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30-597: The regency consists two of the three largest members of the Biak Islands archipelago at the northern entrance into Cenderawasih Bay . These two large islands are Biak and Numfor ; the remaining large island within the Schouten Islands group, Supiori Island , was formerly also part of the regency but was administratively split off to form the separate Supiori Regency on 8 January 2004. Numfor Island lies due west of Biak. The remaining Biak Numfor Regency also includes

60-421: A 1,000-ton galleon built in 1534, said to have carried 366 guns. Friar Manuel Homem says that this galleon mounted 366 bronze pieces of artillery, including the ones that garrisoned the high castles of stern and bow. Carracks were usually lightly armed and used for transporting cargo in all the fleets of other Western European states, while galleons were stronger, more heavily armed, and also cheaper to build for

90-663: A major role in commerce in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and were often drafted into use as auxiliary naval war vessels—indeed, they were the mainstay of contending fleets through most of the 150 years of the Age of Exploration —before the Anglo-Dutch wars made purpose-built warships dominant at sea during the remainder of the Age of Sail . The word galleon , "large ship", comes from Spanish galeón , "galleon", "armed merchant ship" or from Old French galion , "armed ship of burden" from Medieval Greek galea , " galley ", to which

120-466: A new ship. Therefore, most galleons were originally consigned for trade, although those captured by rival states were usually put into military service. The most common gun used aboard a galleon was the demi-culverin , although gun sizes up to demi-cannon were possible. Because of the long periods often spent at sea and poor conditions on board, many of the crew often perished during the voyage; therefore advanced rigging systems were developed so that

150-426: A number of endemic butterflies and one endemic spider Diolenius angustipes . Much of the forest has been cut down for logging or to clear land for planting especially on Biak Island, which is the most populous in the area, although logging has slowed. There are two protected areas, which are close to each other: Pulau Supiori Nature Reserve , which is most of Supiori Island; and Biak Utara Nature Reserve which

180-400: A square tuck stern instead of a round tuck, and by having a snout or head projecting forward from the bows below the level of the forecastle. While carracks could be very large for the time, with some Portuguese carracks over 1,000 tons , galleons were generally smaller, usually under 500 tons although some Manila galleons were to reach a displacement of 2,000 tons. With the introduction of

210-526: Is an area on Biak Island just across the bridge from Supiori. However the logging industry may return, while birds are vulnerable to collectors and just because they have such a limited range of habitat on these small islands. The area needs more study. The seas around the Biak Islands are part of the Coral Triangle , a marine region which has the world's greatest diversity of coral reef species. Diving in

240-558: Is the town ( kota ) of Biak , on the island of the same name. The existing regency comprises nineteen districts ( distrik ), tabulated below with their populations at the 2010 Census and the 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes the location of the district headquarters, the number of administrative villages (totaling 254 rural kampung and 14 urban kelurahan ) and minor islands within each district, and its post code. Note: (a) including 7 urban kelurahan . Numfor Island (comprising

270-1114: The Biak–Numfoor rain forests . They have the most highly endemic avifauna of any single area in the New Guinea region. The forest consists of similar types of trees to that on mainland New Guinea. There are over 100 bird species on the islands, of which 11 to 16 are endemic , that is, restricted to this small island group. These include: black-winged lory ( Eos cyanogenia ); the small tree-climbing Geelvink pygmy parrot ( Micropsitta geelvinkiana ); Biak scrubfowl ( Megapodius geelvinkianus ); Geelvink imperial pigeon ( Ducula geelvinkiana ); Geelvink fruit dove ( Ptilinopus speciosus ); Biak coucal ( Centropus chalybeus ); two tree kingfishers , Biak paradise kingfisher ( Tanysiptera riedelii ) and Numfor paradise kingfisher ( Tanysiptera carolinae ); Biak gerygone ( Gerygone hypoxantha ); Biak monarch ( Monarcha brehmii ); Biak flycatcher ( Myiagra atra ); long-tailed starling ( Aplonis magna ); and Biak white-eye ( Zosterops mysorensis ). As well as

300-541: The Cenderawasih Bay (or Geelvink Bay) 50 km off the north-western coast of the island of New Guinea . The group consists of the main islands of Biak , Supiori and Numfor , and numerous smaller islands, mostly covered in rain forest . The population of the archipelago is about 130,000. The first recorded sighting by Europeans of the Schouten Islands was by the Portuguese navigator Jorge de Menezes in 1526. On

330-456: The keel ), pine (for the masts) and various hardwoods for hull and decking . Hulls were usually carvel -built. The expenses involved in galleon construction were enormous. Hundreds of expert tradesmen (including carpenters , pitch-melters , blacksmiths , coopers , shipwrights , etc.) worked for months before a galleon was seaworthy. To cover the expense, galleons were often funded by groups of wealthy businessmen who pooled resources for

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360-549: The stern . On average with three masts, in larger galleons, a fourth mast was added, usually another lateen-rigged mizzen, called the bonaventure mizzen . The oldest known scale drawings in England are in a manuscript called "Fragments of Ancient Shipwrightry" made in about 1586 by Mathew Baker , a master shipwright . This manuscript, held at the Pepysian Library, Magdalene College, Cambridge, provides an authentic reference for

390-575: The 12th and 13th centuries. It is very likely that the galleons and galliots mentioned in the accounts of the crusades were the same vessels. In the early 16th century, the Venetian galleoni were a new class of galley used to hunt down pirates in the Mediterranean Sea . Later, when the term started to be applied to sail-only vessels, it meant, like the English term "man-of-war", any large warship that

420-484: The 16th to 18th centuries during the Age of Sail and were the principal vessels drafted for use as warships until the Anglo-Dutch Wars of the mid-17th century. Galleons generally carried three or more masts with a lateen fore-and-aft rig on the rear masts, were carvel built with a prominent squared off raised stern, and used square-rigged sail plans on their fore-mast and main-masts . Such ships played

450-466: The 54 small islands of the Padaido Archipelago , to the southeast of Biak, and there are 87 other small islands within the regency. Biak Numfor Regency covers an area of 2,601.99 km. and had a population of 126,798 at the 2010 Census and 134,650 at the 2020 Census. The official estimate as at mid 2023 was 147,404 (comprising 74,977 males and 72,436 females). The regency's administrative centre

480-744: The French or Spanish augmentative suffix -on is added. Another possible origin is the Old French word galie , "galley"; also from Medieval Greek galea . The galea was a warship of the Byzantine navy , and its name may be related to the Greek word galeos , " dogfish shark ". The term was originally given to certain types of war galleys in the Middle Ages . The Annali Genovesi mention galleons of 60, 64 and 80 oars, used for battle and on missions of exploration, in

510-698: The Padaido Archipelago, which comprises 54 islets, with its pristine water, wide sandy beaches and high biodiversity, about two hours from Biak town by speedboat. The visibility is well up to 30 metres, and a favourite site is the World War II preserved wreckage of a US Catalina seaplane, with angelfish, lionfish, damselfish and other smaller fishes swimming around the wreckage. Schouten Islands The Biak Islands ( Indonesian : Kepulauan Biak , also Schouten Islands or Geelvink Islands ) are an island group of Papua province, eastern Indonesia in

540-553: The birds, there are a number of endemic mammals, although there are only 29 mammal species on the islands. The endemics include: Biak naked-backed fruit bat ( Dobsonia emersaa ) a species of barebacked fruit bat (so-called because their wings are attached to the back rather than the sides, giving this type of bat a different appearance to most species; a marsupial Biak glider ( Petaurus biacensis ); Japen rat ( Rattus jobiensis ); and two species of giant naked-tailed rat , Uromys boeadii and Uromys emmae . The islands also have

570-502: The definitive long and relatively narrow hulled galleon in the 1550s. The galleon was powered entirely by wind, using sails carried on three or four masts , with a lateen sail continuing to be used on the last (usually third and fourth) masts. They were used in both military and trade applications, most famously in the Spanish treasure fleet , and the Manila galleons. While carracks played

600-651: The first five districts listed above) were intended to be split off to form a separate regency under proposals announced in 2013 by the Indonesian Government, although all such new measures have been placed on hold since 2013. The Padaido Archipelago geographically comprises the 54 islands in Paidado District (southeast of Biak) and Aimando Padaido District (further to the east), plus Pulau Owi, Pulau Purbasbeba and Pulau Ruisbasbedar (islands which are part of Biak Timur District). There are at least 12 diving sites in

630-588: The galleon in Portuguese India Armadas during the first quarter of the 16th century, carracks' armament was reduced as they became almost exclusively cargo ships (which is why the Portuguese carracks were pushed to such large sizes), leaving any fighting to be done to the galleons. One of the largest and most famous of Portuguese galleons was the São João Baptista (nicknamed Botafogo , "Spitfire"),

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660-433: The leading role in early global explorations, galleons also played a part in the 16th and 17th centuries. In fact, galleons were so versatile that a single vessel might be refitted for wartime and peacetime roles several times during its lifespan. The galleon was the prototype of all square-rigged ships with three or more masts for over two and a half centuries, including the later full-rigged ship . The principal warships of

690-483: The maps of João de Lisboa and of Bartolomeu Velho (c. 1560), and by other Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch maps. The Schouten Islands were eventually named after Dutch explorer Willem Schouten , who explored them in 1615. The Tidore Sultanate had tributary ties with the islands. Seafarers from the region used to regularly pay homage to the sultan. The Biak Islands are among the most densely populated parts of Papua province. These small islands have been designated

720-583: The opposing English and Spanish fleets in the 1588 confrontation of the Spanish Armada and in the 1589 confrontation of the English Armada were galleons, with the modified English race-built galleons developed by John Hawkins proving their great utility in combat, while the capacious Spanish galleons, designed primarily as transports, showed great endurance in the battles and in the long and stormy return home. Galleons were constructed from oak (for

750-563: The same displacement (five galleons could cost around the same as three carracks) and were therefore a much better investment for use as heavily armed cargo ships or warships. Galleons' design changed and improved through the application of various innovations, and they were particularly linked with the military capabilities of the Atlantic sea powers. It was the captains of the Spanish navy, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés and Álvaro de Bazán , who designed

780-405: The vessel could be sailed home by an active sailing crew a fraction of the size aboard at departure. The most distinguishing features of the galleon include the long, prominent beak or beakhead followed by a foremast and mainmast , both noticeably taller than the single or double lateen-rigged mizzenmasts with their sloped lateen-rig yards, and below those the square quarter gallery at

810-482: The voyage from Malacca to Maluku , via northern Borneo, he was further carried eastward by a storm and strong winds. Jorge de Menezes landed at Biak , where he was forced to winter. Inspired by Malay, Moluccan or local Papuan names, he named the archipelago, and eventually the coasts of western Papua "Islands of Papuas". Biak was thenceforth called in Portuguese maps Ilha de Dom Jorge or Ilha onde invernou Dom Jorge , and Ilha de S. Jorge . The archipelago

840-720: The waters off Biak is a popular activity for tourists. The islands have two marine protected areas . The Biak Numfor Locally Managed Marine Area, established in 2015, protects Numfor's eastern coast and the southern coast of Biak. Padaido Marine Recreation Park, established in 2009, protects the waters around the Padaido Archipelago , a group of small islands lying south and southeast of Biak. 1°00′S 136°00′E  /  1.000°S 136.000°E  / -1.000; 136.000 Galleon Galleons were large, multi-decked sailing ships developed in Spain and Portugal and first used as armed cargo carriers by Europeans from

870-481: Was also sighted by Spanish navigator Álvaro de Saavedra who landed on Yapen on June 24, 1528, when trying to return from Tidore to New Spain . The islands were named Islas de Oro (Golden Islands in Spanish). In 1545 they were visited by Íñigo Órtiz de Retes on board the galleon San Juan . The archipelago was first mapped in the Portuguese charts of Gaspar Viegas (c. 1537), an anonymous map of 1540, and on

900-448: Was otherwise no different from the other sailing ships of the time. During the 16th century, a lowering of the carrack 's forecastle and elongation of the hull gave the ocean-going ships an unprecedented level of stability in the water, and reduced wind resistance at the front, leading to a faster, more maneuverable vessel. The galleon differed from the carrack and other older types primarily by being longer, lower and narrower, with

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