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44-734: From 1814 to 1842, 9,000 of them immigrated from the German areas Baden , Württemberg , Bavaria , some Prussian areas of modern-day Poland and Alsace , France, to the Russian governorate of Bessarabia at the Black Sea . The area, bordering on the Black Sea, was part of the Russian Empire, in the form of Novorossiya ; it later became the Bessarabia Governorate . Throughout their 125-year history,

88-412: A minister, who was responsible for several villages within the parish. Besides there was Reformed parish (Schabo) and a Roman Catholic church district with four municipalities (Balmas, Emmental, Krasna, Larga). These belonged to the diocese Cherson , which was created on July 3, 1848. The name of the diocese was changed to Tiraspol shortly after. The seat of the diocese was relocated to Saratow by

132-477: A physician, a veterinary surgeon, a land measurer and so on), was German. Their presidents were: The Committee protected the rights of the settlers and supervised their obligations with regard to the Russian government. Underneath the Fürsorgekomitee there were seventeen offices for those approximately 150 German municipalities, with one selected area chief ( Oberschulz ). Its tasks, among other things, included

176-547: A self-colonisation began by private settlement within the country. The boundaries of the twenty-four Mutterkolonies had become limited due to increase in the population. Bessarabian Germans bought or leased land from large Russian landowners and created new villages. In 1920, two years after the Union of Bessarabia with Romania , began the Romanian agrarian reform, in which large land owners with more than 100 hectares were expropriated of

220-565: Is former German President Horst Köhler (elected on behalf of the CDU ). Before emigrating in 1940, his parents lived in the German colony of Rîșcani in northern Bessarabia, being later on moved to Poland , which was by that time occupied by Nazi Germany , where Köhler was born. The coat of arms of the Bessarabia Germans (created after the Second World War ) symbolises the homeland at

264-744: The French historical region of Alsace , to its south Switzerland , the Palatinate to its northwest, Hesse to the north, and parts of Bavaria to the northeast. Its eastern border with the region of Württemberg runs from the Kraichgau through the Black Forest , and from some parts of the forest to the Rhine the distances become as low as 18 kilometres (11 mi) in the so-called "Wespentaille" near Gaggenau . Ulm Too Many Requests If you report this error to

308-702: The House of Zähringen . Baden is named after the margraves' residence, Hohenbaden Castle in Baden-Baden . Hermann II of Baden first claimed the title of Margrave of Baden in 1112. A united Margraviate of Baden existed from this time until 1535, when it was split into the two Margraviates of Baden-Durlach and Baden-Baden. Following a devastating fire in Baden-Baden in 1689, the capital was moved to Rastatt . The two parts were reunited in 1771 under Margrave Charles Frederick . The restored Margraviate with its capital Karlsruhe

352-535: The River Danube , which they followed as far as Ulm (about 100 km south-east of Stuttgart and 130 km north-west of Munich ). There they boarded Ulm boxes , a sort of one-way boat. Many emigrants fell ill and died while travelling on these boats. The journey carried them downriver to the Danube delta shortly before the Black Sea . Upon arrival at Izmail , the migrants were quarantined for weeks on an island in

396-533: The Triple Alliance was signed. Later, after 1842, the settlers began naming their own villages after their own aspirations – Hoffnungstal (hope valley), Friedenstal (peace valley) – or religious motives – Gnadental (grace valley), Lichtental (light valley). Numerous German establishments of village took on Romanian or Turkish-Tatar origins, such as Albota (white horse), Basyrjamka (salt hole) Kurudschika (drying), and Sarata (salty). Despite

440-650: The Bessarabia Germans were an overwhelmingly rural population. Until their moving to the Greater Germany ( Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact ), they were a minority consisting of 93,000 people who made up some 3% of the population. They were distinguished from the Black Sea Germans who settled to the east of Odesa , and from the Dobrujan Germans in Dobruja . Perhaps the most prominent person of Bessarabian German ancestry

484-575: The Black Sea, left at 1940. The coat of arms consists of a shield as the main component of the heraldic emblem. On four divisions, the crest symbolises the country's colours and other properties. The Bessarabian anthem Bessarabisches Heimatlied was created in 1922 by Albert Mauch , the director of the Werner-Seminar , a German university in Sarata . The eastern part of the Principality of Moldavia

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528-570: The German migrants in Bessarabia according to plan. They kept land in the southern region, on assigned far, treeless steppe surfaces in the Southern Bessarabia (Budjak; germ. Budschak). In the first settlement phase, up to 1842, twenty-four main German colonies developed. The settlements were put on usually in a valley with gently sloping hills. The farms were up to 50 m wide, and bordered by acacias . While properties were only 20 metres wide at

572-457: The German settlements. The colloquial language was German, the official language was Russian. Characteristic of the settlers were diligence, religious devotion, large families and thriftiness. The first twenty-four villages of German emigrants were called "mother colonies". They still developed in the context of the national Russian Colonisation. Those settlements developed after 1842 developed were called "daughter colonies". They were mainly due to

616-502: The Reich. The total number of ethnic Germans resettled into the Reich has been estimated by some historians at 500,000. On arrival in the Reich, most of the resettled Germans were given German citizenship, and the young men were drafted into the Wehrmacht. In accordance with Nazi racist theories of Blut und Boden (Blood and Soil),the goal was to settle the annexed eastern lands with German farmers;

660-476: The Soviet Union and given to Romania. Although they did not want to leave their homes and farms, they had absolutely no desire to be Soviet subjects again. This compelled Nazi Germany to take action and relocate these ethnic Germans. By a further amendment to the treaty, dated September 28, 1939, agreement was reached between Germany and the Soviet Union for a population exchange. Hitler entrusted Heinrich Himmler,

704-573: The Soviet officials was sometimes positive and sometimes obstructionist, as many non-German anticommunists also tried to leave, usually without success. The population transfer began in the Baltic states of Latvia and Estonia, where 66,000 and 20,000 people, respectively, settled in Germany in the late fall of 1939. The Nazi government was disappointed in the quality of these immigrants. They wanted farmers to colonize

748-635: The Soviets called western Ukraine and western White Russia; Finland and the three Baltic states; and the Romanian provinces of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina. For the Germans living in farming settlements in Bessarabia, the German–Soviet Pact was very bad news. They had lived through the Bolshevik Revolution and the early years of the Soviet regime, before their countries of residence were detached from

792-583: The Tsar during the recruitment took place via a Russian special authority by the name of Fürsorgekomitee (Welfare Service Committee), previously Vormundschaftskontor . It was concerned with the settlement of all German settlers in south Russia, with its location initially in Chișinău , later in Odesa . The official language of the department, to which belonged one president and approximately 20 co-workers (an official translator,

836-437: The administration of the fire service. Originally, the plots of land given to the settlers carried only numbers, e.g. "Steppe 9". In the early years of the settlement, the Fürsorgekomitee began renaming the villages. These designations were reminders of the places of victorious battles against Napoleon such as Tarutino , Borodino , Beresina , Dennewitz , Arzis , Brienne , Paris , Leipzig , Katzbach and Teplitz, where

880-420: The area almost deserted. Russia tried to entice foreign settlers to populate the area and work the farms, since her own farmers were mainly serfs . The aim of this was to re-establish agriculture on the rich black soil. Tsar Alexander I issued a manifesto on 29 November 1813, in which he promised German settlers the following privileges: The agents of the Russian crown went with these promises to Württemberg ,

924-466: The close of the war, most of the resettled Germans in West Prussia and Poznan fled before the approaching Soviet Red Army towards Germany. The Bessarabia Germans represented one of the least numerous ethnic groups which settled and lived in Bessarabia along the passing of time. During the early and mid 19th century, more specifically in 1828 and 1856, the Bessarabia Germans accounted for 1.71% and 2.4% of

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968-528: The delta which claimed further victims. About 10% of the emigrants are thought not to have survived the voyage. Emigrants from the northern and eastern German regions, as well as from Poland, travelled by horse and cart. They were the first Germans to arrive in Bessarabia, in 1814, and were known as Warsaw Colonists because of their origins. Reasons for emigration from the Duchy of Warsaw were: Reasons for emigration from South Germany were: Tsarist Russia settled

1012-408: The distribution of passports by German authorities they began the journey in larger groups, known as Kolonnen (lit. "columns"). The time taken for the c. 2,000 km journey was between two and six months, depending upon travel route. Many of those emigrating due to religious reasons formed Harmonien (harmonies). For the emigrants from South Germany, the journey usually followed the course of

1056-633: The first bishop Ferdinand Helanus, where it remained until 1918. Bishop Josef Alois Kessler relocated the seat to Odesa to escape the Bolshevik , but after their victory he fled to Germany in 1921 and the diocese was disbanded in the Soviet Republic . On the lowest level there were elementary schools in the German villages. In the first years usually someone from the village taught the school children, until 1892, when only graduate teachers were allowed to teach. A gymnasium (grammar school) for boys and girls

1100-454: The foreign ministers of their respective countries)—was a ten-year non-aggression pact, signed on August 23, 1939, promising that neither country would attack the other. It effectively divided Eastern Europe between Germany and the Soviet Union. By a secret protocol to this treaty, the two parties agreed to partition Poland. Germany would have a free hand in western Poland. The Soviet Union would have in its sphere of influence eastern Poland, which

1144-640: The head of the SS (Schutzstaffel, Nazi party paramilitary security service) and police, with the task of their resettlement to territories of western Poland, recently occupied by the Wehrmacht (German Army), and in the process of incorporation into the Reich. The Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle (often shortened to VoMi), a department of the SS, carried out the relocation and settlement of the ethnic Germans, known in German as Volksdeutsche. In return, any Russian, White Russian, or Ukrainian living in German-occupied Poland had

1188-468: The incentives granted early on, the living conditions in the colonies were tough. Unusual climate and diseases extinguished whole families. Cattle disease, floods , epidemic diseases such as plague and cholera , crop failures and swarms of grasshoppers obstructed reconstruction work. The early dwellings were usually earth houses with reed roofs. Only in later generations a regulated and independent life in economic, cultural and religious areas prevailed in

1232-511: The land in excess of that. Their property was distributed to the peasants, who each received 6 hectares. Hektardörfer , or hectare-towns sprang up on the free land. Approximately 150 German settlements resulted during the presence of the Germans in Bessarabia between 1814 and 1940. A treaty of Nonaggression between the Soviet Union and Germany, also known as the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact (Vyacheslav Molotov and Joachim von Ribbentrop were

1276-550: The life of all Bessarabian Germans, because many of their ancestors had once left their German homeland for religious reasons. Abroad they kept the German language in use in the Bible and in the Hymn books. In newly founded villages, places of worship were the first communal facilities to be created. In larger municipalities this was a church for up to 1,000 visitors, in smaller municipalities this

1320-511: The majority were placed on farms in the Warthegau, formerly the Polish province of Poznan, and a smaller number in the former Polish territory of West Prussia. In order to accomplish this, the SS and German army began to expel Polish farmers from these lands, and German re-settlers took over their houses and farms. In their place, 332,000 German evacuees, mostly farmers, were settled on these lands. With

1364-590: The modern Federal State of Baden-Württemberg in 1952. Baden lies in the southwest of Germany, with most of its major cities on the Upper Rhine Plain . Bounded by Lake Constance on the south and by the river Rhine on the south and west, the region of Baden stretches from the Linzgau , Lörrach and Freiburg im Breisgau to Karlsruhe and then on to Mannheim , leading to the Main and Tauber rivers. To its west lies

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1408-549: The newly conquered lands in the Polish West, not urban residents, many of whom were elderly and without children. In winter 1939–1940, about 60,000 ethnic Germans were brought from Volhynia, western Ukraine, first to a transit camp in Lodz in occupied Poland, and because the majority of these settlers were farmers, they were sent to the former Polish provinces of Poznan (Posen), now renamed the German province of Warthegau, or to West Prussia,

1452-535: The northeast German area ( Mecklenburg ) and into the Duchy of Warsaw , where German settlers had established themselves only a few years before. Between 1814 and 1842 over 2,000 families consisting of approximately 9,000 people migrated to the Russian Bessarabia. Most came from the South German areas of Württemberg , Baden , the Palatinate , Bavaria and Alsace , France, the peak occurring in 1817. After

1496-527: The private settlement of native Bessarabians already living in the country. The first 24 colonies were: As ordered by the Tsar during his recruitment, almost all newcomers worked as farmers. Each German family received 60 desyatinas (about 65 hectares) from the state. The settlement area lay in the Bessarabian black earth belt, whose earth is considered among the best farming land in Europe. As such, fertilisation

1540-488: The region bordering Gdansk (Danzig). The evacuees who were not suitable for farming were settled elsewhere in Germany. At the end of September 1940, Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union agreed to transfer Germans living in the Romanian provinces of Bessarabia and Bukovina, now occupied by the Red Army. By the end of October of that year, this resettlement was practically complete, with a total of 124,000 ethnic Germans transferred to

1584-467: The right to be resettled in the Soviet Union. As this was a voluntary movement, it was all in one westward direction. Resettlement implementation was carried out by teams made up of SS officers and their Soviet counterparts, who interviewed each family individually to ensure that it was of German origin and wanted to be evacuated. The ethnic Germans greeted these teams with enthusiasm and attempted to document their German heritage by any means. Cooperation of

1628-415: The roadside, they extended up to 250 metres in depth. The elongated, single-storey houses always stood with the gable facing the road. The whitewashed buildings were built of loam bricks or natural stone. On the farmyard were stables, threshing-rooms and a stockroom and wine cellar. In the rear part of an estate lay fruit and vegetable gardens and vineyards. The autonomy of the German settlers promised by

1672-562: The total population of Bessarabia. In 1889, they made up 3.1% (based on linguistic criterion, stating their native language as German ). In 1919, under royal Romanian administration, the Bessarabia Germans made up 3.0% of the total population of Bessarabia. In 1941, after the Heim ins Reich re-settlement and during wartime Romanian administration, there were only a little above two thousand ethnic Germans still left in Bessarabia (accounting for 0.1% of Bessarabia's population). Church and religion shaped

1716-458: Was a praying house, in which the dwelling of the Sexton and the village school were included as well. The colonists paid for the maintenance of the church, school, Sexton and teacher (usually a Sexton-teacher in dual functions). The majority of the approximately 150 German settlements were organized in 13 Kirchspielen ( parishes ) and three Pfarrgemeinden of Lutheran denomination. Each parish had

1760-536: Was conquered by the troops of the Russian Czar Alexander I in the Russo-Turkish War between 1806 and 1812. In this Moldavian region, he established the Bessarabia Governorate , the smallest of the Russian Empire. The capital was the central Bessarabian Chişinău . Nomadic Tatars from the southern region of Bessarabia, Budjak , were banished or emigrated voluntarily after the Russian conquest, leaving

1804-876: Was elevated to the status of electorate in 1803. In 1806, the Electorate of Baden , receiving territorial additions, became the Grand Duchy of Baden . The Grand Duchy of Baden was a state within the German Confederation until 1866 and the German Empire until 1918, succeeded by the Republic of Baden within the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany . From 1945 to 1952, South Baden and Württemberg-Baden were territories under French and American occupation, respectively. They were united with Württemberg-Hohenzollern to form

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1848-634: Was located in Tarutino . In Sarata the Werner school for teacher training was located. Baden Baden ( / ˈ b ɑː d ən / ; German: [ˈbaːdən] ) is a historical territory in southern Germany . In earlier times it was considered to be on both sides of the Upper Rhine , but since the Napoleonic Wars , it has been considered only East of the Rhine. The margraves of Baden originated from

1892-426: Was more widespread, especially the fine-wooled Karakul sheep . The men's traditional black skin caps were made from the wool. Poultry farming for self-sufficiency was a matter of course on each individual farm. Unlike other farming people, the Germans used horses instead of oxen for ploughing. With the establishment of the last colony ( Hoffnungstal ) in 1842, the influx of emigrants from Germany ended. Afterwards,

1936-416: Was not needed. The main crops grown were wheat and corn . In some colonies wide viticulture was operated (see Moldovan wine ), but most farms only produced enough wine for their own needs. The Germans operated animal husbandry only to a small extent, because the resulting dung was not required due to the high soil fertility. Therefore, it was usually dried and used in the winter as fuel. Shepherding

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