GmbH & Co. The Dresden company was bought by Lieken Urkorn from Achim as "frisch Back Dresden GmbH" with headquarters in Altplauen. Shortly after the takeover by Lieken, however, all parts of the company, including the Bienert bread factory (and thus also the headquarters of "frisch back"), were closed, partly demolished and the employees made redundant. The striking mill complex

14880-420: The company's social life - for example, there was a Bienert men's choir and an annual company party with a cultural theme, which was organized together with the management. Nevertheless, the daily working time for the millers was (at least) 12 hours, as in other mills of that time. His commitment to the community - including the provision of drinking water, public gas lighting, the solution of sewage problems, and

15040-749: The company. However, while Friedrich Bienert, who was still married to Gret Palucca at this time (until 1930), belonged to the German Democratic Party and supported both the CPG -affiliated Rote Hilfe Deutschlands and the "Society of Friends of the New Russia", his cousin Franz Herschel was already an active member of the NSDAP at this time and was dubbed the "Herrenreiter" by the workers behind closed doors due to his appearance. In 1934, both became managers of

15200-538: The construction was carried out by the Plauen-based company Gebrüder Fichtner and the concrete construction company Dyckerhoff & Widmann . The First World War initially halted the mill's success. The import of grain had almost come to a standstill and many workers were drafted. They "had to be replaced by people from outside the company, some of whom were less suitable", according to the records of W. Arndt, who later became chief engineer at Bienert-Mühlen. In 1915,

15360-472: The dangers associated with Ferdinand's fervent Catholicism, but supported his claim due to the lack of alternatives. On being elected king of Bohemia in May 1617, Ferdinand reconfirmed Protestant religious freedoms , but his record in Styria led to the suspicion he was only awaiting a chance to overturn them. These concerns were heightened after a series of legal disputes over property were all decided in favour of

15520-552: The defection of their German allies, who now sought to make peace with the Emperor. Swedish defeat at Nördlingen triggered direct French intervention and thus expanded the conflict rather than ending it. Richelieu provided the Swedes with new subsidies , hired mercenaries led by Bernard of Saxe-Weimar for an offensive in the Rhineland, and in May 1635 declared war on Spain, starting the 1635 to 1659 Franco-Spanish War . A few days later,

15680-472: The dismantling of the gasworks, another Bienert park was created on this site in 1905 ("Dölzschener Bienertpark"), which was also designed by the garden architect Max Bertram. Theodor Bienert donated 40,000 Reichsmark for this park. Both Bienert parks were renovated with EFRE funds in 2006, and the Dölzschner Bienertpark was expanded according to Bertram's original plans. A section of the building along

15840-469: The eastern part of the site, which were connected to the railroad after the construction of the Albertsbahn in 1855. In this way, purchased grain could be continuously ground and baked alongside the grain delivered by the farmers: The Bienertmühle thus became a commercial mill. In 1858, Bienert constructed the inaugural steam engine house situated to the north of the oil mill. This was done in order to ensure

16000-439: The electors were Catholic, and three were Protestant; if this balance changed, it would potentially result in the election of a Protestant emperor. When Ferdinand became king of Bohemia in 1617, he also gained control of its electoral vote; however, his conservative Catholicism made him unpopular with the predominantly Protestant nobility, who were also concerned about the erosion of their rights. These factors combined to bring about

16160-477: The empire. Attempts to negotiate a peaceful solution failed as the conflict in Germany became part of the wider struggle between France and their Habsburg rivals in Spain and Austria. In the June 1624 Treaty of Compiègne , France had agreed to subsidise the Dutch war against Spain for a minimum of three years, while in the December 1625 Treaty of The Hague , the Dutch and English agreed to finance Danish intervention in

16320-602: The end of 1630, their only new ally was the Administrator of Magdeburg, Christian William whose capital was under siege by Tilly. Despite the devastation inflicted by Imperial soldiers, Saxony and Brandenburg had their own ambitions in Pomerania, which clashed with those of Gustavus; previous experience also showed inviting external powers into the Empire was easier than getting them to leave. Gustavus put pressure on Brandenburg by sacking Küstrin and Frankfurt an der Oder , while

16480-478: The end of 2010 and the spring of 2012, the former grain silo, built in 1938/1939 on the north side of Altplauenstraße, was demolished; after preliminary work, it could not be used as a training facility for a climbing school . Other ideas for the building's use also failed, in part because of the high renovation costs. From 2006 to 2018, about 30 companies, including an organic food store, service providers, engineering firms, architects, creative businesses, as well as

16640-422: The entire business into public property . It now operated under the name "VEB Dresden Mills and Bread Factory". In 1975, the state reorganized the company. The "VEB Dresden Mills and Bread Factory" (i.e. the entire Bienert company including the port mill) was split up: The Bienert bread factory in Plauen became part of the "VE Bread Combine Dresden", the Bienert mill was now operated as "VEB Dresden Mills, Part I",

16800-408: The existence of Calvinism and restore Catholicism in areas where it had not been a significant presence for nearly a century. Well aware none of the princes involved would agree, Ferdinand used the device of an Imperial edict , once again asserting his right to alter laws without consultation. This new assault on "German liberties" ensured continuing opposition and undermined his previous success. At

16960-413: The fact that the new district no longer had its own fire station, a sprinkler system had to be installed in the mill. In order to provide the necessary amount of water and the required pressure, a fire-fighting water pond was built at Hoher Stein. However, Erwin Bienert donated 80,000 square meters of land and 30,000 Reichsmark to create a park ("Oberer Bienertpark") with a bastion ("Forsthausbastion") as

17120-534: The farm each year. In 1578 a forge was built next to the mill (demolished in 1878). The poor condition of the access roads, especially for the "bourgeois farmers", led to regular complaints and lawsuits. Frequent changes of ownership and flood damage since 1593 are also recorded. For example, in 1617 the " Hofmüller" Peter Junghans donated the baptismal font that still stands in the Church of the Resurrection, and around 1700

17280-409: The first kindergarten - was supplemented by numerous donations, e.g. for schoolbooks and teaching materials, the free provision of building land for new schools and the construction of the new town hall, the financing of bells, and the partial or full assumption of the costs of repairing or building an organ in the Church of the Resurrection. Orphans from Plauen and Eschdorf, his birthplace, each received

17440-424: The first of the four bread-baking lines in the bread factory was extended and replaced, and later a fifth was added as the entire production facilities were renewed over the years. Baking was carried out 24 hours a day in three shifts, as it had been before the ban on night baking was introduced in 1915. In 1989, production was around 80 to 85 tons per day (compared to around 45 tons per day in 1918). Photos show that

17600-451: The first wheat was delivered from the Soviet Union for processing for the population. Despite his well-known anti-Nazi stance, Friedrich Bienert fled with his wife in April 1945 behind American lines through Czechoslovakia to Regensburg . Franz Herschel was different: he stayed in Dresden and was arrested on July 15, 1945 as a Nazi economic leader. He died on a prisoner transport to Moscow at an undisclosed location. In 1946, Friedrich Bienert

17760-469: The following year, he constructed a second steam power station to the south of the oil mill (the chimney of which is a listed building and is still preserved). In 1873, the Reichspost also established a local post office in a building belonging to the Hofmühle, and the following year, a telegraph station was erected. In 1874, Bienert constructed the inaugural gas station , which enhanced the illumination of

17920-478: The forced administration of the mills was lifted and the two mills and the bread factory were returned to him and his family. However, he must have realized relatively soon after the founding of the GDR that it would be impossible to run the mills privately in the long term under its economic policies . In 1952, Friedrich Bienert finally fled to West Berlin, where he lived in modest circumstances until his death in 1969. By

18080-598: The growing militarisation of Germany in this period. In 1608, Frederick IV, Elector Palatine formed the Protestant Union , and Maximilian responded by setting up the Catholic League in July 1609. Both were created to support the dynastic ambitions of their leaders, but combined with the 1609 to 1614 War of the Jülich Succession , the result was to increase tensions throughout the empire. Some historians who see

18240-425: The key to his success was his business principle: "The level of production is determined only by demand, not by the performance of the machinery; the aim is to produce impeccable quality, not cheap mass production. In 1853, Bienert established the first bakery in the Bienertmühle, initially with three coal-fired ovens and rotary ovens. This was a first and significant step away from the previous contract milling (where

18400-472: The lands they passed through, regardless of whether they belonged to allies or opponents. In early 1628, Ferdinand deposed the hereditary Duke of Mecklenburg , and appointed Wallenstein in his place, an act which united all German princes in opposition, regardless of religion. This unity was undermined by Maximilian of Bavaria's desire to retain the Palatinate; as a result, the Catholic League argued only for

18560-439: The letter A, both of which commemorate the mill's patron. However, since the Bienertmühle was renovated after 2011, they are almost unrecognizable. The obligation to grind also had advantages for the farmers, because on the one hand the millrace of the court mill almost always had enough water, and on the other hand the miller was obliged to grind the grain brought in and received a fixed price for it (wage milling): Initially, this

18720-496: The level crossings and increase efficiency. Around 1910, the Dresden Main Station-Dresden-Plauen section was upgraded to four tracks. For the Bienertmühle site, however, these plans meant that expansion options were now limited. From then on, the Bienert brothers planned to build a new mill near the port, since much of the grain (especially durum wheat) was delivered by water. In 1902, streetcar service began on

18880-801: The main force down the Weser, Mansfeld would attack Wallenstein in Magdeburg , supported by forces led by Christian of Brunswick and Maurice of Hesse-Kassel . The advance quickly fell apart; Mansfeld was defeated at Dessau Bridge in April, and when Maurice refused to support him, Christian of Brunswick fell back on Wolfenbüttel , where he died of disease shortly after. The Danes were comprehensively beaten at Lutter in August, and Mansfeld's army dissolved following his death in November. Many of Christian's German allies, such as Hesse-Kassel and Saxony, had little interest in replacing Imperial domination with Danish, while few of

19040-404: The main sluice at Falkenstraße (renamed Zwickauer Straße the following year). Bienert took part in the negotiations and also assumed financial obligations for the community so that it could fulfill its contractual obligations to the City of Dresden (the so-called "Falkenstrasse Support Fund"). Bienert introduced roller milling in 1878. In the same year, he had a building erected at the north end of

19200-475: The mill and the municipality of Plauen. The elevated tank necessary for this is still visible today, although in a state of disrepair, situated above an allotment site on Schleiermacherstrasse in the direction of Hoher Stein. In 1877, the municipality of Plauen succeeded in reorganizing the sewerage and contracted with the City of Dresden to discharge all wastewater (including that from the Bienert Mill) through

19360-402: The mill at night (Paschky-/Ecke Tharandter Straße, currently the site of a petrol station). This facility also supplied gas for street lighting in the village of Plauen, which was first activated on October 19, 1874. In 1875, a telegraph station was established, which was accessible to the general public. In 1875 and 1876, he constructed his own waterworks and installed drinking water pipes for

19520-516: The mill that were not needed for this purpose were destroyed. Only the armistice, which came into force at the end of September and led to the Treaty of Altranstädt , prevented even greater damage. In 1809 and 1813 ( Battle of Dresden ) the then leaseholder suffered from the Napoleonic battles for Dresden. In spite of the compulsory grinding, the Hofmühle was exposed to increased competition, especially from

19680-629: The mill's century-old operation had already come to an end during the GDR era. After reunification in 1990, the two Bienert mills, together with the Freital Egermühle, were transformed by the Treuhand into the "Dresdener Mühlen GmbH". During the ultimately successful negotiations with the Plange mills and Wilh. Werhahn KG as their owners, it became clear that only the Bienert Hafenmühle could be retained as

19840-407: The mill's independence from the fluctuating water supply of the Weißeritz, which was dependent on the season and, in some cases, the time of day. The introduction of steam operation for the mill was thus a means of supplementing the water power drive. This was followed in 1861 by the implementation of hydraulic oil press operation for the oil mill. This also augmented the capacity of the oil mill, which

20000-526: The miller only received a portion of the flour) towards the bread exchange, which Bienert had already introduced in 1847 in his mill and bakery in Eschdorf: the farmers who delivered their grain immediately received a quantity of bread corresponding to the amount delivered. This had the advantage for the farmers that they were relieved of their own baking work, they could leave the mill immediately (so they did not have to wait for their grain to be ground), and Bienert

20160-478: The next 50 years the expansion of Protestantism beyond these boundaries destabilised the settlement. However, while differences over religion and Imperial authority were important factors in causing the war, some contemporary commentators suggest its scope and extent were driven by the contest for European dominance between Habsburg -ruled Spain and Austria , and the French House of Bourbon . Its outbreak

20320-466: The night baking ban was introduced, which meant that no baking was allowed between seven in the evening and seven in the morning. For the bread factory's new two-shift operation, the twelve-hour shift system that had been in place until then was replaced by an eight-hour shift system. After World War I, the political changes did not leave the Bienert mills unscathed, even though the Bienert name had always stood for social commitment. According to one report,

20480-405: The oldest individual monuments in Dresden, shows the electoral swords with the Saxon rhombus on the left and three lions under a crown on the right. The latter are taken from the Danish imperial coat of arms and refer to Electress Anne , Augustus' wife, who was instrumental in the economic development of Saxony as a promoter of agriculture. Between the coats of arms are two intertwined monograms with

20640-423: The one hand used a rough tone of voice, but on the other hand attached great importance to accuracy. But Pleißner was also the man who was hailed as a pioneer of modern technology. Nevertheless, the desire to strike was never as pronounced in Bienert's mills as it was, for example, in the Dresden metal industry. In 1923, work began on raising the railroad in the Plauen area, which was completed in 1927. This prompted

20800-421: The opportunity to build up a certain amount of wealth. As early as 1855, he established a savings bank for them with favorable interest rates, followed by a widows' fund, a health insurance fund (more than ten years before Bismarck's social legislation), in 1883 a " children's nursery" ( kindergarten , Nöthnitzer Str. 4), which still exists today, and in 1887 a pension and assistance fund, which continued to exist as

20960-407: The passages were closed to the public. On January 1, 1903, Plauen was incorporated into Dresden. In this context, the Bienerts sold the gasworks to the city of Dresden for 900,000 Reichsmark and the waterworks for 450,000 Reichsmark. After the incorporation of Plauen into Dresden, the Dresden fire department was now responsible for fire-fighting. In the course of improving fire protection and due to

21120-637: The post-1555 expansion of Protestantism into areas previously designated as Catholic. Another factor was the growth of Protestant faiths not recognised by Augsburg, especially Calvinism , which was viewed with hostility by both Lutherans and Catholics. The Peace of Augsburg also gave individual rulers within the empire greater political autonomy and control over the religion practised in their domains, while weakening central authority. Conflict over economic and political objectives frequently superseded religion, with Lutheran Saxony , Denmark–Norway and Sweden competing with each other and Calvinist Brandenburg over

21280-492: The present Hofmühle, today roughly along Agnes-Smedley-Straße, were demolished and the brothers were compensated with the two official mills in Tharandt in 1573. The mill race, which still partially existed, provided the mill with a usable gradient of 7.6 meters with an average water flow of 2.5 cubic meters of water per second. The electoral coat of arms in the courtyard is a reminder of this old court mill. The relief stone, one of

21440-474: The principle of cuius regio, eius religio . This designated individual states as either Lutheran , then the most usual form of Protestantism, or Catholic, based on the religion of their ruler. Other provisions protected substantial religious minorities in cities like Donauwörth , and confirmed Lutheran ownership of property taken from the Catholic Church since Passau. These agreements were undermined by

21600-492: The property, which extended along the Mühlgraben to the Hegereiterhaus near the Hegereiter bridge, was laid out as a garden. In 1866, Bienert purchased the adjacent Heger estate to the east. While the estate buildings were initially preserved until 1912, they were subsequently converted into a bakery, with the construction of a flour store in the courtyard. This was subsequently expanded into a floor and silo store, connected to

21760-406: The railroad silo of the Bienertmühle from 1928 was demolished after 1945 without replacement. In 1988, a dust explosion occurred in the mill, which led to a relatively quickly extinguished fire in the mill's 1930s technology. The mill was subsequently shut down. It is currently impossible to determine whether the mill was restarted in 1990, when ownership was transferred to the Treuhand, or whether

21920-423: The residential buildings Altplauen No. 11-15, which also belonged to the former Hegersche Gut, had to be demolished for the construction. The striking building with the clock tower was built between 1913 and 1918 in reinforced concrete at the entrance to Schleiermacherstraße. It housed several baking ovens, bread rooms, and warehouses and sheds for the company's fleet of vehicles. The architect was Carl Schümichen, and

22080-491: The resources needed to achieve this. Spanish involvement inevitably drew in the Dutch, and potentially France , although the strongly Catholic Louis XIII of France faced his own Protestant rebels at home and refused to support them elsewhere. The revolt also provided opportunities for external opponents of the Habsburgs, including the Ottoman Empire and Savoy . Funded by Frederick and Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy ,

22240-525: The roof accessed via a staircase. Lofts may have a specific purpose, e.g. an organ loft in a church , or to sleep in (sleeping loft). In barns a hayloft is often larger than the ground floor, since it would store a year's worth of hay. An attic or loft can often be converted to form a functional living accommodation (see Loft conversions in the United Kingdom ). In modern Norwegian and in English, "loft"

22400-407: The sail as the canvas is marked and cut ready for sewing. Some churches have a choir loft , where the singers stand or sit during services. Sometimes the church organ is located in an organ loft, which may or may not have space for musicians apart from the organist. Churches may also contain triforiums with projecting watching-lofts. It is fairly common to convert all or part of a home into

22560-613: The same time, his Spanish allies were reluctant to antagonise German Protestants as their war in the Spanish Netherlands had now shifted in favour of the Dutch Republic. The financial predicament of the Spanish Crown steadily deteriorated in the 1620s, particularly after the Dutch West India Company captured their treasure fleet at Matanzas in 1628. The War of the Mantuan Succession further diverted Spanish resources from

22720-814: The same time, the strategic importance of the Spanish Road to their war in the Netherlands, and its proximity to the Palatinate, drew in the Spanish. When an army led by Córdoba occupied the Lower Palatinate in October 1619, James I responded to this attack on his son-in-law. English naval forces were sent to threaten Spanish possessions in the Americas and the Mediterranean , while James announced he would declare war if Spanish troops were not withdrawn by spring 1621. These actions were primarily designed to placate his opponents in Parliament , who considered his pro-Spanish policy

22880-428: The subsidies agreed to by the Treaty of The Hague were ever paid. Charles I of England allowed Christian to recruit up to 9,000 Scottish mercenaries, but they took time to arrive, and while able to slow Wallenstein's advance were insufficient to stop him. By the end of 1627, Wallenstein occupied Mecklenburg , Pomerania , and Jutland , and began making plans to construct a fleet capable of challenging Danish control of

23040-450: The suburb of Radeberg. In 1895, a technical innovation was the introduction of a rotating coal-fired oven. In 1897, on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the purchase of the mill and three years after the death of the founder, Theodor and Erwin Bienert published a commemorative volume documenting, among other things, the efficiency of the mill and the bakery. The mill now included a wheat and rye mill, an oil factory with oil refinery and

23200-486: The time of nationalization, the state's share in the Bienert mills had risen from 58.3% (1967) to 72.3% (final balance on April 23, 1972) as a result of investments. The profits of the private owners living in West Germany were paid into blocked accounts and thus remained in the GDR. Exactly 100 years to the day after Traugott Bienert bought the Hofmühle, the GDR expropriated the Bienert family on May 1, 1972 and transferred

23360-527: The village of Plauen and its surroundings as his headquarters. He lived in the Hofmühle from the end of February to March 10, 1643.During the Great Northern War , the Swedes approached Dresden in mid-September 1706 and established themselves in Plauen, where the Hofmühle became their headquarters. They confiscated the flour stored there and intended for the citizens of Dresden, requisitioned the grain stored there and had it ground for themselves. The wheels of

23520-455: The war as primarily a European conflict argue Jülich marks its beginning, with Spain and Austria backing the Catholic candidate, France and the Dutch Republic the Protestant. External powers became involved in what was an internal German dispute due to the imminent expiry of the 1609 Twelve Years' Truce , which suspended the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Dutch Republic. Before restarting hostilities, Ambrosio Spinola , commander in

23680-465: Was classified as an opponent of the Nazi regime because of his "demonstrable anti-fascist stance ... and support of membership in the 'Rote Hilfe'" and returned to Dresden in November 1946 after several requests. He lived in part of the Bienert Villa in the Hofmühle, where a rehearsal and concert room was set up for his second wife, the concert pianist Branka Musulin . However, it was not until November 1948 that

23840-408: Was connected to a sawmill with one, later two, and four grinding gears. It was purchased by the Dresden cloth makers at this time and converted into a fulling mill . Persistent border disputes between the Dresden clothmakers' guild and the municipality of Plauen occupied the ducal governments on several occasions between 1487 and 1528, so that the mill can be documented throughout history. In 1541, it

24000-402: Was enlarged in 1936 ("New Wheat Mill"). In 1938/1939 the silo building with a storage capacity of 5000 tons was built north of the Altplauen road (demolished in 2012). With the exception of the demolition of the railway silo after 1945, these were the last external changes until 1990. In 1925, a "test baking line" was set up in the bread factory, which existed until the end of the bread factory and

24160-581: Was finally removed in the 1970s. In the following year, the Elector had the purchased mill demolished, purchased various additional plots of land, and, at a cost of 8,336 guilders, had a court mill built "in princely splendor," i.e., with 16 grinding gears, by 1571. This was not the only court mill in the country. In 1521, Duke Georg the Bearded constructed a court mill on the Weißeritzmühlgraben, in proximity to

24320-439: Was forced to lift the siege on 4 August, but three weeks later, Christian suffered another defeat at Wolgast . He began negotiations with Wallenstein, who despite his recent victories was concerned by the prospect of Swedish intervention, and thus anxious to make peace. With Austrian resources stretched by the outbreak of the War of the Mantuan Succession , Wallenstein persuaded Ferdinand to agree with relatively lenient terms in

24480-466: Was held by a small English garrison under Sir Horace Vere . The remnants of Mansfeld's army took refuge in the Dutch Republic, as did Frederick, who spent most of his time in The Hague until his death in November 1632. At a meeting of the Imperial Diet in February 1623, Ferdinand forced through provisions transferring Frederick's titles, lands, and electoral vote to Maximilian. He did so with support from

24640-502: Was killed. Ferdinand turned once again to Wallenstein, who realised Gustavus was overextended and established himself at Fürth , from where he could threaten his supply lines. This led to the Battle of the Alte Veste in late August, one of the largest battles of the war. An assault on the Imperial camp outside the town was bloodily repulsed, arguably the greatest blunder committed by Gustavus during his German campaign. Two months later,

24800-399: Was one mead for each bushel of flour (16 meads equaled one bushel), and in 1640 it was increased to a quarter for the court mill. He was unable to make any additional profit from the continuing hardship in the villages. Since the farmers had to travel long distances, the tenant of the mill was also granted the privilege of serving beer, in return for which he had to deliver a number of pigs to

24960-429: Was primarily engaged in the production of rapeseed and linseed oil , from 1.25 tons of seed per day in 1852 to 15 tons. However, as a tenant, Bienert was required to obtain permission from the tax authorities. In 1863, Traugott Bienert constructed a villa for himself and his family on the neighboring plot. The most striking feature of the villa was a large clock located in the gable facing the Hofmühle. The remainder of

25120-416: Was relieved of the obligation to feed the waiting people. He was awarded the "Silver Medal of Merit for Agriculture" for this innovation in 1849 and immediately implemented it at the Hofmühle. However, unlike after 1866, the bakery was initially located on the north side of Altplauen Street (these houses were demolished in 1938 when the grain silo was built). As early as 1853, he replaced the water wheels with

25280-399: Was threatened with extensive demolition in the 1990s. A Munich-based investor purchased the complex and planned extensive new construction. The mill, now a listed building, and the Bienert villa were to be demolished. This did not happen, however, due in part to restitution claims by the Bienert heirs. Through various intermediaries, a foundation was successfully registered as the owner. After

25440-526: Was to re-open the Spanish Road for their campaign against the Dutch, the focus of the war now shifted from the north to the Rhineland and Bavaria. Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria , new Governor of the Spanish Netherlands, raised an army of 18,000 in Italy, which met up with an Imperial force of 15,000 at Donauwörth on 2 September 1634. Four days later, they won a decisive victory at Nördlingen which destroyed Swedish power in Southern Germany and led to

25600-399: Was used for quality assurance and improvement. In December 1927, the next generation of the family took over the company: The brothers Erwin and Theodor Bienert handed over the management of the company to Friedrich Bienert (1891-1969), a grandson of the founder and son of Erwin Bienert and his wife Ida, and to Dr. Franz Herschel, a son-in-law of Theodor Bienert. Both had previously worked for

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