116-555: Bhupatindra Malla ( Nepal Bhasa : šØš¹š„šš·š£šš”šš¬ š©š®šš® ; 3 November 1674 ā 15 April 1722) was a Malla Dynasty King of the Kingdom of Bhaktapur (present day Bhaktapur , Nepal ) who reigned from 1696 until his death in 1722. He is the most widely known king of Bhaktapur and is among the most popular of the Malla dynasty . He is popularly known in Bhaktapur as nepaįø„ juju , meaning
232-480: A Capuchin missionary who visited Nepal in the 1740s referred to the language as Nepalese. The term "Newari" as a name for the language was coined by Brian Hodgson in 1847 and since then used by most western scholars. The term "Newari" is considered by many Newars to be inappropriate as it is the Sanskritisation of "Newar". "Newar" is generally believed to be related to the word "Nepal", possibly derived by
348-506: A Yagya called SiddhÄgni koį¹yÄhuti MÄhÄyagya . The fire for the Yagya was continuously lit for 48 days while the ashes from the fire were kept on the spot until January 1704. Even today, the spot where the Yagya was performed is believed to have retained the warmth till date. The construction of the temple was completed after a few months in the year 822 of the Nepalese era during the first day of
464-558: A moustache , VĆ©tÄla is believed to be a mischievous child. VĆ©tÄla is worshipped as the protector of Bhaktapur and of Bhairava . A statue of VĆ©tÄla is installed in front of the chariot of Biska Jatra . He is also believed to appear frequently in locales around the Nyatapola temple as a child during the time of the Biska Jatra festival. A folklore prevalent in Bhaktapur tell the tale of
580-470: A protectorate of Bhaktapur . LokaprakÄsha died from smallpox just a year after his coronation and the throne of Patan became empty again. This time, the nephew of Yog NarÄndra Malla, Indra Malla, was crowned but the power remained in the hands of Yogamati. Moreover, Lalitpur secretly made an alliance with Kantipur and in 1708 the combined forces of Kantipur and Lalitpur attacked the " Obhu " fort of Bhaktapur four more times but were unable to breach
696-413: A stone mason , TÅ«la Simha, worked for 499 days. Similarly, another worker, Chatra Simha, worked for 285 days. However, the time it took from the laying of the foundation to completion of the construction took only six months. So, the stone work and woodcarving began two years before the foundation was laid. As per the sources, on 23 October 1701, Bhupatindra Malla invited his ministers, chief courtiers and
812-512: A dance named " BhimÄnanda pyÄkhan " for which they were paid 20 rupees . Similarly, dancers from Thimi and SÄngÄ, which lied within the Kingdom of Bhaktapur , were only paid 8 rupees for their performance during the weeding. The preparations for the wedding ceremony to be held in November began from June. During a marriage of the Newar prince, there was a ceremony called " vÄtÄ chĆ³yÄ " and " kÅ« chĆ³yÄ "
928-501: A government institution established in 1913 (B.S. 1970) for advancement of Gorkha Bhasa, renamed itself as Nepali Bhasa Prakashini Samiti (Nepali Language Publishing Committee) in 1933 (B.S. 1990), which is currently known as Sajha Prakashan . On 7 September 1995, the cabinet of ministers decided to use "Nepala Bhasa" instead of "Newari". On 13 November 1998, the Minister of Information and Communication issued another directive to use
1044-498: A guest of Capuchin Catholic friars living in Bhaktapur . He described Bhaktapur as: Badgao (Bhaktapur) stands on a hill some six or seven miles from Kathmandu. The air is much better, and with its fine houses and well laid out streets it is a much gayer and more beautiful city than the other two; it has several hundred thousand inhabitants who are engaged in trade Similarly, he described Bhupatindra Malla as: The old Kinglet of Badgao
1160-498: A ledger book which states that: On the 10th day of the dark half of the month of Jyeshtha of Nepal Sambat 819 (= 12 June 1699), Sri Sri SumÄti Jitamitra Malla performed a siddhi homa . Scholar Bhim Nidhi Tiwari theorised that Jitamitra Malla may have died around January 1705. A contemporary chronicle ( ThyÄsÄfu in Nepal Bhasa ) from 1708 report the death of Jitamitra's younger brother Ugra Malla. The same chronicle also mention
1276-610: A local language. Newar is taught in schools of Sikkim. The exact placement of Newar within the Tibeto-Burman language family has been a source of controversies and confusion. Robert Shafer classified Newar as part of his Bodic division of Sino-Tibetan. George Van Driem classified Newar within the Mahakiranti grouping but he later retracted his hypothesis in 2003. Moreover, he proposed a new grouping called "Maha-Newari" which possibly includes BaramāThangmi . T. R. Kansakar attributes
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#17328687904531392-524: A neat classification. A classification (based on Glover's ) indicating a percentage of shared vocabulary within the labeled branch and an approximate time of split: Example: Karen etc Example: Sunwar Tamang , Manang , Gurung , Thakali , Kaike , Tibetan , Sherpa Examples: Limbu Chepang BaramāThangmi Pahri or Pahari (unrelated to other "Pahari" languages of the region) Dolkha Newari Modern Nepal Bhasa É« "%" indicates lexical similarity/common vocabulary between Newar and
1508-547: A skilled ruler and since childhood he was given a chance to rule alongside his father. He was also keen on building, having built a hiti and a public shelter (called a phalcÄ in Nepal Bhasa ) at Thimi as a prince. His most famous contributions are the Nyatapola Temple , a Nepalese-style five-storey temple completed in a six-month period between 1702 and 1703 and the palace of fifty-five windows, both of which are often considered an apogee of Nepalese architecture . He
1624-423: A worker who attended the construction of the Nyatapola temple daily, did no work but ate the most lunch. When the other workers noticed him, they quickly reported to Bhupatindra Malla but the king consoled the workers by saying that "he will be of some use, some day". Eventually, when the time came to install the heavy golden pinnacle on the top of the temple, the same worker who did no work before, quickly grabbed
1740-399: A young Bhupatindra Malla. Although it is unclear how a popular figure such as BhÄju Kasa was antagonized in folklore. Before, BhÄju Kasa took office, legal documents contained Annapurna Lakshmi, Bhupatindra Malla's great-grandaunt, as the witness. Her name first appeared in a legal document from 30 December 1667 during the reign of Jagat Prakasha Malla , Bhupatindra Malla's grandfather. She was
1856-414: Is among the most popular and influential of the Malla kings and also has great cultural importance in Bhaktapur. The silhouette of his gold-plated bronze statue at the royal palace complex is often used by various organizations and corporations as a symbol to represent Bhaktapur . Bhupatindra Malla was born to Jitamitra Malla by his queen consort LÄlamati on kÄrtika Åukla khaį¹£į¹hÄ« ( the sixth day of
1972-831: Is an additional official language in Sikkim for the purpose of preservation of culture and tradition in the state. The official weekly publication Sikkim Herald has a Newar Edition. The Information & Public Relations Department also broadcasts news bulletin in Newar. Nepal Bhasa is included as elective mother tongue subject in schools by Curriculum Development Committee. Tribhuvan University offers Bachelors, Masters, Mphil and PhD degree in Nepal Bhasa. Expatriates can study Nepal Bhasa at Bishwa Bhasa Campus in Kathmandu. Kathmandu Metropolitan City and Kirtipur Municipality are teaching Nepal Bhasa as
2088-471: Is based upon the folklore of BhÄgirÄma KÄyastha (alias BhÄju Kasa), the chief minister in Jitamitra Malla 's court. Although Jitamitra Malla himself speaks highly of BhÄju Kasa, even declaring him as the second greatest in the kingdom after him in one of his inscriptions, the folklore of Bhaktapur sees him as an antagonist figure who tried to usurp the throne and assassinate a young Bhupatindra Malla with
2204-452: Is clear that Bhupatindra Malla organized a siddhÄgni kotyÄhuti yagya in order to offer an extremely small metallic bell, the same type of yagya done to commemorate the construction of the Nyatapola temple . As per historian Purushottam Shrestha, the reason for performing such complex ritual for the act of offering a small bell can be attributed to the plague epidemic that ravaged Nepal for seven years from 1716 to 1723. The bell however
2320-453: Is considered to be the first woman to publish literature in Nepal as her poems are the earliest dated literature in Nepal authored by a woman. An example of the language used during this period is provided by the following lines from a poem written by Briddhi Lakshmi . dukha hÄį¹ Ä hÄį¹ Ä parabata jina lhvaneį¹ a maphuta, madata vipatiyÄ udhÄra I can no longer bear the mountain of grief; there
2436-597: Is during this period that the earliest dated document written entirely in Newar was written, a palm-leaf manuscript preserved in Uku BÄhÄ, a Buddhist monastery in Lalitpur , which dates from 1114. Following is a line from the document which mostly deals with business transaction. bivu mikhÄ tivu maduguna chu sÄta duguna valhe replace for what is lost, with a remaining object or gift rightly sold out, give some clothes. The first inscription written entirely in Newar set up by
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#17328687904532552-595: Is no salvation for the grieved Newar began to be sidelined after the Gorkha conquest of Nepal and the ouster of the Malla dynasty by the Shah dynasty in the late 18th century. Since then, its history has been one of constant suppression and struggle against official disapproval. Following the advent of the Shahs, the Gorkhali language became the court language, and Newar was replaced as
2668-581: Is one of the oldest in Nepal, dating back to at least 600 years ago. From the start of the Rana dynasty in the 1840s until democratisation , Newar suffered from official suppression. From 1952 to 1991, the percentage of Newar speakers in the Kathmandu Valley dropped from 75% to 44% and today Newar culture and language are under threat. The language has been listed as " Definitely endangered " by UNESCO . On 6 May 2024, Newar, along with Tamang and Nepali
2784-522: Is spared by the assassins who run their knife on a goat instead and is picked up by a family of Tibetan artisans who raises him and eventually Bhupatindra Malla gathers his own army and takes back the throne. It is said that then Bhupatindra Malla executes BhÄju Kasa and puts his usurping stepmother on house arrest in the Thanthu LyÄkÅ« palace. In actuality however, BhÄju Kasa was an extremely popular figure in contemporary Bhaktapur whose popularity caused to be
2900-486: Is still a mystery. Catching and taming of wild elephants was considered a sign of masculinity in medieval Nepal . There are three instances of Bhupatindra Malla hunting for wild elephants in the Terai forest . The first hunt was held on 24 March 1708. There are no further details about this hunt as the chronicle simply mention that Bhupatindra Malla chased elephants on FÄlguna sudi 13 of Nepal Sambat 829. The second hunt
3016-457: Is the tallest building in Bhaktapur and holds a great cultural significance to the locals despite being off limits. The square that houses this temple is the most important area of the town. Likewise, the Nyatapola is the tallest in Nepal as well and is considered the greatest contribution by Bhupatindra Malla. The construction of the temple was completed in six months. Before the construction of
3132-526: The Kingdom of Bhaktapur , the citizens from the Kingdom of Patan also volunteered in the construction. By early February 1703, the construction of the plinth was completed. The construction was halted temporarily in April for the Bisket Jatra festival. The construction work accelerated after the end of the festival and by the end of April, the lowermost storey was finished. In early May, Bhupatindra Malla started
3248-602: The Licchavi period (approximately 400ā750) contains frequent use of Sino-Tibetan words especially for proper nouns. Almost 80 percent of the names of places, taxes and merchandise used in the inscriptions are Tibeto-Burman in origin. It suggests that Newar existed as a vernacular language since at least the Lichhavi Dynasty . According to the Gopal Raj Vamshavali , a 14th century Newar language history book, before
3364-523: The Licchavis of Vaishali conquered Nepal , it was ruled by the Kirata and the language they spoke, which is referred by historians such as Shrestha as Kiranti, is believed to be the old form of the Newar language. For instance, in an inscription from 594 located in present day Bhaktapur , the area is referred as khopį¹iį¹ a which closely resmbles the classical and modern Newar name for the city , khopa. It
3480-458: The Nyatapola temple , the tallest building in Bhaktapur was a Shiva temple in the palace complex. The Shiva temple also features a five-level platform similar to the Nyatapola . So, it is possible that Bhupatindra Malla may have used the Shiva temple as a base when drawing the architectural drawing for the temple. It was said that Bhupatindra Malla was skilled in woodcarving and Vastu shastra and
3596-505: The Pracalit script and another stone inscription set up by Pratap Malla in 1652 uses the term nevÄrabhÄį¹£Ä ("newar language") to refer to the language. In the 1920s, the language known as Khas Kura, Gorkhali or Parbatiya was renamed to Nepali . Conversely, the term Gorkhali in the former national anthem entitled "Shreeman Gambhir" was changed to Nepali in 1951. Gorkha Bhasa Prakashini Samiti (Gorkha Language Publishing Committee),
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3712-509: The Ramayana titled Dukhi VÄro and the play was shown around the town . The digging work for the foundation of the temple was completed by late December 1701. Bhupatindra Malla himself laid three bricks on the foundation thereby commencing the construction work. The construction work gained further momentum as almost all the citizens of Bhaktapur came to volunteer. Likewise, citizens of Thimi , Banepa , Dhulikhel and other smaller settlements under
3828-460: The Thanthu LyÄkÅ« palace which was built by himself and spent the rest of his life in pilgrimage and other religious activities. Just a few months after his coronation , Bhupatindra Malla inaugurated a play named " KolÄsuravadhopÄkhyÄna " in early March 1697. For this occasion, he offered a ritual oil lamp called tvÄdevÄ to NÄsadyah, the deity of music and dance. Yog Narendra Malla became
3944-401: The king of Lalitpur . For this, he gave two elephants and one camel to the king of Lalitpur while Bhaksar Malla of Kantipur received a camel and an elephant each from him. Based on the stone sculpture of a camel pair at a temple in the palace square of Bhaktapur , it becomes clear that these camels were Dromedary . In the entirety of Nepal , there are only two depictions of camels ,
4060-406: The waxing moon in the month of Ashadha (late Juneāearly July 1702). All in all, it took six months to build the temple. When construction finished, a grand feast was organized by a grateful Bhupatindra Malla and almost 20,000 people attended. Bhupatindra may have also authored the " SiddhÄgni KotyÄhuti DĆ©vala PratisthÄ ", manuscript detailing the construction work of the Nyatapola temple with
4176-439: The 14th century, Newar was given the status of national language by Jayasthiti Malla . Since then, most of royal decrees, official proclamations and public notices set up by the monarchs appeared in Newar. Jayasthiti Malla himself commissioned many works in Newar like the Gopal Raj Vamshavali , a manuscript about the history of Nepal dating to 1389. From the 14th century onwards, an overwhelming number of stone inscriptions in
4292-863: The Kathmandu Valley , where they are a ubiquitous element at heritage sites, are in Newar. The period from 1428 to 1769 is considered a Golden Age for Newar Literature . Many monarchs of the Malla dynasty themselves started composing hymns and dramas in Newar. Noted royal writers include Mahindra Malla , Siddhi Narsingh Malla , and Ranajit Malla . Still, there are numerous works of literature from this period with anonymous authors. Some non royal authors include Keshav UdÄs, BrisabhÄnanda and BiladÄtÄsingha. Some notable women who wrote literature in Newar during this period include, Jagatakeshari from Banepa , Briddhi Lakshmi (queen consort of Bhaktapur ), Riddhi Lakshmi (mother of Bhupalendra Malla ), Jaya Lakshmi (queen consort of Yoga Narendra Malla ). Among them, Riddhi Lakshmi
4408-399: The Kathmandu Valley leading to the indigenous Newars becoming a minority. During the period 1952 to 1991, the percentage of the valley population speaking Newar dropped from 74.95% to 43.93%. The Nepal Bhasa movement arose as an effort to save the language. Newars have been fighting to save their language in the face of opposition from the government and hostile neighbours from the time of
4524-568: The Linguist Glover, Newar and Chepang language must have diverged around 2200 BC. It is estimated that Newar shares 28% of its vocabulary with Chepang. At the same time, a very large and significant proportion of Newari vocabulary is Indo-European in origin, by one estimate more than 50%, indicating an influence of at least 1,600 years from Indo-European languages, first from Sanskrit, Maithili, Persian, and Urdu and today from Hindi, Nepali and English. The Sanskrit language stone inscriptions of
4640-563: The US, the UK, Australia, and Japan. Newar was Nepal Mandala 's (then only known as Nepal) administrative language from the 14th to the late 18th century. The continued official use of Newari into the Shah dynasty is shown by the 1775 treaty with Tibet , which was written in the language, but it was gradually replaced in official use by Gorkhali. From the early 20th century until democratization , Newar suffered from official suppression. During this period,
4756-429: The big influence that LÄlamati, who even consecrated several gilt bronze statues of herself and Jitamitra Malla , and Ugra Malla had during Bhupatindra Malla's reign. Similarly, Bhupatindra Malla's rock inscription at a quarry in the eastern part of Bhaktapur states that "Bhupatindra Malla, in order to build a stone temple in his father's name had these rocks collected". So, Jitamitra Malla 's death just like his birth
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4872-632: The bright half of the month of kÄrtika ) in Nepal Sambat 795, equivalent to 3 November 1674 on the Gregorian calendar . There was another son born to Lalamati and Jitamitra Malla before the birth of Bhupatindra Malla. The contemporary expenditure book has a record of the Annaprashana ( Newar : macÄ janko ) ceremony of a prince in April 1674 ( NS 795), before the birth of Bhupatindra Malla. This prince has simply been referred as "Jitamitra Malla's Prince" in
4988-406: The chief minister, BhÄju Kasa, who also wanting to usurp the throne himself decides to help her and the couple manages to persuade Bhupatindra Malla to visit a nearby forest with some hired assassins. The assassins however finding him innocent and touched by his pleadings leave him in the forest and run their knives on a goat . Bhupatindra Malla is later found by a family of Tibetan craftsmen and it
5104-417: The coronation of Bhupatindra however, BhÄju Kasa disappears from records. Moreover, Bhupatindra's chief minister HÄku VÄro (colloquially HÄku BhÄju) also didn't serve him throughout his reign, unlike the case of his father . It appears that Bhupatindra became more biased towards his mother LÄlamati, particularly because he wanted to avoid his minister gaining as much power and popularity as BhÄju Kasa did during
5220-780: The crowning of LokaprakÄsha Malla, the son of Yogamati who herself was the daughter of Yoga NarĆ©ndra Malla. Since, LokaprakÄsha was just seven years old, Kantipur saw this as the chance to make Lalitpur a part of their own kingdom. Similar to Lalitpur, the monarch Bhaskar Malla was just eight years old and the power was on the hands of his mother, Bhuvana Lakshmi. The queen mother of Kantipur , went to Lalitpur to bring LokaprakÄsha to her kingdom. The twenty-year-old mother of LokaprakÄsha, Yogamati asked Bhupatindra Malla for help against Kantipur 's plan. With Bhupatindra's help, Lalitpur captured Bhuvana Lakshmi and imprisoned her for four days. The citizens of Kantipur then kidnapped LokaprakÄsha but Bhupatindra Malla rescued him and declared Lalitpur
5336-416: The current king of Bhaktapur. The doubt regarding the death of Jitamitra Malla was further supported by a line from the document containing the religious rites performed by him, which dated to around June of 1699 mentions a homa ritual performed by Jitamitra Malla. Because of these evidence, historians pushed forward the idea that Jitamitra Malla voluntarily gave up the throne for Bhupatindra Malla and spent
5452-414: The details of the cost of the construction, the timeline of the construction, names of the workers who worked on it including their work time and wages. Vira VĆ©tÄla ( Nepal Bhasa : š°š·š¬ š°š¾ššµš® ), also commonly called VĆ©tadyah ( Nepal Bhasa : š°š¾š š”šš«š ) is considered the vahana of Bhairava in Bhaktapur and is a popular deity in Bhaktapur. Although he is depicted with
5568-413: The details of the dishes served during the feast following this ceremony. Bhupatindra Malla's childhood has been highly dramatised in the folklore of Bhaktapur . The story, although historically inaccurate quite popular in Bhaktapur . The story goes that Jitamitra Malla 's junior queen despised Bhupatindra Malla and wanted to make her own issue the future king of Bhaktapur . So, she asks for help from
5684-449: The difficulty about the placement of Newar to the inability of scholars to connect it with the migration patterns of the Tibeto-Burman speakers. Since Newar separated from rest of the family very early in history, it is difficult or at least arbitrary to reconstruct the basic stratum that contributed to present day Newar speech. He underscored the point that the language evolved from mixed racial/linguistic influences that do not lend easily to
5800-531: The expenditure book and finds no mention in any other sources. Bhupatindra Malla was raised by his mother LÄlamati who played a very important role to shape the psychology of the young prince. Many of Bhupatindra Malla's pre-marital rite of passage have been recorded in the contemporary expenditure books, like the Chudakarana , Upanayana and the Diksha . For instance, the Chudakarana ceremony of Bhupatindra Malla
5916-443: The feast following the wedding, all the citizens of Bhaktapur were invited. Likewise, 16,244 citizens from other cities within the kingdom were also invited. Jitamitra Malla himself wrote a Newari play titled " MadÄlasÄ Harana " which was performed during the wedding. Dancers from the royal court of Kantipur as well as other citizens from Kantipur were invited to perform in the ceremony. The dancers from Kantipur performed
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#17328687904536032-452: The first being a stone sculpture at a temple of Bhaktapur and the other in a latticed window in Bhaktapur as well. It becomes clear that the Kingdom of Bhaktapur had some camels, a non-native and a rare animal for Nepal . The presence of camels became the subject of pride for Bhaktapur . The temple containing the sculpture of the camel pair was built during the reign of Bhupatindra's father . So, Bhaktapur might have had camels even before
6148-434: The first female to appear as a witness in a legal document in Bhaktapur's history. From 1667 to 1676, Annapurna Lakshmi's name appeared as a witness in legal documents. Vishva Lakshmi doesn't appear much in legal documents, treaties and there are no mentions of her in anything related to the politics of the valley. Vishva Lakshmi however is known to have supported her husband in the numerous construction works, particularly
6264-460: The following to PurvarÄma who will bring them to the royal court..." on his letter. The list of ingredients asked from Nala included, a buffalo costing six mohars , two ducks, two goats, forty eggs, 2.18 liters oil, 160 kg flattened rice , 2 kg salt, fish, dhau , 3.2 liters milk, banana, pork, venison and different varieties of sesame . Diksha ceremonies were generally held in an eclipse , solar eclipses being more favoured. There
6380-461: The fort. GaurivivÄha ( lit. ' marriage of Gauri ' ) was a Nepal Bhasa play detailing the marriage of Parvati to Shiva . The play written by Bhupatindra Malla himself which was shown in the Kingdom of Patan in early January 1707. The money collected from the play was used by Bhupatindra Malla to offer a bell to the lord of dance, Nrityasvara . Many historians and authors have wrongly written that Jitamitra Malla died around
6496-401: The heavy pinnacle and installed it on the top with ease. The man is then said to have disappeared and was never seen again. So, he was believed to be VĆ©tÄla himself. Newar language Nepal Historical : Gorkha Kingdom Newar ( English: / n É Ė w ÉĖ r / ; š£š¾š„šµš® šØšµš²šµ , nepÄla bhÄį¹£Ä ) is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken by the Newar people ,
6612-455: The help of Jitamitra Malla successful isolated Kantipur and the combined forces attacked several forts that belonged to Kantipur while the infant king was being paraded around the town. Bhupatindra Malla with the help of Gorkha , Makwanpur and Tanahun forced Yog Narendra Malla to sign a treaty in 1701 according to which the Kingdom of Lalitpur had to pay a hefty amount to Bhaktapur and Gorkha , Makwanpur and Tanahun if an alliance
6728-429: The help of Jitamitra Malla's youngest queen. The story also assumes that BhÄjyÄ PÅ«khÅ«, a large rectangular tank on the eastern border of Bhaktapur with a Shiva temple in its center which was commissioned by and named after BhÄju Kasa, was in fact built by BhÄju Kasa in order to win the support of the junior queen. In reality however, the pond existed since the 12th century and BhÄju Kasa only commissioned its renovation as
6844-452: The idea that Bhupatindra Malla succeeded his father via a revolt just like in the case of Pratap Malla , after putting him in house arrest. Under the direction of his father , Bhupatindra Malla had renovated a stone spout ( hiti ) and a resting place ( phalcÄ ) in Thimi . When Bhupatindra Malla became sufficiently skilled to rule on his own, Jitamitra Malla abdicated the throne. He lived in
6960-399: The income of the royal family couldn't handle the expenses alone. So, the Malla kings and especially Jitamitra Malla collected culinary ingredients from the cities within the Kingdom of Bhaktapur . This form of taxing was called " sevÄkÅ« ". The first of these "sevÄkÅ«" was collected from Nala . Jitamitra Malla wrote "...As per the orders of Sri Sri SumÄti Jitamitra Malla , Nala is to provide
7076-516: The indigenous inhabitants of Nepal Mandala , which consists of the Kathmandu Valley and surrounding regions in Nepal . The language is known officially in Nepal as Nepal Bhasa, a name that has been historically used for the language. The term " Newari " is also used to refer to the language, although the Indic -i suffix is considered inappropriate by some Newar speakers. The language served as
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#17328687904537192-473: The king of the Kingdom of Lalitpur (present day Lalitpur, Nepal ) after he started a revolt against his father Srinivasa Malla. Yog NarÄndra Malla was an ambitious king who upon his coronation in 1684 made an alliance with Jitamitra Malla in order to isolate and take over Kantipur . At that time, Kantipur's monarch was an infant BhupÄlÄndra Malla and the power was mostly on the hands of the chief minister Lakshmi Narayana Joshi. In 1689, Yog NarÄndra Malla with
7308-670: The king of the Newars . His reign was characterized by the construction of numerous palaces and temples with the Nyatapola temple being his most revered contribution. An integral part of the local folklore, Bhupatindra Malla is regarded as a great builder and a lover of arts whose reign is considered the cultural high point of Bhaktapur. In particular, he was a scholar of the Maithili language and composed 26 plays in Maithili throughout his lifetime. His parents, Jitamitra and LÄlamati, wanted him to be
7424-437: The king would talk with each other from their rooftops. When the queen noticed them, she started to worry that the gazers might fall in love with each other. So, she requested her husband to construct a tall temple dedicated to Goddess Siddhi Lakshmi, that will calm the angry Bhairava while secretly hoping that it would block the view of the woman's house from the palace. Ugra Malla (official name Sri Sri Jaya Ugra Malla Deva)
7540-439: The kingdom who feared the same fate. With the hopes of preventing the epidemic, Bhupatindra Malla and his court performed a siddhÄgni kotyÄhuti yagya in order to offer a bell to Siddhi VatsalÄ who is regarded as a powerful mother goddess . The 18th century Plague epidemic was the most deadly epidemic in history of Nepal. It appears that LÄlamati DĆ©vi ( Nepal Bhasa : š®šµš®š©šš· š”š¾š°š· ), Bhupatindra's mother,
7656-501: The kingdom's temporary capital. On 28 October 1705, Yog NarÄndra Malla was poisoned in Changu , probably by the spies of Bhupatindra Malla. As a result of the poisoning, Yog Narendra Malla died on Wednesday, 28 October 1705. After, Yog NarÄndra's death, the attacks on Bhaktapur stopped as a crisis of succession was created in Lalitpur . After the death of Yog NarÄndra Malla, the throne of Lalitpur became empty. Bhupatindra Malla helped in
7772-419: The language of administration. However, Newar continued to remain in official use for a time as shown by the 1775 treaty with Tibet which was written in it. A few of the new rulers cultivated the language. Kings Prithvi Narayan Shah , Rana Bahadur and Rajendra Bikram Shah composed poetry and wrote plays in it. Newar suffered heavily under the repressive policy of the Rana dynasty (1846ā1951 AD) when
7888-658: The language, can be found in the manuscripts of a commentary to the NÄradasaį¹hitÄ , dated 1380, and a commentary to the AmarkoÅa , dated 1386. Some inscriptions from the Malla Dynasty refer to the language as deÅabhÄį¹£Ä ( Pracalit Script : š”š¾š±šØšµš²šµ , lit. ' language of the country ' ) and svadeÅabhÄį¹£Ä ( Pracalit Script : š³šš°š”š¾š±šØšµš²šµ , lit. ' language of one's own country ' ). Similarly, Father Cassiano da Macerata,
8004-579: The late years of the 17th century states, "This is the kingdom (referring to Bhaktapur ) won by Bhupatindra Malla", perhaps indicating a usurpation. Furthermore, a contemporary Paubha painting of Shiva which contains the miniature of the royal family of Bhaktapur does not have a miniature of Jitamitra Malla . The royal family depicted composed of Bhupatindra Malla on his throne, his uncle Ugra Malla, his mother LÄlamati, his sister BhÄnumati and his queen Vishva Lakshmi seated together and in prayer to Shiva . Jitamitra Malla's name appears for one last time in
8120-463: The learned and patient king Jitamitra Malla who is the greatest in the kingdom . After him, the intelligent minister BhÄgirÄma is the greatest. Meanwhile, Lakshmi Narayana Joshi, the minister of Kantipur became jealous of BhÄju Kasa's influence and fame in Bhaktapur . So, the kingdom of Kantipur warned Jitamitra Malla of an attack if BhÄju Kasa was not removed from office. Jitamitra Malla couldn't remove BhÄju Kasa due his immense popularity among
8236-497: The locals. As a result, the forces of Kantipur surrounded the western gate of Bhaktapur for about a month after which they ransacked BhÄju Kasa's property. BhÄju Kasa then fled away to Lalitpur . There Yog NarÄndra Malla, the king of Lalitpur found BhÄju Kasa innocent and convinced Lakshmi Narayana Joshi to reinstall him the court of Jitamitra Malla . After returning to office, BhÄju Kasa's popularity grew even more, perhaps surpassing that of Jitamitra Malla . This immense popularity
8352-459: The maps for the temple were made by him with the help of other experts. Similarly, before the Nyatapola was constructed there existed a temple referred as " NgÄtapÅ«lÅ« " in the " SiddhÄgni koį¹yÄhuti devala pratishį¹hÄ" manuscript . Even before the construction began formally, the woodcarving and sculpting work had started. In the " SiddhÄgni koį¹yÄhuti devala pratishį¹hÄ " manuscript , it is written that
8468-465: The name Nepal Bhasa instead of Newari. However, the Central Bureau of Statistics has not been doing so. A colloquial term is Newa Bhaay ( DevanÄgarÄ« : ą¤Øą„ą¤µą¤¾: ą¤ą¤¾ą¤Æą„, IAST : NevÄįø„ BhÄy) is also used. Newar is spoken by over a million people in Nepal according to the 2001 census. With an increase in emigration, various bodies and societies of Newar-speaking people have emerged in countries such as
8584-486: The name of her deceased son. HÄku BhÄro, colloquially HÄku BhÄju was the chief minister in Bhupatindra Malla's court. HÄku BhÄro replaced BhÄgirÄma KÄyastha (colloquially known as BhÄju Kasa ), who was the minister in Jitamitra Malla 's court. Soon after he took tenure in 1676, BhÄju Kasa's fame started to grow among was the people of Bhaktapur . An inscription form KhaumÄ district in Bhaktapur mentions: Hail
8700-410: The official language of Nepal during the Malla dynasty since the 14th century till the end of dynasty in 1769 during which the language was referred as "Nepal Bhasa", a term which literally means "Nepalese Language". However, the language is not the same as Nepali , an Indo-Aryan language and the current official language of Nepal , which only got the name Nepali in the 1930s. Literature in Newar
8816-513: The other languages in the branch. The date indicates an approximate time when the language diverged. É Van Driem labelled this branch as "Parakiranti" and included it together with Kiranti branch to form Maha Kiranti group. However, he would later drop this hypothesis. Ź All languages within this branch have extensive Indo-Aryan vocabulary. It is hypothesised that either ancient IndoAryan admixture happened before Newar-Thangmi-Baram split or that Thangmi-Baram borrowed through Newari. According to
8932-454: The palace of fifty-five windows and the Nyatapola temple . Queen Vishva Lakshmi supported her husband in many of his ambitious construction works. According to some folklore, the tall Nyatapola Temple was commissioned by the Queen herself. The story says that once the Queen noticed her husband King Bhupatindra Malla gazing at a woman every morning. Since the woman lived near the palace, she and
9048-429: The palace. His usurping stepmother is imprisoned within the palace while BhÄju Kasa is taken to a forest near the western gates of Bhaktapur where he is executed. Despite being a popular folklore, it has no historical basis. Not only are there no records of Jitamitra Malla's queen apart from LÄlamati, a young Bhupatindra Malla is depicted in a few contemporary paintings and there are ledgers books of various ceremonies of
9164-424: The regime attempted to wipe it out. In 1906, legal documents written in Newar were declared unenforceable, and any evidence in the language was declared null and void. The rulers forbade literature in Newar, and writers were sent to jail. In 1944, Buddhist monks who wrote in the language were expelled from the country. Moreover, hostility towards the language from neighbours grew following massive migration into
9280-588: The reign of Bhupatindra. Apart from the camel trade by Bhaktapur with its neighbours and the few depictions of it in Bhaktapur as well, other mentions of camels has not been found in Nepalese history yet. Ippolito Desideri was an Italian Christian missionary who arrived in Nepal on 27 December 1721 on his return trip from Tibet . He stayed in Kathmandu and Patan for a while and only entered Bhaktapur on 14 January 1722. He stayed in Bhaktapur until 25 January as
9396-442: The reign of his father . LÄlamati appears as a witness in all royal cases since the reign of Bhupatindra. LÄlamati helped her son greatly during his reign, especially in political issues. LÄlamati outlived both her husband and her son and died in the second year of her grandson 's reign. Even after their death, LÄlamati consecrated gold-plated statues of Jitamitra Malla and she set up a Guthi land to light oil lamps for Taleju in
9512-547: The replacement of the 'la' sound with a 'ra' sound, a common practice in historical documents from Nepal. Historically, the term "Newar" itself was rarely used, only finding use in the travelogue of some of the Capuchin missionaries who visited Nepal during the Malla dynasty . Only two sources from the Malla dynasty use the term "Newar" to refer to the language or its script; the multilingual stone inscription of Pratap Malla uses " nevÄra Äkhara " ("newar alphabet") to refer to
9628-555: The repressive Rana regime till today. The movement arose against the suppression of the language that began with the rise of the Shah dynasty in 1768 AD, and intensified during the Rana regime (1846ā1951) and Panchayat system (1960ā1990). Visva Lakshmi Devi Vishva Lakshmi ( Nepal Bhasa : š§š¶š±šš°š®ššš²šš©š· ) was the queen consort of Bhaktapur and the spouse of Bhupatindra Malla , who ruled form 1696 to 1722. She
9744-535: The rest of his life performing pious deeds. The idea was that Jitamitra Malla wanted to avoid a conflict with his heir as was the case with Pratapa Malla and his father Lakshminarasingha Malla in Kantipur and Yognarendra Malla and his father Srinivasa Malla in Lalitpur . This idea was further brought into main stream by Nepalese playwright Bhim Nidhi Tiwari in his historical drama, MahÄrÄja BhÅ«patÄ«ndra. Recently however, historians like Om Prasad Dhaubhadel put forward
9860-479: The rest of the administrative division of Bhaktapur in his palace where he proposed his plans build the Nyatapola Temple . As soon as the decision to build the temple was made by the meeting, preparations for construction started. Trees were cut in the forests surrounding Bhaktapur and the very next day on 24 October, Bhaktapur received wood from Banepa and woodwork for the temple began. Similarly, on Sunday 27 October 1702, Bhupatindra Malla, in order to prepare
9976-424: The royal astrologer Jayanarayana wrote (this document) to Kalyana Simha. During the reign of his father Jitamitra , the chief minister Bhagiram Pradhananga (colloquially BhÄju Kasa) became popular and even claimed himself to be the most skilled in the kingdom after the king . His rapid popularity spawned rumors that he was planning to assassinate the young prince Bhupatindra and claim the throne for himself. After
10092-474: The royal family also dates from this period; a stone inscription from Bajrayogini Temple of Rudra Malla from 1127 ( NS 293). The Newar language of the Medieval era (879 to 1769 CE) is referred as Classical Newar . It is further classified into Early Classical Newar, used from 879 to 1482, when the period of three kingdom started and Late Classical Newar, from 1482 to 1769, when the Malla dynasty ended . In
10208-506: The same space as the Nyatapola . By late December, the NgÄtÄpulu temple was destroyed and some of the surrounding houses were demolished in order to make space for the big temple. The house owners were given land in the eastern part of the town and the locale is today named PÄlikhĆ©la ( lit. ' ground given in exchange ' ). However, one of these owners was saddened by the loss of his ancestral home and to show his sadness authored
10324-548: The same time Bhupatindra Malla was crowned. But there are some chronicles ( ThyÄsÄfu in Newari ) that say that Jitamitra Malla after leaving the throne once his son became capable of reigning, lived in Thanthu LyÄkÅ«, a palace constructed by Jitamitra himself and spent the rest of his life in religious activities. However, Jitamitra Malla's last days are still a mystery. Records of Jitamitra Malla disappear suddenly after Bhupatindra's coronation. During his own reign, Jitamitra Malla
10440-441: The sight of a comet around the same time which was considered a bad omen. Historian, Om Dhaubhadel has theorised that Bhupatindra Malla may have put his father in house arrest in the Thanthu LyÄkÅ« palace and crowned himself in a similar manner to what Pratap Malla did. It is really hard to prove or disprove this as the Thanthu LyÄkÅ« palace no longer exists and most of its inscription may have been lost with it. Thus, this theory
10556-430: The subject of harassment from his counterpart in Kantipur . Similarly, there is no any historical evidence of Jitamitra Malla 's junior queen as he likely only had LÄlamati as the only queen. Historian Dhaubhadel suspects that Bhupatindra Malla may have put both his father and his stepmother in house arrest in Thanthu LyÄkÅ« palace and then erased any evidences of his stepmother. But this theory ultimately fails to explain
10672-416: The tank and the temple in its middle likely suffered heavy damage from the earthquake in 1681 . The story further says that after gaining support of the junior queen BhÄju Kasa uses the new gained power to trick a young Bhupatindra Malla to go to a secluded forest with some hired assassins while BhÄju Kasa and Jitamitra Malla 's junior queen rule Bhaktapur. The story now shifts to a young Bhupatindra Malla who
10788-402: The throne and executes BhÄju Kasa and puts his usurping stepmother in a house arrest. This event likely didn't happen and was not a true historical event but can be regarded as folklore . The main point to disprove this story is that Jitamitra Malla didn't have multiple queens. There are no mention of Jitamitra having any queen other than LÄlamati. Moreover, there are chronicles documenting
10904-459: The two of them plotted to murder a young Bhupatindra Malla. They convinced two assassins to kill the young prince in a nearby forest. The assassins however couldn't kill the pleading young prince and left him in the forest. Bhupatindra Malla would later be picked by a family of Tibetan artisans who raised him until adolescence and taught him his true identity. Bhupatindra Malla returns to Bhaktapur where due his popularity gathers his own army and storms
11020-400: The uninhabited mountains. Inside the stone Siddhi VatsalÄ temple in the palace square of Bhaktapur is a small metallic bell which contains a short Newari inscription. The inscription reads "...may all be fortunate, after performing a siddhÄgni kotyÄhuti yagya , Sri Sri Bhupatindra Malla offered this bell inside the stone temple on the first day of Bhadra of Nepal Sambat 835....". It
11136-1144: The use of the language for business and literary purposes was declared illegal, and Newar authors were fined or imprisoned. The Language Commission of Nepal recommended Bagmati Province to provide Nepal Bhasa (Newar) the status of official language, alongside Tamang . The commission also recommends Nepal Bhasa (Newar) for official status in specific areas and purposes in Province No. 1 and Gandaki Province . At local levels, Nepal Bhasa (Newar) has official status in Kathmandu Metropolitan City , Lalitpur Metropolitan City and Kirtipur Municipality Chandragiri Municipality , Shankharapur Municipality, Tarkeshwor Municipality of Kathmandu district; Banepa Municipality , Dhulikhel Municipality of Kavre district; Godavari Municipality of Lalitpur district; and Bhaktapur Municipality , Madhyapur Thimi Municipality of Bhaktapur district have recognized Nepal Bhasa in some ways. Similarly, Bhimeshor Municipality has recognized and made policy-level decisions for Dolakha Nepal Bhasa. Newar
11252-459: The various rituals of a young Bhupatindra Malla and even a painting of a young Bhupatindra Malla. So, the story seems very unlikely. Initially, when history in Nepal was still in its infancy, it was believed that Bhupatindra Malla was crowned on 21 September 1696, after his father's death. However, a treaty signed between Yognarendra Malla of Patan and Bhaktapur five months after the supposed "death" of Jitamitra Malla titles Jitamitra Malla as
11368-428: The various types of bricks , gave his ministers about 244 mots 1 suki money as advance and the purchasing of bricks also began. Bhaktapur continuously received wood from the surrounding areas and by mid-November 1702, the work for 529 fyĆ© gÄn (small bells hung in the roof that ring with the wind) began as well. It seems that there was already a temple called "NgÄtÄpulu" in the manuscripts , which once occupied
11484-454: Was offered to Goddess Taleju on 1 July 1714 by Bhupatindra Malla. A gold inscription at the Taleju temple mentions this event as "Bhupatindra Malla brought back a female elephant, Vasanti from Makwanpur . A lot of effort was put to bring her back and Sri Sri Bhupatindra Malla offered Vasanti to Goddess Taleju". In 1914, Bhupatindra Malla had to sue for peace with Bhaksar Malla of Kantipur and
11600-398: Was Bhupatindra's uncle who assisted him during the early years of his reign especially in political matters. Ugra Malla was equally active and ruled alongside his brother and Bhupatindra's father, Jitamitra Malla . Ugra Malla was featured with his brother in most paintings of Jitamitra . Ugra Malla died c. 1708 . He was colloquially referred as mÄlamhÄ jÅ«jÅ«. The Nyatapola temple
11716-483: Was also an avid lyricist and playwright with some of his songs still being sung in Bhaktapur. Bhupatindra Malla was also a politically strong figure in the Nepal Valley and established the reputation of Bhaktapur as a strong military principality similar to that of Kantipur . He has been described by Ippolito Desideri as "the first ruler of Bhaktapur to not pay tribute to the king of Kantipur ". Bhupatindra Malla
11832-494: Was also rich, and a very capable man. He had always refused to pay tribute to the ruler of Kattmandu, but was at last forced, not only to pay, but to give more, after spending large sums in war. During the short time I was at Badgao this ruler twice sent for me, showed me much honour, and when I left, gave me a letter to the King of Bitia ( Bettiah ), whose kingdom I was to traverse; he also gave me an escort to protect me until I had crossed
11948-570: Was also the mother of Ranajit Malla , the last king of Bhaktapur . She was married to Bhupatindra Malla on 4 November 1687. Vishva Lakshmi commissioned the temple of Brahmayani in Panauti and donated lands for funding the regular worship of the goddess. There is also a statuette of her at the temple of Brahmani in Panauti. Her last reference comes from a copper plate inscription dated to April 1723 which mentions her donation of some land for funding
12064-486: Was an annular solar eclipse on 5 November 1687, just a day after the wedding day in which Bhupatindra Malla conducted his Diksha ceremony. In Bhaktapur however, the eclipse was partial which started at 8:06 in the morning, reached its peak at 9:10 and ended at 10 in the morning. A priest named Jayamuni directed the ceremony for which he received 500 rupees as Dakį¹£iį¹Ä . The preparation for this ceremony had begun from 22 September 1687. Contemporary ledgers contain
12180-410: Was declared as the official language of Bagmati Province . Similarly, Newar is given official status in several city governments of Nepal including Kathmandu . The official and historical name of the language, Nepal Bhasa , which literally means Nepal Language , originates from Nepal . Historically, Nepal was only used to refer to the Kathmandu Valley and its surroundings, where the language
12296-477: Was done on 1 March 1685 in DumÄju chuka , a courtyard of the royal palace . The rituals done during this ceremony and the expenditures incurred in it are recorded in the expenditure book. Similarly, his Upanayana ( Classical Newar : BÅ«dÄn ) was held on 3 February 1686. Likewise, the expenditure incurred, and the rituals performed for the ceremony has been recorded in detail in the expenditure book. Bhupatindra Malla
12412-454: Was held which involved sending different varieties of bread to the bride's residence. For that ceremony, the bakery work started on 25 June 1687. On 26 June 1687, the BhÄju (a Newari term for the chief minister) of Jitamitra Malla 's court gave 600 rupees to the customs officer in order to gather all the necessary ingredients for the feast. Since a lot of guests were to be invited in the wedding,
12528-460: Was his main helper during his reign. She appears as a witness in all treaties and legal documents involving the royal court. LÄlamati is referred as RÄjamÄtÄ (meaning queen mother), in inscriptions and legal documents. An example of this comes from a section of a legal document from 26 December 1714 about Bhupatindra Malla selling land to a person named Kalyana Simha: ... In the presence of RÄjamÄtÄ Sri Sri LÄlamati DÄvi and Sri Sri Ranajit Malla ,
12644-414: Was known to document events in the form of dhara pau (translating to ledger books) which contained financials of royal ceremonies and the details of every single religious rites that he performed. Sudden disappearance of his records have led to some theories that Bhupatindra Malla may have usurped the throne from his father who was put into house arrest in the Thanthu LyÄkÅ« palace. A ritual book dated from
12760-482: Was made with Kantipur without their consent. This treaty greatly angered Yog Narendra Malla and in 1705 he attacked a fort called " Obhu " that belonged to Bhaktapur . However, due to the fort's strength Yog Narendra Malla's force were not able to capture it. His forces continued to attack the fort while Yog Narendra himself was operating from Changu . As the threat of attack on Bhaktapur grew, Bhupatindra Malla with his son Ranajit , retreated to Banepa and declared it
12876-412: Was married to Vishva Lakshmi on 4 November 1687, when he was 13 years old. According to contemporary ledgers , the bakery work for the wedding started on 25 June 1687. By September, Jitamitra Malla had sent letters to officials in Thimi , Banepa and other cities within the kingdom . The letters contained the amount of tax money required from the cities and the ingredients required for the feast. In
12992-460: Was native to. A larger region surrounding the valley is known as Nepal Mandala . Therefore, the language spoken in Nepal Mandala became known as Nepal Bhasa. The name "Nepal Bhasa" is ubiquitous in sources from the Malla dynasty to refer to the language. The earliest occurrences of the name NepÄlabhÄį¹£Ä ( DevanÄgarÄ« : ą¤Øą„ą¤Ŗą¤¾ą¤²ą¤ą¤¾ą¤·ą¤¾) or NepÄlavÄc ( DevanÄgarÄ« : ą¤Øą„ą¤Ŗą¤¾ą¤²ą¤µą¤¾ą¤) used to refer to
13108-408: Was offered on 3 September 1715, a few months before the plague epidemic which began around May 1716. However, months before the epidemic began affecting people, it had started to affect livestock and wild creatures. Contemporary chronicles mention the mysterious death of hundreds of cattle , poultry , pigs , wild hogs , deer , mice before the plague began. These deaths must have scared people of
13224-413: Was on 21 December 1711 in the forests of Terai . This time, Bhupatindra Malla was accompanied in his hunt by MÄnikasena, the king of Makwanpur . A fresco inside the royal palace of Bhaktapur depict this scene. The final hunt was in 1714 in the forests of Makwanpur Terai as well. This time however, he tamed a female elephant and brought it back to Bhaktapur . The elephant was named " Vasanti " and
13340-410: Was the probable source of a folklore in Bhaktapur. It accounts that BhÄju Kasa assisted the youngest queen of Jitamitra Malla attempted to usurp the throne. Firstly, in order to gain the trust of the queen, BhÄju Kasa made a large rectangular pond overnight in western Bhaktapur . The pond is named BhÄjyÄ PÅ«khÅ« after BhÄju Kasa himself and had a Shiva temple in the middle. Then after gaining her trust,
13456-518: Was under their raising that Bhupatindra developed his love for arts. Meanwhile, BhÄju Kasa and the junior queen successfully becomes the defacto albeit unpopular rulers of Bhaktapur. After some years Bhupatindra Malla, being taught his real identity returns to Bhaktapur as a young man who immediately becomes popular among the locals. Bhupatindra Malla manages to gather a small army with the help of which, Bhupatindra Malla attack BhÄju Kasa and his stepmother. This time, Bhupatindra Malla successfully takes back
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