Misplaced Pages

#548451

78-561: The library is located in Delegación Cuauhtémoc at the Buenavista train station where the Metro , suburban train , and Metrobús meet. It is adorned by several sculptures by Mexican artists, including Gabriel Orozco 's Ballena ( Whale ), prominently located at the centre of the building. Then President of Mexico Vicente Fox inaugurated the library on 16 May 2006, and stated that this

156-408: A city or municipal government, which rents stands to private vendors. The largest is La Lagunilla Market , with nearly 2,000 vendors divided among three large warehouse type buildings. It is known for its large furniture and shoe market but most of the vendors sell food and everyday items. Designed to "modernize" the tradition of tianguis or street markets, some were even promoted through art, such as

234-748: A city, to be autonomous with each block having all the services necessary for residents. The idea was to eliminate the need to leave the area, not even to work. Pani integrated the principles of functionalism as it was conceived and practiced at the end of the 1950s. Quality of life in the area diminished after the Tlatelolco massacre on 2 October 1968, which occurred on the Plaza de las Tres Culturas. The area's only fire station closed during that year and police presence began to diminish, leading to rising crime. The complex suffered damage from two small earthquakes in 1979. However, deterioration greatly accelerated with

312-445: A cultural building of UNAM (which used to be the SRE building) as well as 90 apartment buildings. Since 1985, a number of preventative measures have been taken in the surviving buildings including inspections and the removal of accessory or decorative features that may be in danger of falling off. However, the deterioration of the area continues. Today, the socioeconomic level of the complex

390-535: A la mujer (1999) and 1985: Sismo y resurrección (2000) . The project was awarded to architect Mario Pani (along with Ricardo de Robina) at a time when Mexico and Mexico City was experiencing rapid economic expansion. Born in 1911, Mario Pani was a Mexican architect who mostly grew up in Europe and obtained his degree in architecture from the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris in 1934. After returning to Mexico, he became part of

468-1689: A mayor. The seat of the borough government is located in Colonia Buenavista. These are the colonias and neighborhoods in Cuauhtémoc: Colonia Centro  • Colonia Doctores  • Colonia Obrera  • Tepito  • Colonia Algarín  • Colonia Ampliación Asturias  • Colonia Asturias  • Colonia Atlampa  • Colonia Buenavista  • Colonia Buenos Aires  • Centro Urbano Benito Juárez  • Colonia Condesa  • Colonia Cuauhtémoc  • Colonia Esperanza  • Colonia Exhipódromo de Peralvillo  • Colonia Felipe Pescador  • Colonia Guerrero  • Colonia Hipódromo  • Colonia Hipódromo Condesa  • Colonia Juárez  • Colonia Maza  • Colonia Morelos  • Colonia Paulino Navarro  • Colonia Peralvillo  • Colonia Roma  • Colonia San Rafael  • Colonia San Simón Tolnahuac  • Colonia Santa María Insurgentes  • Colonia Santa María la Ribera  • Unidad Habitacional Nonoalco-Tlatelolco  • Colonia Tabacalera  • Colonia Tránsito  • Colonia Valle Gómez  • Colonia Vista Alegre  • Zona Rosa The early history of

546-608: A movement to make Mexico, especially Mexico City, modern, post- Revolution and progressive. Pani's work focused on major residential centers such as large apartment buildings and condominiums. Works like Nonoalco are classified as “supermanzanas” or “super (city) blocks.” His work changed the focus of urban housing from horizontal to vertical. His works are marked by being monumental, simple and recurring features. At their height, they were considered to be symbols of Mexican prosperity. Works prior to this included Hotel Reforma (1936), Hotel Plaza (1946), Conservatorio Nacional de Musica (1946),

624-627: A place that symbolizes the synthesis of Mexico's pre-Hispanic and colonial pasts with the modern day. This plaza contains the archeological site of Tlatelolco with its ceremonial center, the parish church of Santiago Tlatelolco and the modern buildings that surround them, including a building associated with the Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores . The project involved a total of 130 buildings over an area of 1,200,000 square metres (13,000,000 sq ft), with schools, hospitals, markets, businesses, church and police stations. Its signature building

702-421: A poorhouse, a cigar factory, 19 restaurants, 2 inns, 28 corrals for horses and 2 official neighborhoods. After Mexico gained its Independence in 1824, Mexico City was designated as the capital of the new country, and the city and its surrounding area (11.5 km ) were incorporated as a "Federal District," separate from the other states. By the late, 19th century, the city began to break its traditional confines with

780-587: Is a higher than average percentage of private schools, which tend to have better results. The dropout rate, at 7.54%, is better than average. In 2009, there were 1,737 students receiving special education full or part-time accounting for 4.66% of all special education students in Mexico City. Over 97% of these students get their services from public institutions. However, the borough has limited facilities for adult education, especially for those who do not speak Spanish as their first language or are undereducated. This

858-951: Is centered on the Zócalo or main square which contains the Aztec ruins of the Templo Mayor , the Metropolitan Cathedral and the National Palace of Mexico . The borough covers 32.44 km , divided into 34 colonias, 2,627 city blocks, 1,267,000 m of green areas, 1,500 buildings classified as national monuments, 2 archeological zones (Tlatelolco and Templo Mayor), 1,290 private buildings with official historic value ( valor patrimonial de propiedad privada ), 210 public buildings with official historic value, 120 government buildings, and two major planned-housing complexes ( Unidad Habitacional Nonoalco-Tlatelolco and Centro Urbano Benito Juárez ). In addition,

SECTION 10

#1732891051549

936-692: Is home to a large number of federal and city government buildings, especially in the historic center, Colonia Tabacalera and Colonia Doctores. Paseo de la Reforma , especially the section which divides Colonia Juárez from Colonia Cuauhtémoc, is the most modern and constantly developing part of the borough. It is home to the Mexican Stock Exchange, the headquarters of HSBC in Mexico and Mexico City's tallest skyscrapers, Torre Reforma , Chapultepec Uno , Torre BBVA México and Torre Mayor . Construction of office buildings and high rise apartments continue in

1014-634: Is home to the Mexican Stock Exchange , the important tourist attractions of the historic center and Zona Rosa , and various skyscrapers such as the Torre Mayor and the Mexican headquarters of HSBC. It also contains numerous museums, libraries, government offices, markets and other commercial centers which can bring in as many as 5 million people each day to work, shop or visit cultural sites. This area has had problems with urban decay , especially in

1092-420: Is low or very low income. Many residents blame the government for failing to halt the deterioration. Others also blame residents’ failure to identify themselves as part of a community and as owners of or responsible for the complex's common spaces. This is especially true in the parks and other spaces between the buildings. The two major issues for the complex are crime and the structural risk and maintenance of

1170-441: Is not enough police coverage for the complex. The area should have, as a minimum, 30 police assigned to each section, for a total of 90. The 17th Group of Auxiliary Police is assigned to the area, but there are only six security modules with only six police each. Of the six mini police stations there, three are abandoned or used as storage, and the remaining three do not have telephone lines to allow residents to call directly. It

1248-688: Is problematic due to the influx of indigenous people from rural parts of Mexico. Private schools: Colegio Alemán Alexander von Humboldt previously had a campus at 43 Benjamin G. Hill in Hipódromo Condesa , in what is now a part of Universidad La Salle . The U.S. Embassy, the British Embassy and Japan Embassy is in Colonia Cuauhtémoc , Cuauhtémoc. Unidad Habitacional Nonoalco-Tlatelolco The Conjunto Urbano Nonoalco Tlatelolco (officially Conjunto Urbano Presidente López Mateos )

1326-412: Is rare to find police on patrol there at night, and police from outside refuse to enter there. This has allowed eleven known gangs to establish a presence, with members from age 12 to 20. These gangs are dedicated to the sale of drugs, muggings and car theft. An area of 200,000 m2 suffers an average of six serious crimes per day and the theft of fourteen cars per month. Some of the worst activity occurs in

1404-523: Is the Eje Central which runs north south and divides the historic center in half. Due to the large number of people who enter and leave this borough each day, up to 800,000 vehicles circulate the streets each day, making traffic jams, especially in the historic center, a frequent occurrence. The cycle rickshaw , known in Mexico as bicitaxi (from the English "bike taxi"), is a popular means of transport in

1482-588: Is the largest apartment complex in Mexico, and second largest in North America, after New York's Co-op City . The complex is located in the Cuauhtémoc borough of Mexico City . It was built in the 1960s by architect Mario Pani . Originally, the complex had 102 apartment buildings, with its own schools, hospitals, stores and more, to make it a city within a city. It was also created to be a kind of human habitat and includes artwork such as murals and green spaces such as

1560-519: The Abelardo L. Rodriguez Market . Tianguis still survive and can be found in most parts of the borough as well as in much of the rest of Mexico. In the borough, the best known tianguis is located in Tepito in which 12,000 people do business on the streets. Tourism plays a major role in the borough's economy. It contains some of the best-known landmarks of Mexico City, so it has become the most visited area of

1638-624: The Aztec Empire centered in the nearby island city of Tenochtitlan . Tlatelolco was famous for its large market, which continued to exist after the Spanish conquest. In the late 19th and early 20th century, the area was a train yard for the Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México . The modern apartment complex was built over the then-abandoned train yard. It surrounds the Plaza de las Tres Culturas ,

SECTION 20

#1732891051549

1716-576: The Circuito Interior , Viaducto Miguel Alemán and San Antonio Abad, which were built for traffic passing through the center of the city. The Circuito Interior is a circular bypass and it is the second most important roadway in the city after the Anillo Periférico . The ejes viales are a series of north-south and west-east roads built by Carlos Hank González in the 1980s to make Mexico City more automobile-friendly. The largest of these

1794-540: The State of Mexico . In the 2007–2008 school year, there were 22,651 K-12 students, about 6.36% of Mexico City's total. 70.64% attend public schools and 29.14% attend private schools. There are 264 public and private preschools, 116 middle schools, 102 technical and regular high schools, and 13 teachers’ colleges. The borough has the lowest level of illiteracy and the highest percentage of students who have finished primary and middle schools, in part because there

1872-464: The historic center . Efforts to revitalize the historic center and some other areas have been ongoing since the 1990s, by both government and private entities. Such efforts have resulted in better public parks, such as the Alameda Central , which was renovated; the modification of streets such as 16 de Septiembre and Madero that have become car-free for pedestrians ( zona peatonal ). Cuauhtémoc

1950-661: The 1985 Mexico City earthquake. Before 19 September 1985, the complex consisted of 102 apartment buildings, seven medical facilities, twenty two schools, and about 500 small businesses serving the 80,000 residents living there. It was still considered the most important complex of its kind in the country. The complex is located in the Cuauhtémoc borough, which is considered to be a high risk area for earthquake activity most of it lies on former lakebed, with its soft, waterlogged soils. These soils are crisscrossed with small fault lines of their own. These intensify shockwaves that pass through

2028-533: The 5 million who come into this borough each day are there to work, visit the area's markets, shops and cultural attractions or are tourists. The borough is the most visited area of the city by tourists, who mostly come to see the historic center and Zona Rosa . People from other parts of the city come to visit the museums and large public markets such as La Lagunilla, Mixcalco, Hidalgo, Medellín and San Juan. The influx brings in 800,000 vehicles to circulate its streets each day, with traffic jams, especially in and near

2106-455: The Chihuahua building. Crime against residents is worst in the common areas, with about half having witnessed or been victim of a crime, usually robbery, both in the streets and in their homes and businesses. Homicide is also common. Structural problems include the relatively fragile state of the remaining buildings and their susceptibility to further damage. The weight of the complex is causing

2184-629: The Deportivo Bicentennario has been started in Colonia Buenos Aires . There are 264 public and private preschools, 116 middle schools, 102 technical and regular high schools and 13 teachers' colleges. Because it is the oldest part of Mexico City, with buildings which are centuries old, deterioration is an ongoing concern. Currently, at least 789 inhabited buildings in twelve colonias have been listed as in danger of condemnation, due to structural damage caused by sinking into muddy soil of

2262-540: The Escuela Nacional de Maestros (1947), as well the apartment complexes Multifamiliar Alemán (1950) and Multifamiliar Juárez. These were complexes for the working class, integrating parks, artwork (especially murals) and other features in order to create a “habitat.” However, the Unidad Habitacional Nonoalco-Tlatelolco would become his best known work. He created the area as a city within

2340-566: The Historic Center Trust and entered into a partnership with a business group led by Carlos Slim , to buy dozens of centuries-old buildings and other real estate to rehabilitate. Work has concentrated on renovating historic buildings, repaving streets, and improving water, lighting and other infrastructure. A number of the oldest streets near the Zocalo have been made into pedestrian only and most street vendors have been forced to move out of

2418-534: The Mexican architects Alberto Kalach and Juan Palomar . Lily Carr, writing in 2021 noted, "the structure’s cavernous, hollowed-out interior of an ossified matrix of suspended, expandable shelves presents the project as an awe-inspiring, chill-inducing spectacular that immerses the first-time visitor in the architects’ vision of a library as a container, or ‘ark, a carrier of human knowledge." Delegaci%C3%B3n Cuauht%C3%A9moc Cuauhtémoc ( Spanish pronunciation: [kwawˈtemok] ), named after

Biblioteca Vasconcelos - Misplaced Pages Continue

2496-502: The Nuevo León building fell with about 500 dead, more than 200 missing and 27 orphans. Other buildings, such as the Yucatán, threatened to collapse that day, but did not. All the buildings suffered damage but along with the collapsed Nuevo León building, buildings such as those called Veracruz, Yucatán and Oaxaca suffered severe damage such as severely cracked foundations. Twelve buildings in

2574-611: The Santiago Tlatelolco Garden. Today, the complex is smaller than it was and in a state of deterioration, mostly due to the effects and after effects of the 1985 Mexico City earthquake . This quake caused the immediate collapse of the Nuevo León building with others being demolished in the months afterwards. Further earthquakes in 1993 caused the condemnation of more buildings. In addition to the lost buildings, many residents eventually undersold or abandoned their apartments, as repairs were either never made or made poorly. Today

2652-509: The Zocalo as possible. The city soon became filled with mansions, large churches and monasteries and monumental public buildings which would eventually earn it the nickname of "City of Palaces." At the beginning of the 19th century, this city remained mostly within what is now called the historic center although various drainage projects had been enlarging the island. The city proper contained 397 streets and alleys, 12 bridges, 78 plazas, 14 parish churches, 41 monasteries, 10 colleges, 7 hospitals,

2730-450: The area from quakes that occurs on Mexico's Pacific coast. Within the borough, Nonoalco-Tlatelolco is one of eleven colonias or neighborhoods considered to be at highest risk. The complex is in a “dynamic amplification” zone, where the shockwaves of a quake over 7 on the Richter scale become strongly amplified. During the 90 seconds the ground shook on that day, two of the three sections of

2808-551: The area, causing it to become a distinctive neighborhood of its own: the high-rises that face the avenue are very distinct from the older ones behind them, mostly used for more traditional housing and small businesses. One of the newest major projects in the mid-2000s was Reforma 222, two towers combining office space with residential units. In the rest of the borough, commerce is more traditional with numerous public markets, informal markets called tianguis and street peddling. Public markets are buildings constructed and maintained by

2886-407: The area, even the best, would close early to allow employees time to get home because the area was not particularly safe at night. Starting in the late 1990s, the city and federal governments, along with some private associations have worked to revitalize the borough, especially the historic center. Starting in the early 2000s, the government infused 500 million pesos (US$ 55 million) into

2964-488: The area. The complex and surrounding neighborhoods such as Colonia Morelos , Atlampla, Santa María la Ribera , Colonia Guerrero , Tepito , Colonia Buenavista , and San Simon Tolonahuac and Colonia Peralvillo are all high crime areas, which makes the security a great problem to resolve. The most common infractions are petty robbery, urination in public areas , drugs distribution and public drinking . About three arrests per day are made for these offenses. However, there

3042-1173: The borough contains 43 museums, 23 clock towers, 150 public and private libraries, 24 centers for infant development, 6 cultural centers sponsored by the borough, 38 publicly sponsored markets with 14,434 vendors, 25 stage theaters, 123 movie theaters and 9 public sports complexes. The sports facilities include Deportivo Cuauhtémoc in Colonia Buenavista , Deportivo José María Morelos y Pavón in Colonia Morelos , Deportivo Peñoles in Colonia Valle Gómez , Deportivo Guelatao in Colonia Centro , Deportivo Tepito in Colonia Morelos , Deportivo Antonio Caso in Tlatelolco , Deportivo Francisco Javier Mina in Colonia Guerrero , Deportivo Estado de Tabasco in Colonia Exhipódromo de Peralvillo and Deportivo 5 de Mayo in Tlatelolco. A new center called

3120-666: The borough's 34 colonias have been ranked in the Top 10 most lawless in the city by the Secretary of Public Safety of Mexico City, with a few, such as Tepito , are infamous for being so. Some of these run down areas are lower class colonias such as Colonia Guerrero and Colonia Morelos , but similar problems are also found upper middle class colonias such as the northern part of Colonia Roma . The most common crimes are muggings with 1.47 reports per day, robbery of businesses with .78 reports per day, and car theft with .71 reports per day. Most of

3198-528: The borough. Within Cuauhtémoc, Aeroméxico and HSBC Mexico have their headquarters in Colonia Cuauhtémoc . Cablemás and Magnicharters have their headquarters in Colonia Juárez . The borough has 14 million meters of roadways with 314 main intersections. The vast majority of these are current and former residential streets, but there are also three expressways and various axis roads ( ejes viales ) for through traffic. The three main arteries are

Biblioteca Vasconcelos - Misplaced Pages Continue

3276-632: The city by tourists. The most popular areas are the historic center, Alameda Central/Bellas Artes, Reforma, and Zona Rosa. The borough also has the most developed hotel infrastructure, with 389 hotels out of the 6,464 in the city. About half of all four and five-star hotels are located here. Government is also one of the main employers: the National Government Palace , the Senate of the Republic and Mexico City administrative buildings are located in

3354-447: The city such as Colonia Morelos, and Colonia Doctores . In 1928, President Álvaro Obregón divided the rapidly growing Federal District area into thirteen boroughs (delegaciones), with what was then the city proper designated as the Cuauhtémoc borough. While the borough still remained the center of city's commerce, politics, academia and culture during the first half of the 20th century, this historic center began going into decline as

3432-434: The complex consists of 90 apartment buildings, divided into three sections bordered by Avenida de los Insurgentes, Eje 1 Poniente Guerrero, Eje Central and Paseo de la Reforma . Originally, the complex was designed to house people from different economic social strata, but today almost all residents are of middle to middle-low income. A major problem is the structural integrity of some of the remaining buildings. The complex

3510-434: The complex was left with approximately 40,000 inhabitants in 90 buildings and 10,560 apartments. A number of buildings in the complex were damaged once again by a 6.3 Guerrero -centered quake that passed through Mexico City in 2007. The complex is bounded by Avenida Manuel González, Paseo de la Reforma, Calzada Ricardo Flores Magón and Avenida de los Insurgentes Norte. It occupies approximately 946,000 m2 and remains as

3588-472: The complex were so severely damaged that they were demolished in the next six months. 32 of the buildings were in need of major repairs. Twenty seven were demolished completely. Many remained standing but some of these were too dangerous to occupy at all. The severe damage to this and to the Mulifamiliar Juàrez made for a large percentage of the 3,000 housing units lost on that day. Nonoalco-Tlatelolco

3666-504: The construction of new neighborhoods, called colonias, in the still drying lakebed. This was especially true in the areas west of the historic area, with the creation of "modern" colonias for the wealthy along the Paseo de la Reforma , built earlier by Maximilian I . These colonias include Colonia Juárez , Colonia Roma , Colonia Cuauhtémoc and Colonia San Rafael . Colonias for poorer and working-class people were built mostly north and south of

3744-466: The country and a significant percentage speak an indigenous language with Spanish as a second language, or do not speak Spanish at all. As of 2005, seven percent of the borough's population is made up of these migrants. These migrants have put strains on services such as education. The borough was the hardest hit by the 1985 earthquake with 258 buildings completely crumbled, 143 partially collapsed and 181 were seriously damaged. The result

3822-605: The damage caused by uneven sinking. A large part of this borough is divided between commercial zones and historic and cultural sites. While the borough does not have the highest crime rate in the city, with 13.9% of all Mexico City crime committed here, it is considered to be fairly dangerous because of its urbanization and the fact that most of the people found in the borough are there only to work or visit. In some older neighborhoods, people live and raise children along with street vending, squatting, and takeover of public spaces by drug addicts, drug dealers, and prostitutes. Seven of

3900-604: The damaged structures were never fixed or rebuilt, leading to slums or garbage-strewn vacant lots. As late as the 2000s, buildings damaged from the event have collapsed. In 2003, the city government expropriated sixty four properties thought to be in danger of sudden collapse due to damage suffered nearly 20 years earlier after a collapse of an apartment building in Colonia Vista Alegre , but in 2010 an apartment building partially collapsed in Colonia San Rafael, due to

3978-559: The delegation coincides with the history of Aztec Tenochtitlan and colonial Mexico City . Tenochitlan was founded on a marshy island in Lake Texcoco . It was divided into four capuillis or neighborhoods centering on the Templo Mayor. This temple's ruins are located very close to the modern main square or Zocalo today. When the Spanish conquered Tenochtitlan in 1521 , they destroyed most of

SECTION 50

#1732891051549

4056-470: The demolition of the Atizapán and 20 de Noviembre buildings as well as the two Tecpan towers. The Torre Insignia was abandoned in the same year. Despite repair work being officially declared finished in 1995, buildings were left with large cracks in the wall, loose wiring, half done projects, unhinged door, inoperable elevators and more. This is in spite of the 600 million pesos spent on the effort. In that year,

4134-399: The early colonial period, European-style construction would replace Aztec ones over the entire island city, with the most important public buildings concentrated on the blocks adjoining the Zocalo. As the center of New Spain, the city held the greatest prestige, prompting those who had made their fortunes through conquest, mining, commerce and other means to have homes in the city, as close to

4212-465: The federal government. Among the irregularities found was the misplacement of marble blocks at a cost of 15 million pesos (roughly 1.4 million dollars). During Calderón 's administration, efforts to restore it continued with a further investment of 32 million pesos (roughly US$ 3 million). It was reopened to the public in November 2008 after 22 months. The winning proposal for the library was designed by

4290-510: The former Aztec Ruler Tlahtoani , is a borough ( demarcación territorial ) of Mexico City . It contains the oldest parts of the city, extending over what was the entire urban core of Mexico City in the 1920s. Cuauhtémoc is the historic and cultural center of the Capital, although it is not the geographical center. While it ranks only sixth in population, it generates about a third of the entire city's GDP, mostly through commerce and services. It

4368-574: The former lakebed. These are mostly located in the historic center and the colonias immediately surrounding it. Some of these have been classified as having historic or artistic value by the Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes or Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia . This has been a problem for the area for centuries and has involved famous structures such as the Metropolitan Cathedral, which had major foundation work done to stop

4446-406: The historic center nearly a daily occurrence. While it is the most important borough economically , bringing millions of people into its territory on any given day, its population of 545,884 in 2020 ranks only sixth out of the city's 16 boroughs. This population has been steadily decreasing even as the population of the rest of the city has remained static, although there was a slight increase in

4524-616: The historic center. The borough has the largest number of Metro lines running through it. These include Line 1 , Line 2 , Line 3 , Line 5 , Line 8 , Line 9 and Line B . There are also trolleybus lines running north-south and east-west, Lines 1 and 3 of the Metrobus as well as numerous bus routes. Another important public transportation service is the Tren Suburbano commuter railway, which has its southern terminal in Colonia Buenavista with service north as far as Cuautitlán in

4602-484: The historic center. This paved the way for the opening of upscale eateries, bars and fashionable stores. Also, young people are moving into downtown lofts. To attract more tourists, there are new red double-decker buses. There have been other efforts in other parts of the borough such as in Colonia Juarez and Colonia Obrera but with mixed results. However, this has not resolved all of the borough's problems. Many of

4680-448: The issuance of business permits with exorbitant fee and fines. Most of the problem is with small torilla operations, paper stores and small grocery stores which operate completely at the discretion of borough agents. Cuauhtémoc alone accounts for 35.1% of Mexico City's entire GDP, and by itself, has the seventh largest economy in Mexico. Most of the borough's economy is based on commerce (52.2%), followed by services (39.4%). The borough

4758-412: The largest vertical apartments complex in Mexico. Currently 55,000 people live there with 40% being senior citizens and retired. Twenty eight percent of the space is dedicated to green spaces, sidewalks and roadway. Its main road extends from east to west, measuring 2.5 km. There are 22 schools, three health clinics, a hospital, three social clubs, a union office, four movie theaters, a Metro stop,

SECTION 60

#1732891051549

4836-430: The last 10 years. A fairly large percentage of the population is either over 60 years of age and over half of the residents are either single or living with a partner. The borough contains only seven percent of all housing units in the city. Those who do live here are mostly employed in services (57.5%) and commerce (23.4%). The borough was first established on December 30, 1970, after the circumscription of Mexico City

4914-466: The old Aztec public buildings but kept the basic layout of the city, which roughly extends over what is now known as the historic center or Colonia Centro. The Cathedral was built over a portion of the sacred precinct (teocalli) of the destroyed Templo Mayor, the National Palace was built over Moctezuma 's New Palace and the Zocalo was built over what was an open space near the sacred temple space. Over

4992-504: The optimal number for four octaves. They were cast in Belgium and weigh 26 tons. The main bells are dedicated to Hidalgo , Morelos , Cuauhtémoc , Madero and López Mateos . A sixth bell is dedicated to relations between Mexico and Belgium. The complex was divided into three sections. Section one was created for family with limited resources. It aligns with the Torre de Baniobras. Section two

5070-492: The problems with urban decay (abandoned buildings, squatters, uncontrolled street vending, crime, etc.) continue. The continued migration of people into the area from rural parts of Mexico has increased illiteracy rates, in addition to poorer areas where dropout rates are high. The borough government has been accused of corruption by the Cámara de Comercio, Servicios y Turismo (Chamber of Commerce, Services and Tourism), especially in

5148-403: The same cause. Since the quake, the borough has invested in its own early warning system, which was created for it by UNAM . Between the flight of wealthier residents from the historic center and the colonias that immediately surround it and the damage from the 1985 earthquake, parts of the borough became deserted at night. Former mansions had been converted into tenements for the poor, and

5226-531: The same prices they were in the 1950s.With no financial incentive to keep up their properties, landlords let their buildings disintegrate. Most of this occurred in the historic center, but this phenomenon also presented itself in other areas such as Colonia San Rafael and the Centro Urbano Benito Juárez as well. Since the 1950s, the city has received the highest number of migrants from other parts of Mexico. Most of these come from very rural areas of

5304-409: The sidewalks and streets were taken over by pickpockets and street vendors, especially in the historic center. This made the area unpalatable for tourists. As the historic center is the city's main tourist attraction, the city lost its standing as a destination for international visitors, instead becoming an airport connection for other areas of the country. Until recently, many of the restaurants of

5382-416: The subsoil to sink. In addition to the problems remaining from inadequate earthquake repairs, many of the buildings are leaning as well. This has prompted monitoring from both the city government and several universities over the 2000s. Because of fears of further damage, residents of the complex have opposed construction projects such as a vehicular overpass on Ricardo Flores Magón street, and more recently,

5460-409: The wealthy moved out into the new western colonias as early as the end of 19th century. By the 1950s, the country's main university UNAM moved almost all of its facilities out of the borough and into the newly built Ciudad Universitaria in the south of the city. In the 1940s, the city government froze rents in the borough and by the late 1990s, when this was finally repealed, many tenants were paying

5538-551: Was built as an integral part of the complex to provide green space. Murals were commissioned for a number of the buildings. The first and most important is located on the Aguascalientes Building, near the Plaza de las Tres Culturas. It contains four panels, one on each side of the building, dealing with the history of Tlatelolco. This was painted by Nicandro Puente . This same artist also created other works here including Tlatelolco, raíz y expresión de México (1998), Homenaje

5616-1031: Was declared a disaster area. What remained of the Nuevo León building and the Campeche building were the first to be demolished. This area would become the Nuevo León Plaza. The reconstruction contract the city government signed promised to return residents to their units in two years. The project lasted until late in the 1990s. Thirty buildings were partially destroyed, removing upper floors. Sixty buildings received minor repairs. Ten were reinforced. The initially budgeted money ran out in six years. Repairs made were shoddy, replacing door, floors and more with inferior materials. Even baths and integrated kitchens which were not damaged were taken out and replaced with inferior ones. Many, who could not afford to wait further, sold their units at bargain prices, often to those politically connected, or just abandoned them altogether, allowing squatters to move in. Another quake in 1993, caused

5694-468: Was designed for the middle class with Section three, between Eje Central and Paseo de la Reforma, for the wealthy. The complex's main park, twice the size of the Alameda Central , was built in Romantic style. This is known as the Santiago Tlatelolco Garden. Access is through a number of arched entryways, on gray and red stone paths which join in the center. Off the paths are maintained green areas. The garden

5772-576: Was one of the most advanced constructions of the 21st century, and that it would be spoken of throughout the world. This inauguration took place a week before the deadline the president had to promote his accomplishments before the 2006 presidential election. The library had to close in March 2007 due to construction defects. The Superior Auditor of the Federation detected 36 construction irregularities and issued 13 motions of responsibility for public servants of

5850-505: Was ordered built by the administration of President Adolfo López Mateos , between 1960 and 1965, with financing and condominium administration provided by the Banco Nacional Hipotecario, Urbano y de Obras Publicas, S.A. The area has been an urban center since the pre-Hispanic period, when it began as an independent city state on an island in Lake Texcoco . By the time Spaniards arrived , the island had been incorporated into

5928-421: Was split in 4 boroughs. Before the political reforms of 2016, it was governed by a borough chief ( jefe delegacional )) and a cabinet consisting of a Secretaria Particular, Coordinacion de Asesores, Dirección Interinstitucional y de Fomento Economico, Subdirección Técnica, Subdirección de Comunicación Social and Subdirección de Unidades Habitacionales. After becoming an alcaldía , the head of government became

6006-515: Was the Torre Insignia or Torre Banobras . This was built in the form of a triangle or lance point (to resist earthquakes) 127 meters high with 24 floors. It was originally surrounded by gardens and had a large reflective pool. This tower contains the Carrillon Clasico, one of the world's few glockenspiels and the only one in Mexico City. It consists of 47 metallic bells, considered to be

6084-411: Was the loss of 100,000 residents, just in the historic center. Another area with major damage was Colonia Roma with a number of buildings collapsing completely. Even areas that did not suffer significant damage, such as Colonia San Rafael, were affected when homeless from other parts of the borough moved in, or Colonia Condesa , when wealthier residents moved out. Because of the rent situation, most of

#548451