49-495: Bestwood Estate is a large council estate located to the north of the city of Nottingham , England. Based on the 2011 census, its population is 4,719. There is also a ward of the City of Nottingham called Bestwood, which at the time of the 2011 census had a population of 16,753. Construction was commenced in the 1930s and by 1938 some of the roads had been established including Andover Road, Gainsford Crescent and Landcroft Crescent. Work
98-511: A parlour . Some had two, four, or even five bedrooms, as well as generously sized back gardens intended for vegetable growing. At most, they were built at 3,000/km . They were generally built to the recommendations of the Tudor Walters Report . Examples are found in Downham , Watling Estate , and Becontree . The Addison Act 1919, and the severe housing shortage in the early 1920s created
147-449: A "slum of hope" from the 1920s and 1930s, members of this class are given hardly any chances of attaining membership of the formal economic structures. Diane Reay stresses the challenges that working-class students can face during the transition to and within higher education, and research intensive universities in particular. One factor can be the university community being perceived as a predominately middle-class social space, creating
196-604: A budget of £150m. Of 1.2 million new houses built from 1945 to 1951 when the programme officially ended, 156,623 prefab houses were constructed. Mainly during the immediate post-war years, and well into the 1950s, council house provision was shaped by the New Towns Act 1946 ( 9 & 10 Geo. 6 . c. 68) and the Town and Country Planning Act 1947 of the 1945–51 Labour government. At the same time this government introduced housing legislation that removed explicit references to housing for
245-545: A coal-fire, with a back boiler to create both central heating and a constant supply of hot water. Thus it had a bathroom included a flushing toilet and man-sized bath with hot running water. In the kitchen were a built-in oven, refrigerator and baxi water heater. All prefabs under the housing act came pre-decorated in magnolia , with gloss-green on all additional wood, including the door trimmings and skirting boards. The Parker Morris Committee drew up an influential 1961 report on housing space standards in public housing in
294-470: A key change in these Soviet-style societies has been a new type of proletarianization , often effected by the administratively achieved forced displacement of peasants and rural workers. Since then, four major industrial states have turned towards semi-market-based governance ( China , Laos , Vietnam , Cuba ), and one state has turned inwards into an increasing cycle of poverty and brutalization ( North Korea ). Other states of this sort have collapsed (such as
343-468: A result of the Housing Act 1919 . Though more council houses have been built since then, fewer have been built in recent years. Local design variations exist, however all followed local authority building standards. The Housing Acts of 1985 and 1988 facilitated the transfer of council housing to not-for-profit housing associations with access to private finance, and these new housing associations became
392-401: A self-identification with the working class group. This subjective approach allows individuals, rather than researchers, to define their own "subjective" and "perceived" social class. Karl Marx defined the working class or proletariat as those individuals who sell their labour power for wages and who do not own the means of production . He argued that they were responsible for creating
441-512: A stigmatised social housing model is a direct result of government policies and their portrayal of council houses. Dwellings completed by local authorities, New Towns, and the Scottish Housing Association , 1945–80 (thousands) Working class The working class is a subset of employees who are compensated with wage or salary -based contracts, whose exact membership varies from definition to definition. Members of
490-688: A three-year period although less than half of this target was met. The housing built comprised three-bedroom dwellings with parlour and scullery: larger properties also include a living room. The standards are based on the Tudor Walters Report of 1919 , and the Design Manual written according to the 1913 building standards. In 1923 the Chamberlain Act withdrew subsidies for council houses except for private builders and houses for sale. Councils could undertake to build houses and offer these for sale but also to sell off some of their existing properties. This
539-772: The Parker Morris standards were the requirements saying that: Particularly in larger cities, councils built high-rise blocks from the 1960s to the 1980s to accommodate a high density of dwellings at relatively low cost. Notable schemes include Park Hill in Sheffield, Hulme Crescents in Manchester, Cottingley in Leeds, Churchill Gardens in London, and many examples in Glasgow . The Radburn housing layout that aimed to separate cars from housing
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#1732891262070588-526: The Soviet Union ). Since 1960, large-scale proletarianization and enclosure of commons has occurred in the third world , generating new working classes. Additionally, countries such as India have been slowly undergoing social change, expanding the size of the urban working class. The informal working class is a sociological term coined by Mike Davis for a class of over a billion predominantly young urban people who are in no way formally connected to
637-408: The global economy and who try to survive primarily in slums . According to Davis, this class no longer corresponds to the socio-theoretical concepts of a class, from Marx, Max Weber or the theory of modernization . Thereafter, this class developed worldwide from the 1960s, especially in the southern hemisphere. In contrast to previous notions of a class of the lumpen proletariat or the notions of
686-454: The wealth of a society, asserting that the working class physically build bridges, craft furniture, grow food, and nurse children, but do not own land or factories . A sub-section of the proletariat, the lumpenproletariat ( rag-proletariat ), are the extremely poor and unemployed, such as day labourers and homeless people. Marx considered them to be devoid of class consciousness. In Marxist terms wage labourers and those dependent on
735-403: The welfare state are working class, and those who live on accumulated capital are not, and this broad dichotomy defines the class struggle . In The Communist Manifesto , Marx and Friedrich Engels argue that it is the destiny of the working class to displace the capitalist system, with the dictatorship of the proletariat (as opposed to the " dictatorship of the bourgeoisie ") abolishing
784-608: The working class and introduced the concept of "general needs" construction (i.e., that council housing should aim to fill the needs for a wide range of society). In particular, Aneurin Bevan , the Minister for Health and Housing , promoted a vision of new estates where "the working man, the doctor and the clergyman will live in close proximity to each other". From the late 1970s, the wider takeover of free market economics propagated by Margaret Thatcher's conservative government sought to reduce
833-531: The Addison Act, a house would be 1,000 square feet (93 m ) but after 1924 it would be 620 square feet (58 m ). This was a major period of council house construction. With the Housing Act of 1930 , otherwise known as the Greenwood Act, the government signalled a change of priority, slum clearance. Pre-regulation terraced housing was to be cleared and the residents rehoused in new council houses. There
882-534: The English Working Class , E. P. Thompson argues that the English working class was present at its own creation, and seeks to describe the transformation of pre-modern labouring classes into a modern, politically self-conscious, working class. Starting around 1917, a number of countries became ruled ostensibly in the interests of the working class (see Soviet working class ). Some historians have noted that
931-463: The Landlord and Tenant Act 1985, which applies to tenancies entered into after 1961. In summary, section 11 provides that a landlord shall: If a landlord refuses to repair a rented property, the tenant can take action to require them to carry out necessary works and claim compensation. The Addison Act 1919 houses were usually three-bedroom houses with a living room and scullery , sometimes also with
980-455: The Ministry of Works had to have a minimum floor space size of 635 square feet (59.0 m ), and the sections should be less than 7' 6" (2.3 m) wide. These "service units" had to include a combined back-to-back prefabricated kitchen that backed onto a prebuilt bathroom, so water pipes, waste pipes and electrical distribution were all in the same place, and hence easy to install. The house retained
1029-623: The United Kingdom titled Homes for Today and Tomorrow . The report concluded that the quality of social housing needed to be improved to match the rise in living standards. Out of the report came the Parker Morris Standards . In 1963 these were set out in the Ministry of Housing's "Design Bulletin 6 – Space in the Home". They became mandatory for all council houses from 1967 until 1980. Among
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#17328912620701078-416: The destruction of inadequate houses in the inner cities that had been built before the 1875 Act. This released land for housing and the need for smaller two bedroomed houses to replace the two-up two-down houses that had been demolished. Smaller three bedroom properties were also built. The Housing Act 1935 led to a continuation of this policy, but the war stopped all construction, and enemy action reduced
1127-405: The estate on Hucknall Road run by Nottingham City Transport and TrentBarton . Council house A council house , corporation house or council flat is a form of British public housing built by local authorities . A council estate is a building complex containing a number of council houses and other amenities like schools and shops. Construction took place mainly from 1919 to 1980s, as
1176-1053: The estate; the main services include several services on the Brown Line which travel through Andover Road, Gainsford Crescent and Southglade Road in the direction of Nottingham to Rise Park via Hucknall Road, City Hospital and Top Valley. NCT services serving Bestwood: Brown Line 15 City - Rise Park via Hucknall Road, Arnold Road and Tesco Brown Line 16/16C City - Rise Park via Hucknall Road, Andover Road, Southglade and Tesco Brown Line 17 City - Bulwell via Hucknall Road and St Alban's Road Turquoise Line 79 City (loop) - Arnold via Nuthall Road, Bulwell Bus Station, Rise Park terminus(serves both directions) and Beckhampton Road/Chipenham Road Purple Line 87 City - Arnold via Edwards Lane, Oxclose Lane and Redhill Purple Line 88 City - Top Valley (loop) via Edwards Lane, Chipenham Road and Betswood Park Drive Purple Line 89 City - Rise Park via Edwards Lane, Beckhampton Road and Bestwood Park Drive/ BPD West There are also other bus services that travel just outside
1225-514: The first generation of houses to feature electricity, running water, bathrooms, indoor toilets and front/rear gardens. However, until well into the 1930s, some were built with outdoor toilets. Some did not feature an actual bathroom; the bath could often be found in the kitchen with a design which allowed it to double as a work surface. The Chamberlain Act 1923 reduced the expected standards. The Wheatley Act 1924 attempted to restore some of them. Under
1274-651: The first interventions in the Public Health Act 1875 ( 38 & 39 Vict. c. 55) to the Housing of the Working Classes Act 1900 , council houses could be general housing for the working class , general housing, part of slum clearance programmes or just homes provided for the most needy. They could be funded directly by local councils, through central government incentive or by revenue obtained when other houses were sold. Increasingly, they have been transferred through
1323-600: The house were built to the garden suburb philosophy: houses were all different. The estate received the royal seal of approval when, on Friday 24 March 1916, Queen Mary made an unannounced visit. A programme of council house building started after the First World War following on from the David Lloyd George 's government's Housing Act of 1919 . The 'Addison Act' brought in subsidies for council house building and aimed to provide 500,000 "homes fit for heroes" within
1372-414: The housing stock remained in council ownership. The demographic of the inhabitants noticeably altered since the estate's early years. The estate increasingly housed young families with high levels of unemployment. The decline of Bestwood Estate continued, with increasing crime levels. Policing the area became difficult as a small number of local families established a grip on it. Most prominent amongst these
1421-511: The instrument of housing associations into the private sector. An early use of the new powers was in Bath , where 36 new houses named Lampard's Buildings were built in 1900 on the compulsory purchased site of a row of rat infested cottages. Woolwich Borough Council was responsible for the Well Hall Estate designed for workers at the munition factories at Woolwich Arsenal . The estate and
1470-743: The labour of others. The term, which is primarily used to evoke images of laborers suffering "class disadvantage in spite of their individual effort", can also have racial connotations, applying diverse themes of poverty and implications about whether one is deserving of aid. In other contexts the term working class refers to a section of society dependent on physical labour , especially when compensated with an hourly wage (for certain types of science, as well as journalistic or political analysis). Working-class occupations can be categorized into four groups: unskilled labourers, artisans, outworkers , and factory workers. Common alternative definitions of Working Class include definition by income level, whereby
1519-507: The late 18th century, under the influence of the Enlightenment , European society was in a state of change, and this change could not be reconciled with the idea of a changeless God-created social order. Wealthy members of these societies created ideologies which blamed many of the problems of working-class people on their morals and ethics (i.e. excessive consumption of alcohol, perceived laziness and inability to save money). In The Making of
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1568-506: The providers of most new public-sector housing. The characterisation of council houses as 'problem places' was key for leading this movement of transferring public housing stock to the private arena. By 2003, 36.5% of the social rented housing stock was held by housing associations. House design in the United Kingdom is defined by a series of Housing Acts, and public housing house design is defined by government-directed guidelines and central governments' relationship with local authorities. From
1617-404: The role of the state and the housing sector was further opened for private investors and actors. Deregulation of the mortgage finance sector in the 1980s was particularly significant, with the 1988 Housing Act introducing private competition into the sector. The Housing Act 1988 marked the onset of various policies resulting in the residualisation of the public housing. Residualisation refers to
1666-471: The same social unit , a third estate of people who were neither aristocrats nor church officials. Similar hierarchies existed outside Europe in other pre-industrial societies . The social position of these labouring classes was viewed as ordained by natural law and common religious belief. This social position was contested, particularly by peasants, for example during the German Peasants' War . In
1715-526: The shrinking of the social housing stock, consisting mostly of deteriorated quality dwellings, and the growing concentration of disadvantaged minorities in such housing. As the residual housing sector is mostly concentrated in lower-income neighbourhoods, a ' neighbourhood effect ' manifests, reinforcing the idea of poverty as a problem of the place which has allowed market ideologies to advocate against decommodified housing provision. A landlord's obligations are set out in several pieces of legislation, including
1764-461: The social relationships underpinning the class system before then developing into a communist society in which "the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all." In feudal Europe, the working class as such did not exist in large numbers. Instead, most people were part of the labouring class, a group made up of different professions, trades and occupations. A lawyer, craftsman and peasant were all considered to be part of
1813-429: The state in the sector existed as providers of public housing aimed at a broad range of households. This changed starting from the 1970s, with social housing entering the mainstream. Social housing emphasizes the 'safety net' characteristic in that it is only for those whose needs are not met in the market. The transformation of the sector from a public housing as serving a wide range of households with different incomes to
1862-450: The usable housing stock. The Housing (Temporary Accommodation) Act 1944 led to the building of prefab bungalows with a design life of ten years. Innovative steel-framed properties were also tried in an attempt to speed up construction. A number survive well into the 21st century, a testament to the durability of a series of housing designs and construction methods only envisaged to last 10 years. The Burt Committee , formed in 1942 by
1911-483: The wartime government of Winston Churchill, proposed to address the need for an anticipated 200,000 shortfall in post-war housing stock, by building 500,000 prefabricated houses , with a planned life of up to 10 years within five years of the end of the Second World War . The eventual bill, under the post-war Labour government of Prime Minister Clement Attlee , agreed to deliver 300,000 units within 10 years, within
1960-512: The working class is contrasted with a middle class on the basis of access to economic resources, education , cultural interests, and other goods and services, and the "white working class" has been "loosely defined" by the New York Times as comprising white people without college degrees. Researchers in Australia have suggested that working class status should be defined subjectively as
2009-500: The working class rely primarily upon earnings from wage labour . Most common definitions of "working class" in use in the United States limit its membership to workers who hold blue-collar and pink-collar jobs, or whose income is insufficiently high to place them in the middle class , or both. However, socialists define "working class" to include all workers who fall into this category; thus, this definition can include almost all of
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2058-528: The working population of industrialized economies . As with many terms describing social class , working class is defined and used in different ways. One definition used by many socialists is that the working class includes all those who have nothing to sell but their labour, a group otherwise referred to as the proletariat . In this sense, the working class includes white and blue-collar workers, manual and menial workers of all types, excluding individuals who derive their livelihood from business ownership or
2107-406: Was a cut in funding and the housing density on the peripheral estates was increased leading to a poorer build quality. The former tenants of the inner city properties were displaced far from their workplaces unable to afford the higher rents (though reduced from the 1919 levels) or the cost of transport. Stable communities were broken up, and with it support networks. All prefab units approved by
2156-746: Was a revival in council housebuilding in the 2010s, with a focus on energy efficiency. Schemes such as Accordia in Cambridge and Goldsmith Street in Norwich have won awards. In London, space standards have been reintroduced via the London Plan , and councils including Southwark and Hounslow are building thousands of new council houses. Beginning in the 1970s with Thatcherism , the housing sector witnessed public expenditure cutbacks, along with cutbacks in other public sectors like health and education, yet more extreme than those. This retrenchment from public housing
2205-431: Was essentially reversed by the incoming Labour government of 1924. The Wheatley Act (1924) passed by the new Labour Government introduced higher subsidies for council housing and also allowed for a contribution to be made from the rates. The housing revenue account was always separated from the general account. This was a major period of council house construction. The Housing Act 1930 stimulated slum clearance, i.e.,
2254-457: Was interrupted by World War II, after which the bulk of the housing stock was constructed. Most of the houses are constructed with similar layouts. They are generally semi-detached buildings or town houses. The first decades saw a generally working class population in residence. Under Margaret Thatcher 's Right to Buy policy, a modest proportion of council tenants chose to purchase their rented property at hugely discounted prices. The majority of
2303-402: Was justified by a preference for a private housing market, or for commodification over public goods, and by the popularity of the critical description of council houses as a 'sink estate'. "Sink estates" were criticized as "cut off from society's mainstream" with "self-inflicted poverty stemming from...the dead weight of low expectations." In the immediate years of the post-war era, the role of
2352-595: Was the extended Gunn family. Supported by the proceeds of crime and drug-dealing, the Gunns gained notoriety for their ruthlessness. A number of highly publicised murders eventually led to the arrest and imprisonment of some members of the family. These people were described as the Bestwood Cartel and the Godfathers of Nottingham gang crime. Bestwood has frequent bus services ran by Nottingham City Transport that travel through
2401-478: Was used extensively in new towns. As a result, the houses are accessible to the front only by footpaths. This has created areas with poor surveillance, particularly over car parking at the rear, which have become the focus of crime. In Skelmersdale, tenants are calling for their Radburn style housing to be remodelled so that defensible space is created with parking close to their homes and a reduction in general use areas which give rise to anti-social behaviour. There
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