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112-745: The Musa Abokor are one of the largest sub-divisions of the Habr Je'lo clan family. They inhabit the Togdheer , Sahil , Sanaag and Sool regions of Somaliland . They exclusively dominate the Aynabo district in Sool and El Afweyn district in Sanaag, as well as reside the provincial capital of Erigavo .Also they are well resided the provincial capital of Burao togdheer They are also present in Isiolo , Kenya , where they form part of

224-525: A Somali religious leader belonging to the Yeesif sub-division. On 2 July, Sheikh Bashir collected 25 of his followers in the town of Wadamago and transported them on a lorry to the vicinity of Burao , where he distributed arms to half of his followers. On the evening of 3 July the group entered Burao and opened fire on the police guard of the central prison in the city, which was filled with prisoners arrested for previous demonstrations. The group also attacked

336-739: A modus vivendi with the Isaaq and intermarried with them. In his book The Galla in Northern Somaliland Ioan Lewis states : The southwards expansion of the Somali from the shores of the Gulf of Aden still continues despite the establishment of international frontiers and Administrative control. It is very evident in the Northern Province of Kenya, and in the British Protectorate

448-536: A 3000 strong army that consisted of Habr Yunis, Habr Je'lo and Dhulbahante warriors and pursued the fleeing Dervishes. They attacked Muhammad Abdallah Hassan and his army in the Ogaden region and swiftly defeated them, causing Muhammad to flee to the town of Imi . Haji and his army looted 60,000 livestock and 700 rifles from the dervishes, which dealt a severe blow to them economically, a blow from which they did not recover. Territorial expansion During this period

560-522: A Yeesif counterattack, decided one last attack on the Yeesif would finally win them this long war and allow them to conquer Karin. The Adan Madoba assembled hundreds of horsemen led by Mohamed Ismail (nicknamed Qaaje Guray ) for one final offensive on the Yeesif still in Karin. Days before the attack Qaaje Gurey presented his tribesmen three options; to either attack Karin, a majority Yeesif town but also inhabited by

672-532: A Yeesif tribal soldier came upon a man of the Adan Madoba named Halil who was captured by Yeesif tribesmen. Dirir recited this poem before killing him; Haliiloow geddoontaye haddaad aakhiro u guurto Waxba hays galluubine ragbaad garabsanaysaaye Haddaad guurtidii Yeesif iyo odayadii gaadho Karin gubay annana goosannoo nala gumaadyeey dheh Gadabuursi iyo baa na helay gacan Ogaadeen dheh Sidii gaaladii bay warmaa nagu garaaceen dheh O Halil, when you move to

784-468: A branch of the Haber el Jahleh, at present hold possession of Kurrum, and between them and the tribes to windward there exists a most bitter and irreconcilable feud, the consequence of sundry murders perpetrated about five years since at Kurrum, and which hitherto have not been avenged. With the conflict still raging, in 1871 the Adan Madoba, on the verge of turning the Yeesif to extinct, and after losing 19 men to

896-448: A detailed description of the tombs in 1931. In his article Macfayden only identified Sultan Nur's tomb by name out of the four dervish entombed in Taleh: "South of the main cave-well is the considerable tomb of Abdullah Hasan senior, well plastered inside and out; it is now said to be empty. Adjoining this on the west is a walled garden with massive gateway and guard-house; the rest of the wall

1008-477: A large domed tomb in Taleh, his tomb predated the later dervish forts. His white tomb in the dervish capital is a testimony to his contribution to the movement. Few dervish founders are commemorated in Taleh, numbering only four. William Archibald Macfadyen , a British geologist and the only scholar to study the structures of Taleh fort, mentioned the handful of tombs constructed by the dervish for their leaders and gave

1120-498: A large supply of frankincense from the trees south in the mountains near port town of Heis . This trade was lucrative and with gum and skins being traded in high quantity, Arab and Indian merchants would visit these ports early in the season to get these goods cheaper than at Berbera or Zeyla before continuing westwards along the Somali coast. During the British Somaliland period the recorded statistics of Heis show it as

1232-535: A leader alongside Maydh in the east with hundreds of thousands of hides and being the leading exporter of tanned skins with 16,000 reaching Berbera taken by Habr Je'lo traders by dhow. Heis also exported a large quantity of skins and sheep to Aden as well as imported a significant amount of goods from both the Arabian coast and western Somali ports, reaching nearly 2 million rupees by 1903. John Hanning Speke , an English explorer who made an exploratory expedition to

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1344-456: A lineage of remarkable figures who stood at the forefront of anti-colonial resistance. Among them, Deria Arale , Haji Sudi , Michael Mariano , Sheikh Bashir , Ibrahim Boghol , Farah Omar , and Abdullahi Shihiri shine as beacons of defiance against colonial oppression. Their valorous actions and unwavering commitment to sovereignty and autonomy left an indelible mark on the struggle for independence. From Deria Arale 's strategic leadership to

1456-454: A message to religious figures in the town of Erigavo and called on them to revolt and join the rebellion he led. The religious leaders as well as the people of Erigavo heeded his call, and mobilized a substantial number of people in Erigavo armed with rifles and spears and staged a revolt. The British authorities responded rapidly and severely, sending reinforcements to the town and opening fire on

1568-761: A military faction known as Soocane. The faction was led by Kite Fiqi , a military leader and poet belonging to the Reer Yoonis sub-division of the Musa Abokor. The Habr Je’lo were one of the first clans in the Somaliland Protectorate to revolt against the Colonial government between the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Among their prominent anti-colonial ideologues during the Dervish period were Deria Arale , Deria Gure, Abdallah Shihiri , Ibrahim Boghol and Haji Sudi ,

1680-673: A palisade in memory of his great merits. Hersi Aman is remembered for his successful conquests and expansion of Garhajis territory in the Haud . His reign was abruptly ended when he was killed in a battle against the kindred Baha Sugulleh. Ismail Mire in his famous poem Ragow Kibirka Waa Lagu Kufaa (Pride Comes Before a Fall) comments on Hersi's conquests, pride and desire to rule. Kaysaha adduun Ina Ammaan koos dhan buu helaye Ragba keeno geli buu is-yidhi waad u korraysaaye Isba kii arsaa’ilay ma filin kamana yaabayne Ragow kibirka waa lagu kufaa kaa ha la ogaado With worldly pride Ina Ammaan gained

1792-523: A second "fantasia," in which fully two hundred warriors were engaged. It was the best and most characteristic thing of the kind I had ever seen. A procession was first formed in the river's bed, and on a given signal all dashed off, brandishing their spears and shields. Dressed in tobes of many colours, and sitting loosely on their gaily-caparisoned horses, they engaged in mimic contest with spear and shield, reining their horses upon their haunches when at full gallop, and with wild shouts flinging their spears into

1904-644: A whole land Let all men put the horse's bit in their mouths He said to himself ‘You are on top’ But he didn't expect the one who killed him and was taken by surprise Oh men. Pride comes before a fall. Let that be known Dual Sultans Era After the death of Sultan Hersi Aman , the Baha Deria and Baha Makahil sections of the Sugulle dynasty vied for the Sultanship, which divided the Habr Yunis clan into two factions,

2016-492: Is not more than 5 feet high and plastered. There are still odd bushes and signs of cultivation to be seen, but the comparatively deep well in the middle is dry. To the east lies a row of four tombs. The most northerly is that of oneSoldan Nur of the Habr Yunis tribe; the next two, neither being plastered.and the first with the top left unfinished, are those of Hawiya notables whosenames my Somalis did not know. The most southerly tomb

2128-569: Is now the tract of country occupied by the Habr Toljaala tribe, a great Somali queen called Arawailo, who was greatly feared by her people owing to her eccentricities. Arawailo lived at a place called Murihi, so the story goes, for little save a huge mound of stones, under which she is said to lie buried, now marks the capital of her ancient kingdom. Towards the end of her life Arawailo began to show marked favour towards her own sex and great animosity towards her male subjects. The Habr Toljaala derived

2240-561: Is performed annually both within Somaliland and in the diaspora particularly in the Middle East among Isaaq expatriates. Within the Isaaq clan, the Habar Je'lo or Musa Sheikh Isaaq sub-entity holds a dialect of the Somali language in the highest esteem, cherishing it as a symbol of their heritage and identity. In the annals of Somali history, the Habar Je'lo clan in Somaliland proudly boasts

2352-454: Is proposed they fly via Perim, confining sea crossing to 12 miles. We propose to inflict fine of 2,500 camels on implicated sections, who are practically isolated and demand surrender of man who killed Gibbs. He is known. Fine to be doubled in failure to comply with latter conditions and aeroplanes to be used to bomb stock on grazing grounds. Sir Winston Churchill reporting on the Burao incident at

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2464-574: Is that of aman of the Habr Jaalo tribe. The isolated tomb still farther east is that of'AbdullahHasan's mother. All the tombs are provided with narrow but very massive wooden doors, swinging about vertical extensions from top and baseof one side." After the Bombing campaign of the Taleh fort and the Dervish retreat into Ethiopia, Tribal Chief Haji Mohammad Bullaleh (Haji the Hyena), a cousin of Sultan Nur, commanded

2576-441: Is to inform you that you have done whatever you have desired, and oppressed our well-known religion without any cause. Further, to inform you that whatever people bring to you they are liars and slanderers. Further, to inform you that Mahomed, your Akil, came to ask from us the arms we therefore, send you this letter. Now choose for yourself; if you want war we accept it, if you want peace pay the fine. September 1, 1899. According to

2688-483: The Dir or Sada .Shiekh Isxaaq married two local women in Somaliland that left him eight sons, one of them being Abdulrahman (Awal). The descendants of those eight sons constitute the Isaaq clan-family. The Habr Je’lo coastal settlements and ports, stretching from Siyara in the west to Heis (Xiis) in the east, were important to trade and communication with the Somali interior. While the settlements were not as significant as

2800-670: The House of Commons : On 25th February the Governor of Somaliland telegraphed that an affray between tribesmen had taken place at Burao on the previous day, in the course of which Captain Allan Gibb, D.S.O., D.C.M., the District Commissioner at Burao, had been shot dead. Captain Gibb had advanced with his interpreter to quell the disturbance, when 1954 fire was opened upon him by some riflemen, and he

2912-686: The Isaaq Sultanate and Habr Yunis Sultanate since the 18th century. As descendants of Ismail bin Sheikh Isaaq , its members form a part of the Habar Magaadle confederation, and they constitute one of the largest sub-clans of the Isaaq . The Garhajis are divided into two major sub-clans: the Habr Yunis ( Sa'īd Ismail ) and Eidagale ( Da'ud Isma'īl ). They are traditionally nomadic pastoralists , merchants and skilled poets . The Garhajis inhabit

3024-767: The Isaaq Sultanate which was established by the Rer Guled branch of the Eidagale after the Isaaq successfully defeated the Absame clan at Lafaruug in the 17th century. With time the Habr Yunis and later the Habr Awal and Arap would break from the Isaaq Sultanate. In 1831, the Yeesif, a sub-subtribe of the Mohamed Abokor, was in control of the historic trading port town of Karin . A multitude of other tribes were also present in

3136-751: The Mudug region of Somalia . Historically, the Garhajis took part in the conquest of Abyssinia and were part of the Adal Sultanate and are mentioned in the book Futuh Al-Habash (Conquest of Abyssinia) as the Habar Magaadle . The Habar Magaadle consist of the Habar Yunis , Eidagale , Habar Awal , Arap and Ayub clans. The Habar Magaadle are known for producing a historical figure known as Ahmad Gurey bin Husain who

3248-683: The Nile Valley . Ancient edifices have also been found in Heis. According to traditional Somali folklore, Arawelo , a legendary proto-Somali queen who is said to have established a matriarchal society, was based in lands inhabited by the Habr Je'lo, specifically a place called Murihi in the Togdheer region. Ralph E. Drake-Brockman was one of the first Western researchers to publish an account of Arawelo, in his 1912 book British Somaliland he states: The story says that thousands of years ago there lived in what

3360-605: The ( Somali : Habr Habusheed/Habeshat ) confederation along with the Ibran , Sanbuur and Tolje’lo. The Habr Je'lo are divided into five further sub-tribes: the Mohamed Abokor , Musa Abokor , Samane Abokor, Reer dood and Omar. Historically, the Mohamed Abokor , Samane Abokor and Reer dood are chiefly nomadic pastoralists , whereas the Musa Abokor and Omar obtained much of their wealth via their frankincense plantations in

3472-456: The 1st century CE. "Two days' sail, or three, beyond Malao is the market-town of Mundus, where the ships lie at anchor more safely behind a projecting island close to the shore. There are imported into this place the things previously set forth, and from it likewise are exported the merchandise already stated, and the incense called mocrotu. And the traders living here are more quarrelsome." A large collection of cairns of various types lie near

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3584-563: The Aden market pass but one night at sea, whilst those from Berbera are generally three. What greatly enhances the value of Kurrum however is its proximity to the country of the Dulbahanta, who approach within four days of Kurrum, and who therefore naturally have their chief trade through that port. The Buur Dhaab range has also historically been a junction for trade caravans coming from eastern Somaliland on their way to Berbera port, passing through

3696-419: The Aden market pass but one night at sea, whilst those from Berbera are generally three. What greatly enhances the value of Kurrum however is its proximity to the country of the Dulbahanta, who approach within four days of Kurrum, and who therefore naturally have their chief trade through that port. During the early to mid 19th century the Musa Abokor, along with other sub-divisions of the Habr Je'lo, were part of

3808-473: The Aden market: The last branch of the Western tribes is the Haber el Jahleh, who possess the sea-ports from Seyareh to the ruined village of Rukudah, and as far as the town of Heis. Of these towns, Kurrum is the most important, from its possessing a tolerable harbour, and from its being the nearest point from Aden, the course to which place is N.N.W., consequently the wind is fair, and the boats laden with sheep for

3920-424: The Aden market: “The last branch of the Western tribes is the Haber el Jahleh, who possess the sea-ports from Seyareh to the ruined village of Rukudah, and as far as the town of Heis. Of these towns, Kurrum is the most important, from its possessing a tolerable harbour, and from its being the nearest point from Aden, the course to which place is N.N.W., consequently the wind is fair, and the boats laden with sheep for

4032-531: The Baha Ainanshe. The etymology of the name Ainanshe originates from the word Ainan which in Somali means the horse's reins , when suffixed with she it takes on the meaning of one who is holding the reins, leading and guiding from disaster. Ainanshe's tomb is located to the south of Burao in the town of Jameecada Caynaanshe near the Oodweyne district border. Enrico Baudi i Vesme who visited Burao in 1889 met

4144-522: The Baha Deria faction led by Guled Haji crowned Awad Deria a surviving son of the Sultan Deria Sugulleh . The Bah Makahil crowned Nur Ahmed Aman a young Mullah and nephew of Hersi Aman. Nur was initially uneasy and preferred his life as a Mullah rather than being the Sultan designate. The Habr Yunis were not interrupted by the British Somaliland protectorate which had been established in 1884 and

4256-666: The Baha Deria leading I conflict still not being completely resolved. The Bah Makahil maintain a well respected pretender although the current Sultan Osman Ali Madar of the Baha Deria is considered as the Sultan of the Habr Yunis. The Habr Yunis exercised real power over Zeila and its adjacent regions and had established themselves as a coastal power, with Sharmarke Ali Saleh (Musa Arreh) solidifying and consolidating his power in governing Zeila , Berbera and Tadjoura . In 1841 Sharmarke with fifty Matchlock men, two cannons and an army of mounted spearmen managed to invade Zeila and depose its Arab Governor, Mohammed Al Barr. Sharmarke used

4368-609: The British War Office, the Ahmed Farah, Rer Yusuf and Adan Madoba Habr Je'lo sub-tribes were among the first to join the Dervish rebellion. Haji Sudi, along with Mohammed Abdullah Hassan and Sultan Nur led the first Dervish forces against the British at Samala, Ferdidin, Erigo and Gumburu. Moreover, the coastal Habr Je'lo sub-tribes provided significant armaments to the Dervish forces in the interior. Before sending troops to confront

4480-691: The British in multiple battles between 1901 and 1904, the colonial forces failed to in their efforts to apprehend Sudi, Arale, Gure and their fellow Dervishes. Gabriel Ferrand, the Vice-Consul of France following these events observed that: Neither the Mahdi nor his chief adviser Ahmed Warsama, better known under the name Haji Sudi, nor the Sultan Nur, leader of the Habr Younis sub-tribe were killed or captured. The optimism of Colonel Sadler and Lieutenant-Colonel Swayne in

4592-511: The Colonial government between the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Among their prominent anti-colonial ideologues during the Dervish period were Deria Arale , Deria Gure, Abdallah Shihiri , Ibrahim Boghol and Haji Sudi , the latter is credited for importing Dervish customs into the Somali peninsula as well as being one of the original founders of the Somali Dervish Movement. Moreover, the Habr Je'lo played an influential role after

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4704-672: The Dervish at Samala, Consul-General Hayes Sadler gave the following instructions to the commander Eric John Eagles Swayne: In the unlikely event of the Mullah offering to surrender, in his case and that of the Following: Haji Sudi, Deria Arale, Deria Gure Only an unconditional surrender should be accepted no guarantee of any kind to future treatment been given. Sultan Nur, the Sultan of the Habr Yunis, may be guaranteed his life. J. Hayes-Sadler, His Britannic Majesty's Consul-General, Somali Coast Protectorate. Aden April 11, 1901. Although facing

4816-652: The Dervish forces in the interior.The Musa Abokor also made up a significant part of the Dervish forces, with a force of 2,000 Sa'ad Yunis and Uduruhmin Dervishes led by Ibrahim Boghol laying siege to Las Khorey , the capital of the Warsangeli , in retaliation for the Warsangeli raiding the Dervish fort in Jidali . Ibrahim's forces captured the eastern portion of the town, killing many Warsangeli fighters. The force managed to surround

4928-551: The French agent at Jeddah , a house in Zeila, citing "how easily an Agency becomes a fort", and preferring "a considerable loss to the presence of dangerous friends". Sections of the Habr Yunis once again clashed with the British in 1922 after a heavy tax was imposed upon them at Burao, the Hersi Osman clan revolted in opposition to the tax and this caused them to clash with other sections of

5040-548: The Garhajis gained much new territory in the Haud region. These battles are today known as the Rayyad or Guba Wars. It was a volatile era that gave birth to some of the best known Somali poetry. Historian Siegbert Uhlig commenting on the Guba poem writes the following: From a historical point of view Ali dhuhs poem explicitly details the large gains in traditionally Ogaden territory and wells, and

5152-511: The Habar Je'lo clan, also known as Musa Sheikh Ishaaq, emerges as a distinguished sub-clan within the broader Ishaaq clan family. Their lineage, traced back to the esteemed Sheikh Ishaaq Bin Ahmed (Sheikh Ishaaq) from Arabia , is woven intricately with a history of heritage and honour. Legend has it that Sheikh Ishaaq, upon his arrival in the 12th or 13th century, settled in the serene town of Harar in modern-day eastern Ethiopia. There, he wedded into

5264-514: The Habar Magadle with the Eidagal . The other Ahmad is simply referred to as 'Imam Ahmad' or simply the 'Imam'.This Ahmad is not qualified by the adjective Somali (...) The two Ahmad's have been conflated into one figure, the heroic Ahmed Guray Some descendants of the Habr Yunis knights who participated in the conquest still inhabit regions west of Harar near Hirna . Ulrich Braukämper in A History of

5376-437: The Habr Yunis and the British colonial government. In the ensuing riot and shootout between the British and Hersi Osman, Captain Allan Gibb, a Dervish war veteran and district commissioner, was shot and killed. The British fearing they could not contain the revolt requested from Sir Winston Churchill , then Secretary of State for the Colonies , to send troops from Aden and Airplane bombers in order to bomb Burao and livestock of

5488-449: The Habr Yuunis and Garjeeda. Preserving bonds of interethnic clan relations with the Somali inhabited region...the Habr Yuunis from the vicinity of Hirna in Carcar joined the exodus to the west at the time of Amir Nur and occupied an area suitable for livestock-breeding east of Lake Zay. The sultanate was founded by the Rer Ainanshe sub branch of the Habr Yunis. The clan takes its name from their 18th century Patriarch Ainanshe Hersi who

5600-450: The Hadiyya in Southern Ethiopia states : Amongst the troops recruited from the eastern pans of the Horn of Africa for the Jihad , warriors of Somali descent occasionally stayed in the conquered territories of the west and settled in the principalities of Hadiyya, Sarha and Bale. In present-day Arsi land there are still sporadic recollections of these Ogaadeen peoples. Occasionally they are still identifiable by their ethnic origin, like

5712-418: The Isaaq now appear to be pushing outside the territory at the expense of the Darod into the Ogaden and Haud. The Habr Yunis advance into Ogaden territory was eventually halted by the intervention of the British protectrate authorities with assistance from the Ethiopian Empire, who considered the Ogaden their subjects and whose safety was their priority. In one incident the Habar Yunis looted 1330 camels from

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5824-436: The Isaaq successfully defeated the Absame clan at Lafaruug in the 17th century. With time the Habr Yunis and later the Habr Awal and Habr Je'lo would break from the Isaaq Sultanate with the Habr Yunis forming their own Sultanate led by Sugulle the son of the previous Habr Yunis Chieftain, Ainanshe Hersi . The Sultan Deria Sugulleh would establish his capital at Wadhan (Waram) near the Sheikh pass and tax and administer

5936-407: The Isahakia community. Major sub-divisions of the clan include the Bi'iide, Reer Yoonis, Uduruhmiin, Bahmajeelo, Buraale Yoonis, Mahamed Bare and Ali Barre. Members of the subclan are descendants of Musa Abokor, the great-great-great-grandson of Sheikh Ishaaq bin Ahmed . The full name of the subclan is Mūsa ibn Abū Bakr ibn Jibrīl ibn Abū Bakr ibn Mūsa ibn ash-Shaykh Ishaaq ibn Aḥmad . Historically,

6048-419: The Laba Gardai or Bah Lardis pass located within the range. The Habr Je'lo have historically acted as the guardians of this pass, receiving dues in exchange for guaranteed safety through Buur Dhaab: The Habr Toljaala are a powerful tribe, and make it a point of honour that caravans shall have safe passage through their country, and they receive a part of the dues for this purpose. The Habr Je'lo were part of

6160-419: The Mullahs there notably Mohammed Abdullah Hassan . Upon his visit to Oodweyne in July 1899 Sultan Nur convened a great shir of the western Habr Yunis clans and called on them to join the new Dervish movement and upon their refusal he would leave to Burao and successfully rallied the eastern sections of the clan. The Dervish would declare war from Burao on September 1 of 1899. Madar was soon propagated as

6272-406: The Musa Abokor along with the Omar obtained much of their wealth via their frankincense plantations in the mountainous interior adjacent to the coastline, whereas the Mohamed Abokor were chiefly nomadic pastoralists. Sheikh Ishaaq ibn Ahmed was one of the Dir scholars that crossed the sea from Arabia to the Horn of Africa to spread Islam around 12th to 13th century. Hence the Sheikh belonged to

6384-419: The Nuh (a sub-subtribe of the Mohamed Abokor) and kill anyone in Karin, surround Karin first and call on all the non-Yeesif tribes to evacuate the town immediately and attack the town once evacuation has been completed, or to burn the town in its entirety. The Adan Madoba opted for the second option. The Adan Madona approached Karin and ordered the Nuh to evacuate Karin, notifying them of their intent to attack

6496-442: The Ogaden, but were pressured by the British and the Ethiopians to return the camels to their previous owners. The Habr Yunis obliged and promised to desist in their raids, but despite their promise they continued to successfully raid the Ogadens unhindered up until the British ceded the Haud to Ethiopia. Rulers The Habr Yunis Sultanate had eight rulers throughout its duration and the institution of Sultan still lasts today with

6608-407: The Thug Dehr, a charming site, where the trees form a small forest, in which the most delightful coolness is enjoyed. A few hundred meters away there is a tomb surrounded by a palisade of tree trunks made with care. There rests a chieftain of the Habr Junis, by name Ohman-Dhirrin [Aman Deria]..his tribe had intermingled with the Habr Gialeh, and when that chief had died, they had made him that tomb with

6720-434: The Yeesif. However, the Nuh tribesmen refused and aided their Yeesif brothers, as according to folklore the ancestors of the Nuh and Yeesif tribes shared the same mother. The Adan Madoba proceeded to attack Karin and successfully burned the town down. However, they failed to defeat the combined Yeesif-Nuh forces and soon the Adan Madoba were forced to retreat, effectively ending the Yeesif-Adan Madoba conflict. Dirir Warsame,

6832-493: The affairs of the Habr Yunis from the town. Large caravans bound for Berbera would pass through Habr Yunis territory through Burao and then Wadhan and proved a lucrative source of income for Sultan Deria. Deria was succeeded by Hersi the son of Aman Deria who had died before his Sultan father, he was an important Habr Yunis chieftain. Vesme Baudi travelling through Habr Je'lo country east of Burao in 1889 gives an account of Aman's tomb. At nine o'clock we arrived at Baiadowal, on

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6944-472: The air. Each warrior carried a short-handled whip with a broad raw hide thong, and with it lashed his steed unmercifully. Some of the riders went through regular circus feats, leaping from their horses when at full gallop, picking up objects thrown on the ground, and then remounting. After this had continued for some time they would gallop close to our zariba, and reining up, shout "Mort, mort" ("Welcome, welcome"), to which we replied, "Kul liban" ("Thanks"). Awad

7056-466: The apprehension and punishment of those responsible for the murder. On 27th February the Governor telegraphed that, in order to meet the situation which had arisen, he required two aeroplanes for purposes of demonstration, and suggested that two aeroplanes from the Royal Air Force Detachment at Aden should fly over to Berber a from Aden. He also telegraphed that in certain circumstances it might become necessary to ask for reinforcements of troops to be sent to

7168-436: The area in an attempt to reach the Nugaal Valley , described the port town: Without landing, Lieutenant Speke coasted along to Bunder Hais, where he went on shore. Hais is a harbour belonging to the Musa Abokr . It contains a "fort," a single-storied, flat-roofed, stone and mud house, about 20 feet square, one of those artless constructions to which only Somal could attach importance. There are neither muskets nor cannon among

7280-406: The armed mobs in two "local actions" as well as arresting minor religious leaders in the town. Garhajis Said (Habar Yunis): The Habr Garhajis also contemporarily known as the Garhajis ( Somali : Habar Garxajis , Arabic : غرحاجس , Full Nasab : Ismā'īl ibn ash-Shaykh Isḥāq ibn Aḥmad ) is a major clan of the wider Isaaq clan family. They are the traditional holders of

7392-414: The braves of Hais. The "town" consists of half a dozen mud huts, mostly skeletons. The anchoring ground is shallow, but partly protected by a spur of hill, and the sea abounds in fish. Four Buggaloes (native craft) were anchored here, waiting for a cargo of Dumbah sheep and clarified butter, the staple produce of the place. Hais exports to Aden, Mocha, and other parts of Arabia; it also manufactures mats, with

7504-428: The canons to fire at the city walls which frightened Al Barr's followers and caused them to flee. Sharmarke succeeded Al Barr as the ruler of Zeila and its dependencies. Sharmarke's governorship had an instant effect on the city, as he maneuvered to monopolize as much of the regional trade as possible, with his sights set as far as Harar and the Ogaden. Having secured Zeila, in 1845 Sharmarke moved on to Berbera which at

7616-402: The city as Reer Yunis Nuh tried gain a foothold within Berbera, the Reer Yunis Nuh were no match for Sharmarke and his modern weapons and thus failed. The Reer Yunis Nuh were expelled and moved to Bulhar Sharmarke's influence was not limited to the coast as he had many allies in the interior of the Somali country and even further in Abyssinia. Among his allies were the Kings of Shewa. When there

7728-505: The city. Excavations here have yielded pottery and sherds of Roman glassware from a time between the 1st and 5th centuries. Among these artefacts is high-quality millefiori glass. Dated to 0-40 CE, it features red flower disks superimposed on a green background. Additionally, an ancient fragment of a footed bowl was discovered in the surrounding area. The sherd is believed to have been made in Aswan (300-500 CE) or Lower Nubia (500-600 CE), suggesting early trading ties with kingdoms in

7840-459: The clan's legacy in the annals of Somali liberation history. The Habr je'lo (Habarjeclo) tribes reside in eastern Togdheer , eastern Sahil , western Sanaag western Sool in Somaliland . The sub-tribe also inhabits the Somali region in Ethiopia, especially in the Degehbur zone. They also have a large settlement in Kenya where they are known as a constituent segment of the Isahakia community. The ancient city of Mosyllum, situated at

7952-402: The clans that defeated them, especially the Habr Yunis, and cannot take revenge. The Isaq are portrayed as particularly callous and shameful in the way they parade looted Ogaden camels in front of their previous owners. Even in translation it is a very evocative poem". B. W. Andrzejewski author of A Somali Poetic Combat writes : During the period of administrative chaos which followed

8064-537: The coast of Habr Je'lo inhabited lands, has been described as the largest and most important port city of the Erythrean Sea , exporting cinnamon, frankincense and myrrh. Ralph E. Drake-Brockman states in his 1912 book British Somaliland : The ancient city of Mosyllum, situated on the Habi Toljaala littoral, is in the heart of the area from which the best frankincense, even to-day, is exported ; and doubtless in

8176-468: The country between them. Linsley describing a Dibaltig for Sultan Awad at Togdheer river : During our stay at Burao , the Sultan collected a great many of his people together, and twice entertained us with some well-executed and characteristic evolutions on horseback. On the first occasion some forty mounted men were collected in the Tug before our zariba; but this did not satisfy the Sultan, and he arranged

8288-549: The deadly siege. Below is a breakdown of the different sub-divisions of the Muse Abokor subclan: Habr Je%27lo Mohamed Abokor : Musa Abokor : The Habr Je'lo ( Somali : Habar Jeclo ), Arabic : هبر جعلو , Full Name: Mūsa ibn ash-Shaykh Isḥāq ibn Aḥmad , historically known as the Habr Toljaala ( Somali : Habar Toljeclo ) is a major Northern Somali clan of the wider Isaaq family. Its members form

8400-624: The demise of the Dervish Movement in 1920, with Sheikh Bashir Yussuf and Farah Omar being important anti-colonial notables. The Dervish movement first arose in Burao in 1899, where in the summer of that year Dervish leaders and their followers congregated at the settlement. Haji Suudi leading his tribesmen declared war on the British lest they stop interfering with their religious and internal affairs. The dervish then proceeded to send this letter to Captain Cordeauxe and James Hayes Sadler: This

8512-408: The expedition left the area, than the news traveled fast among the Somali nomads across the plain. The war had exposed the British administration to humiliation. The government came to a conclusion that another expedition against him would be useless; that they must build a railway, make roads and effectively occupy the whole of the protectorate, or else abandon the interior completely. The latter course

8624-514: The fact that the marriage took place. The Adan Madoba man went to his tribesmen and explained the situation to them, threatening to sever his testicles if the tribe did not intervene. The Adan Madoba tribesmen then assassinated the Yeesif groom, which led to a 40 year long conflict where allegedly the grandson of the Rer Dod girl participated in the fighting. The conflict is described by British explorer Richard Burton in 1855, who stated: The Ahl Yusuf,

8736-470: The first place together being equal to each other. The Rer Sugulle, in fact, belongs to the main branch of the Ainanshe but can be considered a separate group. The two are not at all interwined but in case of a Habr Yunis movement the tribe may gather around these two sub-tribes. The Habr Yunis Sultanate finds its roots in the Isaaq Sultanate which was established by the Rer Guled branch of the Eidagale after

8848-662: The hereafter You need not worry, many [dead] men will accompany you When you reach the [passed] elders of the Yeesif Tell them I burned Karin, and they [the Yeesif] punished me Tell them the hands of the Gadabursi and the Ogaden reached us Tell them they [Yeesif] beat us with spears like infidels The Habr Je’lo along with the Habr Yunis were one of the first sub-tribes in the Somaliland Protectrate to revolt against

8960-451: The highest ranking Dervish after Mohammed Abdullah Hassan and Ibrahim Boghol, commander of the northern Dervish army died valiantly defending the Taleh. The 1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion was a rebellion waged by tribesmen of the Habr Je'lo sub-tribe in the cities of Burao and Erigavo in the former British Somaliland protectorate against British authorities in July 1945 led by Sheikh Bashir ,

9072-517: The house of the district commissioner of Burao District , Major Chambers, resulting in the death of Major Chamber's police guard before escaping to Bur Dhab, a strategic mountain south-east of Burao, where Sheikh Bashir's small unit occupied a fort and took up a defensive position in anticipation of a British counterattack. The British campaign against Sheikh Bashir's troops proved abortive after several defeats as his forces kept moving from place to place and avoiding any permanent location. No sooner had

9184-549: The latest reports relating to military operations is inexplicable. Abdalah Shihiri and Deria Arale led the 1904 Dervish delegation that facilitated the Ilig or Pestollaza agreement between the Dervish and Italy. This treaty allowed the Dervishes to peacefully settle in Italian Somaliland with some autonomy. In 1920, the British air force commenced their bombardment of Dervish fort and their ground assault on Taleh fort. Haji Sudi,

9296-432: The latter is credited for importing Dervish customs into the Somali peninsula as well as being one of the original founders of the Somali Dervish Movement. Moreover, the Habr Je'lo played an influential role after the demise of the Dervish Movement in 1920, with Sheikh Bashir Yussuf and Farah Omar being important anti-colonial notables. According to the British War Office, the Musa Abokor provided significant armaments to

9408-501: The leaves of the Daum palm and other trees. Lieutenant Speke was well received by one Ali, the Agil, or petty chief of the place: he presented two sheep to the traveller. The Habr Je’lo coastal settlements and ports, stretching from near Siyara in the west to Heis (Xiis) in the east, were important to trade and communication with the Somali interior. While the settlements were not as significant as

9520-451: The legitimate Sultan by British authorities and managed the western sections of the clan throughout the period of the Dervish wars. The last intelligence report mention of Sultan Nur in the Italian archives was in 1907. After the death of Sultan Nur 1907/1908 in the Dervish camp at Taleh his son Dolal Nur ascended the sultanate in the dervish camp. Sultan Nur was buried by his dervish in

9632-538: The looting of Ogaden camels by the Isaq. He details the scattering of the Ogaden clan, their forced migration southwards seeking refuge in the feverish river valleys, and even turning to hunting and farming- measures that were again considered very shameful usually only undertaken by slaves and low-caste Somalis and utterly demeaning for the once great pastoral Ogaden clan. The Ogaden, Ali recounts, have been forced to accept refuge with

9744-441: The more established ports of Berbera , Zeila and Bulhar (respectively), the principle Habr Je’lo port of Kurrum ( Karin ) was a major market for livestock and frankincense procured from the interior, and was a favorite for livestock traders due to the close proximity of the port to Aden. Habr Je’lo traders acted as middlemen to Dhulbahante livestock herders in the interior by purchasing and/or bartering their stock for export to

9856-442: The more established ports of Berbera , Zeila and Bulhar (respectively), the principle Habr Je’lo port of Kurrum ( Karin ) was a major market for livestock and frankincense procured from the interior, and was a favorite for livestock traders due to the close proximity of the port to Aden . Habr Je’lo traders acted as middlemen to Dhulbahante livestock herders in the interior by purchasing and/or bartering their stock for export to

9968-431: The mountainous interior adjacent to the coastline. The Habr Je'lo played a prominent role in the livestock and frankincense trade during the pre-colonial period. The Habr Je'lo also partook in a major organised front to oppose British rule in the late 19th and early 20th centuries under the leadership of Haji Sudi , Sheikh Bashir , Haji Farah Omar , Michael Mariano and other subsequent anti-colonial leaders hailing from

10080-639: The political situation in the region and frequent raids between the two rival Rer Sugulleh factions and their allied Habr Yunis subclans It appeared the great Habr Gerhajis tribe was divided into two rival factions, the one owning allegiance to Sultan Owd, the other to his cousin, Sultan Noor. Between these two the country was about evenly divided, and the border-line was an everlasting scene of wars and rumours of wars, cattle raids, and attempted murders. The Haber-Gerhajis tribe had formerly been under one Sultan and were very powerful, making frequent raids into Ogadayn, but on his death, two cousins, Awad and Nur, divided

10192-499: The revered Harari ethnic group , laying the foundations for the Habar Je'lo legacy. It is worth noting that Sheikh Ishaaq's esteemed ancestry, purportedly tracing back to Ali ibn Abi Talib , adds a layer of sacred lineage to their narrative, as recounted in certain Arabic hagiographies. Musa Sheikh Ishaaq's tomb is in Maydh , and is the scene of frequent pilgrimages. His Siyaara or pilgrimage

10304-582: The revolting clans to quell any further rebellion. The RAF planes arrived at Burao within two days and proceeded to Bomb the town with incendiaries, effectively burning the entire settlement to the ground. Telegram from Sir Geoffrey Archer , Governor of British Somaliland to Sir Winston Churchill the Secretary of State for the Colonies : I deeply regret to inform that during an affray at Burao yesterday between Rer Sugulleh and Akils of other tribes Captain Gibb

10416-535: The same tribe namely Ahmed Ismail Abdi (Duksi). These figures represent both the intellectual and violent struggle that was staged against the colonial project of the British Empire. The Habr Je'lo hold great economic influence within Somaliland and across the Horn of Africa, having the richest businessmen who operate across multiple industries among their ranks. In the rich tapestry of oral Somali genealogical tradition,

10528-478: The senseless infighting that had lasted since Hersi Aman's death. Sultan Nur won the draw and gave Madar Hersi 100 camels as compensation and was proclaimed the uncontested Sultan of the Habr Yunis. The reunified rule under one Sultan Nur would last until the formation of the Dervish Movement several years later in 1899. Early Dervish period Sultan Nur had been the architect of disturbances at Berbera and

10640-479: The settlement and capture the only source of water, causing many to die of thirst. While Las Khorey was being besieged, the Warsangeli were able to secretly send a dhow to Aden to request help from the British Navy, and on 10 May Lancelot Turton commanding HMS Northbrook arrived at Las Khorey and commenced to shell Ibrahim and his forces with Lyddite explosives, forcing them to retreat to the mountains and thus ending

10752-420: The sons of Burao Chieftains Guled Ahmed Sugulle and Awad Gal, they relayed to him the following: ..They told me the story of their tribe. The chieftain of the Habr Yunis lineage, named Ainanshe, had 17 sons, one of whose name was Sugulle. First they stayed together, then they separated, forming one Rer Sugulle, who are the most numerous, the other 16 sons together, the Baha Ainanshe. When, a few years ago, there

10864-521: The time of the ancients all the myrrh from the far interior — or what is now the Dulbahanta country — must have passed out through this channel. Heis, another port town inhabited by the Habr Je'lo, is said to be identical with the ancient trading post of Mundus ( Ancient Greek : Μούνδος ) that is described in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea , an anonymous account by a Greek Alexandrian salesman from

10976-557: The time was experiencing instability as a result of a war between the Habr Awal Reer Yunis Nur and Reer Ahmed Nur sub-clans over the control of Berbera's trade. Sharmarke took advantage of this rivalry and supported the Reer Ahmed Nuh who had since been expelled from Berbera. Sharmarke took over Berbera and built four Martello towers in the vicinity of the town and garrisoned them with 30 Matchlock men. A war ensued with in

11088-440: The town to trade, notably the Adan Madoba. According to Somali history, Karin was a gated town, with the Yeesif sub-subtribe controlling who could enter and leave the town, investing heavily in protecting the town due to its importance. In 1831 a girl of the Rer Dod sub-subtribe married a young Yeesif warrior, however, a man of the Adan Madoba, another subtribe of the Mohamed Abokor, also intended to marry her and could not accept

11200-408: The unwavering resolve of figures like Haji Sudi and Michael Mariano , each played a crucial role in galvanizing resistance efforts. Sheikh Bashir , Ibrahim Boghol's spiritual guidance and Farah Omar's tactical acumen further bolstered the Habar Je'lo's defiance against colonial encroachment. Abdullahi Shihiri's steadfast dedication to the cause served as an inspiration to generations, cementing

11312-613: The war the Isaaq used their superior strength against both the Ogaadeen and the Dhulbahante. They looted many Ogaadeen herds, captured some of their wells and water-ponds, and dislodged them from a large part of their grazing areas in the Hawd. The Isaaq onslaught was so powerful that the Ogaadeen could put up little or no resistance, and did not even try to avenge their wrongs. Some of the clans, however, after being looted and pushed southward, developed

11424-608: The western Togdheer , southern Maroodi Jeex , southern Sahil , northern Sool and central Sanaag regions of Somaliland . They also inhabit the Degehbur , Wardheer and Aware zones in the Haud region of Ethiopia . They also have a large settlement in Kenya where they are known as a constituent segment of the Isahakia community. A subclan of the Habr Yunis , the Damal Muse, also inhabit

11536-651: Was a Chieftain of the Habar Yoonis clan. As was the norm of Somali chieftains, Ainanshe had multiple wives. His first wife belonged to the Jibrahil clan and was the mother of his eldest son Sugulle who would go on to found the Ba Jibrhil Rer Sugulle which is the section of the clan that all the Habr Yunis Sultan's descend. Ainanshe's other wives Mun, Basla and Egalo bore him 16 sons who are collectively known as

11648-419: Was decided upon, and during the first months of 1945, the advance posts were withdrawn and the British administration confined to the coast town of Berbera . Sheikh Bashir settled many disputes among the tribes in the vicinity, which kept them from raiding each other. He was generally thought to settle disputes through the use of Islamic Sharia and gathered around him a strong following. Sheikh Bashir sent

11760-404: Was instantly killed. The murderers escaped under cover of falling darkness. Captain Gibb was an officer of long and valued service in Somaliland, whose loss I deeply regret. From the information available, his murder does not appear to have been premeditated, but it inevitably had a disturbing effect upon the surrounding tribes, and immediate dispositions of troops became necessary in order to ensure

11872-488: Was killed fighting in Ogaden by the Reer Ali. This allowed Nur to establish himself at Burao and rule over the entirety of the Habr Yunis. The Baha Deria still did not concede defeat and would eventually choose Awad's nephew, Madar Hersi , as their successor following Nur's death. Sultan Nur convened a shir of the Habr Yunis and decided to draw lots to settle the dispute with his challenger Madar Hersi rather than continue

11984-533: Was shot dead. Having called out Camel corps company to quell the disturbance, he went forward himself with his interpreter, whereupon fire opened on him by some Rer segulleh riflemen and he was instantly killed..Miscreants then disappeared under the cover of darkness. In order to meet the situation created by the Murder of Gibb, we require two aeroplanes for about fourteen days. I have arranged with resident, Aden, for these. And made formal application, which please confirm. It

12096-500: Was still largely relegated to the coast and its capital of Berbera . The two Sultans engaged in a lengthy war and divided the Sultanate's territory, where Awad ruled the Sultanate from his chosen capital of Burao and Nur from the Tuuyo plains and Oodweyne . Frank Linsly James visited Sultan Awad at Burao in 1884 and witnessed the dissenting situation between the two Sultans. Describing

12208-608: Was tension between the Amir of Harar Abu Bakr II ibn `Abd al-Munan and Sharmarke, as a result of the Amir arresting one of his agents in Harar , Sharmarke persuaded the son of Sahle Selassie , the King of Shewa , to imprison on his behalf about 300 citizens of Harar then resident in Shewa, for a length of two years. In 1855, in an act seen as defiant of foreign powers, Sharmarke refused to sell to M. Richet,

12320-554: Was the man who narrated the famous story of French Catholic missionaries in Berbera converting Somali children. According to the consul-general James Hayes Sadler this news was either spread or concocted by Sultan Nur of the Habr Yunis . Madar Hersi his former rival for the Sultan title had aided the Mullahs of Kob Fardod in recovering livestock that was previously looted by some of the Habr Yunis and this reignited after receiving aid from

12432-447: Was the right-hand man of Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi . I. M. Lewis discusses the existence of another leader named Ahmad Gurey, and suggests that the two leaders have been conflated into one historical figure: The text refers to two Ahmad's with the nickname 'Left-handed'. One is regularly presented as 'Ahmad Guray, the Somali' (...) identified as Ahmad Gurey Xuseyn, chief of the Habar Magadle. Another reference, however, appears to link

12544-695: Was war between Awad and Nur, the latter ended up settling in Toyo with part of the Habr Yunis. volume 7 of Etiopia rassegna illustrata dell'Impero describing the Rer Ainanshe states writes : Rer Ainanshe (Baha) and Rer Sugulle belonging to the Ismail Arreh are the center of the Habr Yunis group and also their backbone. Their prestige is probably the highest among the Somalis, and both in number, compactness, fighting ability and raids may perhaps be considered to occupy

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