Bethlehem Works is a 120-acre (0.49 km) development site in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania , based on land formerly owned by Bethlehem Steel .
101-698: After Bethlehem Steel discontinued its steelmaking activities at the main Bethlehem plant in 1995 after about 140 years of metal production, outside consultants developed concept plans for the reuse of the property. The plan was to rename the site "Bethlehem Works" and to use the land for cultural, recreational, educational, entertainment and retail development, including the Smithsonian Institution , an educational and research institution. Spring - Adaptive land use and environmental consultants retained by Bethlehem Steel to explore new uses for land to be vacated by
202-454: A Philadelphia Inquirer op-ed. On November 6, 2020, he confirmed to CNN that it was the first time he ever voted for a Democratic presidential candidate. Ridge, along with more than 100 Republican former national security officials, signed a letter in November that stated that the delay of the presidential transition imperiled the security of the nation. The 9/11 Commission finding that
303-408: A ladle . In this step, the oxygen binds with the undesired carbon, carrying it away in the form of carbon dioxide gas, an additional source of emissions. After this step, the carbon content in the pig iron is lowered sufficiently and steel is obtained. Further carbon dioxide emissions result from the use of limestone , which is melted at high temperatures in a reaction called calcination , which has
404-410: A " carbon offset ", where emissions are "traded" against the sequestration of the source biomass, "ofsetting" emissions by 5% to 28% of current CO 2 values. Offsetting has a very low reputation globally, as cutting down the trees to create the pellets or charcoal does not sequester carbon, it interrupts the natural sequestration the tree was providing. Offsetting is not reduction. Overall, there are
505-491: A "cold day in hell" before he "would consent to an uninvited, unilateral intervention" in one of his cities in Pennsylvania . The White House cited federal law to support this use of federal law enforcement. Trump later slammed Ridge on Twitter , calling him "a failed RINO " and saying he "loved watching pathetic Never Trumpers squirm!". In September 2020, Ridge endorsed former Vice President Joe Biden for president in
606-479: A batch ("heat") of iron is loaded into the furnace, sometimes with a "hot heel" (molten steel from a previous heat). Gas burners may be used to assist with the melt. As in basic oxygen steelmaking, fluxes are also added to protect the lining of the vessel and help improve the removal of impurities. Electric arc furnace steelmaking typically uses furnaces of capacity around 100 tonnes that produce steel every 40 to 50 minutes. This process allows larger alloy additions than
707-491: A century. During his time as governor, Ridge promoted " law and order " policies, supporting a three-strikes law and a faster death penalty process. A death penalty supporter, Ridge signed more than 224 execution warrants – five times the number signed over a 25-year period by the two previous governors – but only three voluntary executions were carried out . On social issues, he opposed same-sex marriage while supporting abortion rights . Over Ridge's tenure,
808-476: A close advisor to Republican presidential nominee George W. Bush , a close friend from their simultaneous tenures as governors, during the 2000 presidential campaign. In return, Bush named Ridge to his short list for possible running mates, along with New York Governor George Pataki , Michigan Governor John Engler , Oklahoma Governor Frank Keating , former Missouri Senator John Danforth , and former American Red Cross President Elizabeth Dole . Following
909-530: A hypothetical matchup between the two men. Some Toomey supporters criticized the idea of a Ridge candidacy because, although Ridge was still registered to vote in Pennsylvania, he was actually living in Chevy Chase, Maryland . On May 7, 2009, Ridge announced that he would not be a candidate for the U.S. Senate in 2010. In September 2011, Ridge endorsed the campaign of former Utah Governor Jon Huntsman in
1010-560: A lawsuit filed by a Syrian-born Canadian Maher Arar who said he was tortured in Syria after being deported by American authorities. On November 30, 2004, Ridge submitted his resignation to the President, saying, "After more than 22 consecutive years of public service, it is time to give personal and family matters a higher priority." In his book The Test of Our Times: America Under Siege...and How We Can Be Safe Again , Ridge says his resignation
1111-576: A lobbying firm after Ridge lent the firm his name. The full-service government affairs firm has offices in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and Washington, D.C. In July 2010, companies seeking to use hydraulic fracturing to extract natural gas from the Marcellus Shale formation engaged Ridge and Ridge Policy Group at $ 75,000 a month to help them gain support. Ridge has served on a variety of corporate boards of directors and in other roles. In 2005, he
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#17328844153031212-473: A number of innovative methods to reduce CO 2 emissions within the steelmaking industry. Some of these, such as top gas recovery and using hydrogen reduction in DRI/EAF are highly feasible with current infrastructure and technology levels. Others, such as hydrogen plasma and iron ore electrolysis are still in the research or semi-industrial stage. Tom Ridge Thomas Joseph Ridge (born August 26, 1945)
1313-652: A pilot plant in Woburn, Massachusetts , and building a production facility in Brazil, it was founded by MIT professors Donald Sadoway and Antoine Allanore. A research project which involved the steel company ArcelorMittal tested a different type of iron ore electrolysis process in a pilot project called Siderwin. It operates on relatively low temperatures (around 110 °C), while the Boston Metal process operates on high temperatures (~1.600 °C). As of March 2023 ArcelorMittal
1414-611: A real estate development group located in Pittsburgh, is expected to partner with a national hotel chain under whose flag the hotel will operate. April - Ground broken for the John M. Cook Technology Center-a 36,250 ft (3,368 m) post incubator facility for development of high-tech business start-ups. June - Officials from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection approved
1515-485: A school choice demonstration program. Ridge oversaw a number of e-government projects including renewing drivers' licenses and vehicle registrations to viewing historical documents and library catalogs. The Commonwealth's portal won several national awards. One of the nation's first electronic grant systems was put into place at the Pennsylvania Department of Education. He created the Link-to-Learn initiative to increase
1616-406: A single agency dedicated to protecting America from terrorism. Ridge worked with the employees from combined agencies to strengthen borders, provide for intelligence analysis and infrastructure protection, improve the use of science and technology to counter weapons of mass destruction, and to create a comprehensive response and recovery division. In January 2004, Ridge was named among others in
1717-427: Is a method of primary steelmaking in which carbon-rich pig iron is melted and converted into steel. Blowing oxygen through molten pig iron converts some of the carbon in the iron into CO and CO 2 , turning it into steel. Refractories — calcium oxide and magnesium oxide —line the smelting vessel to withstand the high temperature and corrosive nature of the molten metal and slag . The chemistry of
1818-451: Is also rich in the reducing agents of H 2 and CO. The top gas can be captured, the CO 2 removed, and the reducing agents reinjected into the blast furnace. A 2012 study suggested that this process can reduce BF CO 2 emissions by 75%, while a 2017 study showed that emissions are reduced by 56.5% with carbon capture and storage, and reduced by 26.2% if only the recycling of the reducing agents
1919-699: Is an American politician and author who served in the George W. Bush administration as the Assistant to the President for Homeland Security from 2001 to 2003 and as the United States Secretary of Homeland Security from 2003 to 2005. He was the first person to hold either office. A member of the Republican Party , he previously served in the United States House of Representatives from 1983 to 1995 and as
2020-451: Is and ongoing project by SuSteel to develop a hydrogen plasma technology that reduces the oxides with hydrogen, as opposed to with CO or carbon, and melts the iron at high operating temperatures. In steelmaking, coal and coke are used for fuel and iron reduction. Biomass such as charcoal or wood pellets are a potential alternative fuel, but this does not actually reduce emissions, as the burning biomass still emits carbon, it merely provides
2121-401: Is infused with carbon (from coal) in an electric arc furnace . Hydrogen produced by electrolysis requires approximately 2600 kWh per ton of steel. Costs are estimated to be 20–30% higher than conventional methods. However, the cost of CO 2 -emissions add to the price of basic oxygen production, and a 2018 study of Science magazine estimates that the prices will break even when that price
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#17328844153032222-469: Is introduced into the process. Steelmaking is one of the most carbon emission intensive industries in the world. As of 2020 , steelmaking is responsible for about 10% of greenhouse gas emissions . To mitigate global warming , the industry will need to find significant reductions in emissions. Steelmaking has played a crucial role in the development of ancient, medieval, and modern technological societies. Early processes of steel making were made during
2323-472: Is investigating whether the company wants scale up the technology and build a larger plant, and expects an investment decision by 2025. Scrap in steelmaking refers to steel that has either reached its end-of-life use, or was generated during the manufacture of steel components. Steel is easy to separate and recycle due to its inherent magnetism and using scrap avoids the emissions of 1.5 tons of CO 2 for every ton of scrap used. As of 2023 , steel has one of
2424-446: Is iron ore electrolysis, where the reducing agent is simply electrons as opposed to H 2 , CO, or carbon. One method for this is molten oxide electrolysis. Here, the cell consists of an inert anode, a liquid oxide electrolyte (CaO, MgO, etc.), and the molten steel. When heated, the iron ore is reduced to iron and oxygen. Boston Metal is at the semi-industrial stage for this process, with plans to reach commercialization by 2026. Expanding
2525-440: Is not very strong, but a low concentration of carbon – less than 1 percent, depending on the kind of steel – gives the steel its important properties. The carbon in steel is obtained from coal and the iron from iron ore. However, iron ore is a mixture of iron and oxygen, and other trace elements. To make steel, the iron needs to be separated from the oxygen and a tiny amount of carbon needs to be added. Both are accomplished by melting
2626-570: Is rigorous enforcement against accurately designated organizations, of which MEK is not one." In 2015, Ridge served as co-chair of the Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense , a commission that recommended changes to U.S. policy regarding biodefense. In order to address biological threats facing the nation, the Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense created a 33-step initiative for the U.S. Government to implement. Tom Ridge headed
2727-573: Is the most prominent among green steel technologies. This differs from conventional steel making processes, in which carbon in coke is used as the reductant (to strip oxygen from iron ore), which creates iron and carbon dioxide. Where hydrogen is generated from a renewable energy source as both the alternative reductant and the fuel, the greatest gain in CO 2 emissions is achieved. As of 2021, only ArcelorMittal in France, Voestalpine in Austria, and TATA in
2828-413: Is used. To keep the carbon captured from entering the atmosphere, a method of storing it or using it would have to be found. Another way to use the top gas would be in a top recovery turbine which then generates electricity, which could be used to reduce the energy intensity of the process, if electric arc smelting is used. Carbon could also be captured from gases in the coke oven. As of 2022 , separating
2929-451: Is €68 per tonne CO 2 , which is expected to be reached in the 2030s. Secondary steelmaking is most commonly performed in ladles . Some of the operations performed in ladles include de-oxidation (or "killing"), vacuum degassing, alloy addition, inclusion removal, inclusion chemistry modification, de-sulphurisation, and homogenisation. It is now common to perform ladle metallurgical operations in gas-stirred ladles with electric arc heating in
3030-704: The 2012 election . Mitt Romney announced an endorsement from Ridge on March 14, 2012. In 2013, Ridge was a signatory to an amicus curiae brief submitted to the Supreme Court in support of same-sex marriage during the Hollingsworth v. Perry case. Ridge spoke at a conference in support of the removal of the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK, also PMOI, MKO) from the United States State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations . The group
3131-659: The Combat Infantryman Badge . After returning to Pennsylvania , he completed his Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree at the Dickinson School of Law, graduating in 1972, and entered private practice. Ridge became assistant district attorney in Erie County, Pennsylvania , in 1980 and prosecuted 86 cases in two years. In 1982, Ridge won a seat in Congress from northwestern Pennsylvania by the margin of only 729 votes. He
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3232-596: The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks , U.S. President George W. Bush named Ridge the first director of the newly created Office of Homeland Security . In January 2003, the Office of Homeland Security became an official Cabinet -level Department, the Department of Homeland Security , and Ridge became the first Secretary of Homeland Security . He served in these roles for Bush's first term as president, then retired and returned to
3333-625: The September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks , U.S. President George W. Bush created the Office of Homeland Security within the White House, and named Ridge to head it. The charge to the nation's new director of homeland security was to develop and coordinate a comprehensive national strategy to strengthen the United States against terrorist threats or attacks. Ridge formally resigned as Pennsylvania's governor on October 5, 2001. In January 2003 and after
3434-645: The Vietnam War . In May 1970, a ruptured appendix cut short his tour of duty in Vietnam and he was sent home; his service also aggravated a childhood ear infection which caused him afterwards to have a hearing aid in his left ear. For his service in Vietnam, Ridge received the Bronze Star with "V" Device , National Defense Service Medal , Vietnam Service Medal , Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation with Palm , Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal , and
3535-447: The industrial process in which coal is used as the source of carbon that removes oxygen from iron ore in the following chemical reaction, which occurs in a blast furnace : Fe 2 O 3 (s) + 3 CO(g) → 2 Fe(s) + 3 CO 2 (g) Additional carbon dioxide emissions result from mining, refining and shipping the ore used, basic oxygen steelmaking , calcination , and the hot blast . Proposed techniques to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in
3636-501: The presumptive nominee , or Hillary Clinton in the general election. In July 2020, Ridge criticized President Trump for saying in June that vote-by-mail leads to widespread voter fraud, responding that it is not a threat and that voters need a safe way to cast a ballot in the 2020 election , amid the COVID-19 pandemic . Ridge also said that it was "sad" that the President wants to quash
3737-893: The 43rd governor of Pennsylvania from 1995 to 2001. Ridge was born in Munhall, Pennsylvania , and raised in veterans' public housing in Erie, Pennsylvania . After graduating from Harvard University with honors, he served in the U.S. Army during the Vietnam War where he was awarded the Bronze Star . He then returned to Pennsylvania and completed his Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree at the Dickinson School of Law , graduating in 1972, and entered private practice. As assistant district attorney in Erie, Ridge ran for Congress in his district , where he served six terms. He then ran for governor in 1994 , despite being little-known outside of northwest Pennsylvania. He won
3838-695: The Bethlehem Works site for an undisclosed sum, stating that it will follow much of the original development plan. October - Bethlehem City Council vote through zoning changes to allow a portion of the Bethlehem Works site to be used for gambling. December - Bethlehem obtains a license from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to open a slots parlor on the BethWorks development site. Wind Creek Bethlehem opened on May 22, 2009. The Outlets at Wind Creek Bethlehem shopping mall opened on November 1, 2011 and connects
3939-555: The CO2 from other gases and components in the system, and the high cost of the equipment and infrastructure changes needed, have kept this strategy minimal, but the potential for emission reduction has been estimated to be up to 65% to 80%. Alternatively, hydrogen can be used in a shaft furnace to reduce the iron oxides. Only water is produced as the by-product of the reaction between iron oxide and hydrogen, and results in emission-free iron-making. Known as hydrogen direct reduction (HDR), this
4040-484: The Commonwealth's budget grew by two to three percent per fiscal year and combined tax reductions totaled over $ 2 billion. Ridge created and grew a "Rainy Day" Fund balance to over $ 1 billion to be utilized during an economic downturn or recession. Ridge pushed for legislation permitting competition among electric utilities and enhanced federal and state support for the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP). He separated
4141-531: The Commonwealth's environmental regulatory and conservation programs into two new agencies; the Department of Environmental Protection and the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Ridge proposed the creation of public charter schools in Pennsylvania and in establishing alternate schools for disruptive students. He launched new academic standards that established academic expectations for what students were expected to know in different grades. He proposed
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4242-519: The Democratic primary. Already seeking the Republican nomination was former Representative Pat Toomey , who narrowly lost to Specter in the Republican primary in 2004. Some Republicans thought Ridge would have a better chance against Specter than would Toomey. A Quinnipiac University Polling Institute poll conducted between April 30, 2009, and May 3, 2009, placed Ridge within three points of Specter in
4343-559: The HIsarna process is more energy-efficient and has a lower carbon footprint than traditional steelmaking processes. Steel can be produced from direct-reduced iron, which in turn can be produced from iron ore as it undergoes chemical reduction with hydrogen. Renewable hydrogen allows steelmaking without the use of fossil fuels . In 2021, a pilot plant in Sweden tested this process. Direct reduction occurs at 1,500 °F (820 °C). The iron
4444-482: The Minsi Trail and Fahy Bridges. The land, formerly zoned "heavy industrial," has been rezoned to permit a wide range of redevelopment projects. April - Discovery Center of Science and Technology agrees to purchase former Bethlehem Plant office building to house an interactive museum for children. December - Enterprise Development Company is named the master developer for the 163 acre (0.7 km) tract of land between
4545-532: The Minsi Trail and Fahy Bridges. The tract is now known as Bethlehem Works and will feature entertainment, cultural, recreational and retail establishments. February - Bethlehem Steel Corporation signs a memorandum of understanding with the Smithsonian Institution for the long-term loan of artifacts to be exhibited in a new museum, the National Museum of Industrial History, that will be affiliated with
4646-532: The National Museum of Industrial History. The Preview Center will be affiliated with the Smithsonian and will showcase artifacts that will be moved to the permanent 300,000 ft (28,000 m) museum that will have a planned opening in the plant's No. 2 machine shop in 2004. February - Designated developer is named for former headquarters building to become a 262-room, full-service hotel with an adjacent conference center. Castlebrook Development (formerly known as Wynco),
4747-586: The Netherlands were committed to using green hydrogen to make steel from scratch. HDR is employed in the HYBRIT project in Sweden. However, this approach requires a substantial amount of renewables to produce the needed renewable hydrogen. For the European Union, it is estimated that the hydrogen demand for hydrogen-based steelmaking would require 180 GW of renewable capacity. Another developing possible technology
4848-915: The Preview Center for the National Museum of Industrial History. The project was enabled in February 1998 when the General Assembly approved Governor Ridge's plan to fund vital community and economic development projects statewide. February - Letter of Designation is signed with Armada/Hoffler of Chesapeake, Va., to develop a multiplex cinema and up to 175,000 ft (16,000 m) of retail space. April - Infrastructure funding in place to facilitate construction of roads and utility systems. April - John M. Cook Technology Center opens adjacent to Bethlehem Works on land formerly owned by Bethlehem Steel. Cook Technology Center and neighboring Tech Center I, opened in 1993, house high-tech start-up businesses. September - Bids for
4949-545: The Smithsonian. August - Headquarters for the Bethlehem Works revitalization effort are now open at 530 East Third Street in Bethlehem that establish a presence for Enterprise Development Company, the project's master developer. The building, located across from the Discovery Center and the former Main Gate, gives Enterprise staff and visitors easy access to the Bethlehem Works' site. November - The Master Plan for Bethlehem Works
5050-555: The U.S. Government to take, including items such as giving the vice president authority over biodefense responsibilities and merging the entire biodefense budget. These solutions represent the Panel's call to action in order to increase awareness and activity for pandemic related issues. In 2016, Ridge endorsed Jeb Bush and subsequently John Kasich after Bush's withdrawal from the 2016 Republican presidential primaries . Ridge stated he would not endorse Donald Trump , following Trump becoming
5151-547: The United States of America" and described current politics in America as "distressing", "personal, vengeful, [and] mean-spirited." In 2022, Ridge endorsed fellow Republican Mehmet Oz in the 2022 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania . Tom Ridge's book The Test of Our Times was published in September 2009. Written with Larry Bloom, it focuses on Ridge's time as the head of the Department of Homeland Security. He explains
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#17328844153035252-407: The air in the hot blast is heated by burning fossil fuels, which often is the case, this is an additional source of carbon dioxide emissions. The steel industry produces 7-8% of CO 2 emissions created by humans (almost two tonnes for every tonne of steel produced), and it is one of the most energy-consuming industries on earth. There are several carbon abatement and decarbonization strategies in
5353-460: The anticipated PennDOT allocation are being pursued with the City of Bethlehem. Fall - Bethlehem Steel is preparing a proposal for funding through a " brownfields " initiative from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development to support infrastructure improvements. February - Industrial artifacts from the 19th century moved to Bethlehem on a long-term loan basis from the Smithsonian Institution to
5454-407: The basic oxygen method. In HIsarna ironmaking process, iron ore is processed almost directly into liquid iron or hot metal . The process is based around a type of blast furnace called a cyclone converter furnace , which makes it possible to skip the process of manufacturing pig iron pellets that is necessary for the basic oxygen steelmaking process. Without the necessity of this preparatory step,
5555-500: The bipartisan advisory board of States United Democracy Center. Ridge served as a senior aide to Republican presidential candidate Senator John McCain of Arizona, and was considered by some as a possible running mate for McCain. According to Fox News , many Republicans hoped Ridge would run for the United States Senate against the newly turned Democrat Arlen Specter , who stated he would seek re-election in 2010 in
5656-463: The blast furnace where the iron ore is reduced to pig iron, helping to achieve the high activation energy. The hot blast temperature can be from 900 to 1,300 °C (1,650 to 2,370 °F) depending on the stove design and condition. Oil, tar , natural gas, powdered coal and oxygen can also be injected into the furnace to combine with the coke to release additional energy and increase the percentage of reducing gases present, increasing productivity. If
5757-401: The calcium oxide can react to remove silicon oxide impurities: SiO 2 + CaO → CaSiO 3 This use of limestone to provide a flux occurs both in the blast furnace (to obtain pig iron) and in the basic oxygen steel making (to obtain steel). Further carbon dioxide emissions result from the hot blast , which is used to increase the heat of the blast furnace. The hot blast pumps hot air into
5858-590: The casino and the hotel. 40°36′54″N 75°22′01″W / 40.615°N 75.367°W / 40.615; -75.367 Steelmaking Steelmaking is the process of producing steel from iron ore and/or scrap . In steelmaking, impurities such as nitrogen , silicon , phosphorus , sulfur , and excess carbon (the most important impurity) are removed from the sourced iron, and alloying elements such as manganese , nickel , chromium , carbon, and vanadium are added to produce different grades of steel . Steelmaking has existed for millennia, but it
5959-421: The challenges and decision-making processes of the newly formed department, and gives his own views as to the future of the security of the United States of America. The book further discusses the infighting he saw that frustrated his attempts to build a smooth-running department. Among the headlines promoted by publisher Thomas Dunne Books : Ridge was never invited to sit in on National Security Council meetings;
6060-599: The classical era in Ancient China , India , and Rome . Cast iron is a hard, brittle material that is difficult to work, whereas steel is malleable, relatively easily formed and a versatile material. For much of human history, steel has only been made in small quantities. Since the invention of the Bessemer process in 19th century Britain and subsequent technological developments in injection technology and process control , mass production of steel has become an integral part of
6161-454: The construction of a multiplex cinema and up to 175,000 ft (16,000 m) of retail space. February - Eleven restaurants will open at two different locations within Bethlehem Works. Three eateries/pubs will be part of the Fundry at Bethlehem Works and eight will be part of Armada/Hoffler's retail complex. April - A third technology center will be established on Bethlehem Steel property to support
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#17328844153036262-508: The effective use of technology in public schools and universities. Ridge signed two death warrants for African-American civil rights activist Mumia Abu-Jamal , who was convicted of killing a police officer at a traffic stop. He served as governor until his resignation in 2001, at which time he became the Director of Homeland Security following the September 11 attacks . Ridge was a potential running mate for Bob Dole in 1996 , and served as
6363-425: The election, and was reelected in 1998 with the most votes for a Republican governor in Pennsylvania (where Democrats outnumbered Republicans by almost 500,000) in more than half a century. As Governor of Pennsylvania, he is credited for statewide advances in economic development, education, health care and the environment. As of 2024, he is the last Republican to win reelection as Pennsylvania's governor. Following
6464-612: The existing carpenter shop and a new structure adjacent to the existing building. November - Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge presents the Governor's Award for Environmental Excellence to Bethlehem Steel Corporation for its remediation process that will expedite the return of the Bethlehem Works property to productive use. December - The City of Bethlehem's Planning Commission approved the subdivision plan and infrastructure improvements for Phase 1 of Bethlehem Works. December - Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge presented $ 4.5 million to help build
6565-433: The federal Transportation and Efficiency Act for the 21st century were authorized by the U.S. Congress. The Bethlehem Works project will receive $ 3 million for public access way improvements as work is ready to begin. Fall - Funding for public infrastructure improvements for roadways leading to Bethlehem Works is included in the longer-range budget process of the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. Local monies to match
6666-418: The following chemical reaction: CaCO 3 (s) → CaO(s) + CO 2 (g) Carbon dioxide is an additional source of emissions in this reaction. Modern industry has introduced calcium oxide (CaO, quicklime ) as a replacement. It acts as a chemical flux , removing impurities (such as Sulfur or Phosphorus (e.g. apatite or fluorapatite ) ) in the form of slag and keeps emissions of CO 2 low. For example,
6767-467: The global economy and a key indicator of modern technological development. The earliest means of producing steel was in a bloomery . Early modern methods of producing steel were often labor-intensive and highly skilled arts. See: An important aspect of the Industrial Revolution was the development of large-scale methods of producing forgeable metal ( bar iron or steel). The puddling furnace
6868-402: The group. Ridge and others wrote an article for the conservative publication National Review stating their position that the group should not be classified as a terrorist organization, raising the point that "The material-support statute doesn’t need revision to accommodate non-existent defects. What it does need – and does not often enough get for fear of offending some Muslim organizations –
6969-419: The growth of high technology companies. The new building will comprise 60,000 ft (5,600 m) of floor space to open in 2002. April - A purchase and sale agreement has been signed with Paramount Pavilion Group for 3.6 acres (15,000 m) of land to construct a 70,000 ft (6,500 m) dual indoor ice skating rink with an outdoor in-line skating area. September - New York investment group Bethworks Now purchase
7070-456: The high temperatures are needed to achieve the activation energy for this reaction. A small amount of carbon bonds with the iron, forming pig iron , which is an intermediary before steel, as it has carbon content that is too high – around 4%. To reduce the carbon content in pig iron and obtain the desired carbon content of steel, the pig iron is re-melted and oxygen is blown through in a process called basic oxygen steelmaking , which occurs in
7171-417: The highest recycling rates of any material, with around 30% of the world's steel being made from recycled components. However, steel cannot be recycled forever, and the recycling processes, using arc furnaces, use electricity. In the blast furnace, the iron oxides are reduced by a combination of CO, H 2 , and carbon. Only around 10% of the iron oxides are reduced by H 2 . With H 2 enrichment processing,
7272-448: The industry decreased by a factor of 1000, to just 0.003-man-hours per tonne. In 2013, 70% of global steel output was produced using the basic oxygen furnace. Furnaces can convert up to 350 tons of iron into steel in less than 40 minutes compared to 10–12 hours in an open hearth furnace . Electric arc furnace steelmaking is the manufacture of steel from scrap or direct reduced iron melted by electric arcs . In an electric arc furnace,
7373-515: The infrastructure for the first phase of Bethlehem Works construction are being advertised by the city of Bethlehem. November - Heralding "a new beginning for an old place" ground was broken for the installation of infrastructure for the first phase of Bethlehem Works. January - Business Facilities magazine has awarded Bethlehem Works and Commerce Center its Gold Award for innovation in redevelopment. January - Armada/ Hoffler of Chesapeake, Va., has purchased six buildings on seven acres (28,000 m) for
7474-473: The iron ore at a very high temperature (1,700 degrees Celsius or over 3,000 degrees Fahrenheit) in the presence of oxygen (from the air) and a type of coal called coke . At those temperatures, the iron ore releases its oxygen, which is carried away by the carbon from the coke in the form of carbon dioxide. Fe 2 O 3 (s) + 3 CO(g) → 2 Fe(s) + 3 CO 2 (g) The reaction occurs due to the lower (favorable) energy state of carbon dioxide compared to iron oxide, and
7575-726: The legitimacy of the election. In response to Ridge's comments, the RNC said lawsuits by Democrats to strip ballot safeguards are an attempt to delegitimize the election. Ridge is a co-chair of VoteSafe, a bipartisan group that promotes safe voting by mail and in person. Also in July 2020, Ridge slammed his former Department for sending in federal agents to detain rioters allegedly committing federal crimes in Portland, Oregon , after more than 50 days of protests and riots there. He also said, during an interview with radio host Michael Smerconish , that it would be
7676-448: The lid of the furnace. Tight control of ladle metallurgy is associated with producing high grades of steel in which the tolerances in chemistry and consistency are narrow. As of 2021 , steelmaking is estimated to be responsible for around 11% of the global emissions of carbon dioxide and around 7% of the global greenhouse gas emissions. Making 1 ton of steel emits about 1.8 tons of carbon dioxide. The bulk of these emissions results from
7777-516: The main feed materials, and electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking, which uses scrap steel or direct reduced iron (DRI) as the main feed materials. Oxygen steelmaking is fueled predominantly by the exothermic nature of the reactions inside the vessel; in contrast, in EAF steelmaking, electrical energy is used to melt the solid scrap and/or DRI materials. In recent times, EAF steelmaking technology has evolved closer to oxygen steelmaking as more chemical energy
7878-516: The organization with former Senator Joe Lieberman, and the Study Panel assembled in Washington, D.C., for four meetings concerning current biodefense programs. The Study Panel concluded that the federal government had little to no defense mechanisms in case of a biological event. The Study Panel's final report, The National Blueprint for Biodefense , proposes a string of solutions and recommendations for
7979-553: The passage of the Homeland Security Act of 2002, the Office of Homeland Security split into a Cabinet -level Department, the Department of Homeland Security , and the White House Homeland Security Advisory Council . Ridge left the White House and became the first Secretary of Homeland Security . The department's mission "is to (A) prevent terrorist attacks within the United States; (B) reduce
8080-418: The private sector. Since reentering the private sector, Ridge has served on the boards of The Home Depot , The Hershey Company and Exelon Corporation and as a senior advisor to Deloitte & Touche and TechRadium. He is also the founder and chairman of Ridge Global, a Washington, D.C.–based security consulting firm. He spent time campaigning with Senator John McCain during his 2008 presidential bid and
8181-406: The process is controlled to ensure that impurities such as silicon and phosphorus are removed from the metal. The modern process was developed in 1948 by Robert Durrer , as a refinement of the Bessemer converter that replaced air with more efficient oxygen . It reduced the capital cost of the plants and smelting time, and increased labor productivity. Between 1920 and 2000, labour requirements in
8282-415: The process, either in electric arc furnaces or to create hydrogen as a fuel, emissions can be reduced dramatically. European projects from HYBRIT, LKAB , Voestalpine , and ThyssenKrupp are pursuing strategies to reduce emissions. HYBRIT claims to produce true "green steel". Top gas from the blast furnace is the gas that is normally exhausted into the air during steelmaking. This gas contains CO 2 and
8383-428: The proportion of iron oxides reduced by H 2 is increased, so that less carbon is consumed and less CO 2 is emitted. This process can reduce emissions by an estimated 20%. The HIsarna ironmaking process was described above as a way of producing iron in a "cyclone converter furnace" without the pre-processing steps of choking/agglomeration, which reduces the CO 2 emissions by around 20%. One speculative idea
8484-419: The remediation plan for Bethlehem Works and called the 1,800 acre (7 km) Bethlehem Works and Bethlehem Commerce Center initiatives "a national model for brownfields development." August - Designated developer is named for a family fun center to be known as "The Fundry at Bethlehem Works." James Lewis of Lewiston, N.Y., a developer of other family fun centers, plans up to 100,000 ft (9,000 m) of space in
8585-455: The shortened transition to the administration of George W. Bush during the disputed 2000 presidential election "hampered the new administration in identifying, recruiting, clearing, and obtaining Senate confirmation of key appointees" was mentioned in the statement. In August 2022, Ridge described the January 6 United States Capitol attack as "conduct you’d see in a Third World country, not in
8686-505: The steel industry include reduction of iron ore using green hydrogen rather than carbon, and deployment of carbon capture and storage technology. See below for further decarbonization strategies. Coal and iron ore mining are very energy intensive, and result in numerous environmental damages , from pollution, to biodiversity loss, deforestation, and greenhouse gas emissions. Iron ore is shipped great distances to steel mills. To make pure steel, iron and carbon are needed. On its own, iron
8787-584: The steelmaking industry, which on the basic manufacturing process used. Options fall into three general categories: switching the energy source from fossil fuels to wind and solar ; increasing the efficiency of processing; and innovative new technological processes. All three may be used in combination. "Green steel" is the term used for manufacturing steel without the use of fossil fuels , that is, zero-emission products. However, not all companies claiming to produce green steel meet this criterion. Some merely reduce emissions. Australia produces nearly 40% of
8888-480: The time) $ 60,000 in annual deferred stock units. In 2006, Ridge was announced as a senior advisor for Deloitte & Touche USA LLP. He was named to serve on the executive board of The Hershey Company in 2007, and was named senior advisor to Texas-based security technology company TechRadium, Inc. in 2008. In 2009, antimicrobial company PURE Bioscience named Ridge, along with former Wisconsin governor Tommy Thompson , to its advisory board. He currently sits on
8989-516: The transition from steelmaking. November - Bethlehem Steel ends about 140 years of metal production on the south shore of the Lehigh River . Winter - Brandenburg Industrial Services, Inc. begins site remediation by removing buildings that are not architecturally or historically significant or structurally viable for new uses. April - Bethlehem City Council approves zoning changes of the 163 acres (0.7 km) of land owned by Bethlehem Steel between
9090-611: The vulnerability of the United States to terrorism; and (C) minimize the damage, and assist in the recovery, from terrorist attacks that do occur within the United States" (From H.R. 5005-8 the Homeland Security Act of 2002). The newly created department was the most comprehensive reorganization of the Federal government since the National Security Act of 1947 . The Department of Homeland Security consolidates 22 agencies and 180,000 employees, unifying once-fragmented Federal functions in
9191-518: The world's iron ore, and the government, via the Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA), is helping to fund many research projects involving direct reduced ironmaking (DRI) to increase green steel and iron production. Large companies such as Rio Tinto , BHP , and BlueScope are developing green steel projects. CO 2 emissions vary according to energy sources. When sustainable energy such as wind or solar are used to power
9292-533: Was believed by some to have been on the short list of potential running mates. Ridge was born in Munhall, Pennsylvania , in Pittsburgh 's Steel Valley , the eldest of three children. His parents were Laura (née Sudimack) and Thomas Regis Ridge, who was a traveling salesman and Navy veteran . Ridge's maternal grandparents were Rusyn immigrants from the former Czechoslovakia (now Slovakia ), and his paternal great-grandparents emigrated from Great Britain . He
9393-529: Was drafted into the United States Army . Ridge waived an opportunity for officer training school because it would have required a longer service commitment. In November 1969, Ridge arrived as a sergeant in South Vietnam where he would serve for six months as a staff sergeant with Bravo Company, 1st Battalion, 20th Infantry , 11th Infantry Brigade , 23rd Infantry Division (Americal Division) during
9494-618: Was due to an effort by senior Bush administration officials to raise the nation's terror alert level in the days before the 2004 presidential vote. Ridge is the founder and chairman of Ridge Global, an advisory firm in Washington, D.C. Ridge served on a state-appointed incident review panel that investigated the Virginia Tech shooting . Ridge also sits on the board of directors of the Atlantic Council . In 2010, Ridge's two former Chiefs of Staff, Mark Campbell and Mark Holman, opened
9595-720: Was initially a means of producing wrought iron but was later applied to steel production. The real revolution in modern steelmaking only began at the end of the 1850s when the Bessemer process became the first successful method of steelmaking in high quantity followed by the open-hearth furnace . Modern steelmaking processes can be divided into three steps: primary, secondary and tertiary. Primary steelmaking involves smelting iron into steel. Secondary steelmaking involves adding or removing other elements such as alloying agents and dissolved gases. Tertiary steelmaking involves casting into sheets, rolls or other forms. Multiple techniques are available for each step. Basic oxygen steelmaking
9696-632: Was listed on the State Department list from 1997 until September 2012. The Los Angeles Times reported a senior Clinton administration official as saying inclusion of the People's Mojahedin was intended as a goodwill gesture to Tehran and its newly elected president, Mohammad Khatami. Ridge, along with other former government officials and politicians Ed Rendell , R. James Woolsey , Porter Goss , Louis Freeh , Michael Mukasey , James L. Jones , Rudy Giuliani , and Howard Dean , have spoken in support of
9797-505: Was named to the board of Home Depot , with an expected annual compensation of about $ 100,000. and in the same year was appointed to the board of the RFID company Savi Technology . He was appointed to the board of directors of the Exelon Corporation electric utility in 2006, with starting director compensation of $ 35,000 annual retainer plus a $ 1,500 meeting fee or per diem fee and (at
9898-485: Was not commercialized on a massive scale until the mid-19th century. An ancient process of steelmaking was the crucible process . In the 1850s and 1860s, the Bessemer process and the Siemens-Martin process turned steelmaking into a heavy industry . Today there are two major commercial processes for making steel, namely basic oxygen steelmaking , which has liquid pig-iron from the blast furnace and scrap steel as
9999-424: Was raised in veterans' public housing in Erie, Pennsylvania . He was educated at St. Andrews Elementary School and Cathedral Preparatory School and did well both academically and in sports. He attended Harvard College , where he paid his way through with construction work, played intramural baseball and football, and graduated with honors in 1967. In 1968, after his first year at the Dickinson School of Law , he
10100-451: Was reviewed with the community in a public meeting. The economic impact was revealed to be a $ 450 million investment that will create 2,500 full-time equivalent jobs and produce more than $ 20 million each year in tax revenue to local and state taxing authorities. Winter - Master plan approved by City of Bethlehem's Planning Commission following the plan's unveiling to the community in late 1997. Fall - Infrastructure improvement grants through
10201-432: Was then re-elected five times. In 1994 , despite being little-known outside of northwest Pennsylvania, Ridge ran for governor . He won the election as a pro-choice Republican . He was reelected in 1998 with 57 percent of the vote in a four-way race. His share of the vote in that election was the highest for a Republican governor in Pennsylvania (where Democrats outnumber Republicans by almost 500,000) in more than half
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