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57-555: Beryl Markham (born Clutterbuck ; 26 October 1902 – 3 August 1986) was a Kenyan aviator born in England (one of the first bush pilots ), adventurer, racehorse trainer and author. She was the first person to fly solo, non-stop across the Atlantic from Britain to North America. She wrote about her adventures in her memoir , West with the Night . Markham was born in the village of Ashwell , in

114-475: A Commercial Pilot License (CPL) after completing their PPL. This is required if the pilot desires to pursue a professional career as a pilot. To captain an airliner, one must obtain an Airline Transport Pilot License (ATPL). In the United States after 1 August 2013, an ATPL is required even when acting as a first officer. Some countries/carriers require/use a multi-crew cooperation (MCC) certificate. There

171-478: A bush pilot , spotting game animals from the air and signalling their locations to safaris on the ground. Markham was married three times, taking the name Markham from her second husband, the wealthy Mansfield Markham , with whom she had a son, Gervase. In 1928, while pregnant with Gervase, she entered into an affair with Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester – known informally as Harry – the son of George V , who became besotted with her during his trip to Kenya. It

228-438: A 20-hour flight, her Percival Vega Gull , VP-KCC named "The Messenger", suffered fuel starvation due to icing of the fuel tank vents, and she crash-landed at Baleine Cove on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia , Canada . She became the first person to make it from England to North America non-stop from east to west, and was celebrated as an aviation pioneer . Markham chronicled many of her adventures in her memoir, West with

285-488: A best-seller, spurred by the 1986 broadcast of a public television documentary about Markham's life, World Without Walls: Beryl Markham's African Memoir , produced by Gutekunst, Shlachter, Joan Saffa, Stephen Talbot and Judy Flannery in collaboration with KQED-TV in San Francisco. Gutekunst and Shlachter had approached the station to co-operate on the documentary, directed by Andrew Maxwell-Hyslop. Actor Lyle Talbot narrated

342-448: A different syllabus than civilian pilots, which is delivered by military instructors. This is due to the different aircraft, flight goals, flight situations and chains of responsibility. Many military pilots do transfer to civilian-pilot qualification after they leave the military, and typically their military experience provides the basis for a civilian pilot's license. It was in France that

399-461: Is deterministic . As the Airbus A350 would only need minor modifications, Air Caraibes and French Bee parent Groupe Dubreuil see two-pilot crews in long-haul operations, without a third pilot for rotation, happening around 2024–2025. Single-pilot freighters could start with regional flights. The Air Line Pilots Association believe removing pilots would threaten aviation safety and opposes

456-450: Is a bloody wonderful book. Intrigued, Gutekunst read West with the Night and became so enamoured of Markham's prose that he helped persuade a California publisher, North Point Press , to re-issue the book in 1983. The re-release of the book led to praise for the 80-year-old Markham as a great author as well as flyer. When found in Kenya by AP East Africa correspondent Barry Shlachter, Markham

513-440: Is a person who controls the flight of an aircraft by operating its directional flight controls . Some other aircrew members , such as navigators or flight engineers , are also considered aviators because they are involved in operating the aircraft's navigation and engine systems. Other aircrew members, such as drone operators, flight attendants , mechanics and ground crew , are not classified as aviators. In recognition of

570-454: Is a popular belief that airline pilots die earlier than the general population. This belief was not supported by studies of American Airlines and British Airways pilots. A hoax claiming to show an inverse relationship between retirement age and life expectancy was refuted by Boeing. However, a study of several airline pilot associations' data found evidence of higher mortality. A 1978 study of military pilots found increased longevity, which

627-552: Is said that Beryl also simultaneously had an affair with Harry's older brother, Edward, Prince of Wales (later Edward VIII) during this time. Returning to England, Harry installed Beryl as his mistress in the Grosvenor House Hotel , a few minutes' walk from Buckingham Palace . George V attempted to end the affair by sending Harry on a royal visit to Japan, but the affair resumed on his return to England. Historian Jane Ridley notes that Beryl "was spotted running barefoot along

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684-499: Is that in the next two decades—if not sooner—automated and autonomous flight will have developed sufficiently to put downward pressure on both wages and the number and kind of flying jobs available. So if a kid asks the question now and he or she is 18, 20 years from now will be 2037 and our would-be careerist will be 38—not even mid-career. Who among us thinks aviation and especially for-hire flying will look like it does now?" Christian Dries, owner of Diamond Aircraft Austria said "Behind

741-476: Is the astronaut who directly controls the operation of a spacecraft . This term derives directly from the usage of the word "pilot" in aviation, where it is synonymous with "aviator". Pilots are required to go through many hours of flight training and theoretical study, that differ depending on the country. The first step is acquiring the Private Pilot License (PPL), or Private Pilot Certificate. In

798-499: Is very limited in controlled airspace (generally, above 400 ft/122m and away from airports), and the FAA prohibits nearly all commercial use. Once regulations are made to allow expanded use of UAVs in controlled airspace, there is expected to be a large surge of UAVs in use and, consequently, high demand for pilots/operators of these aircraft. The general concept of an airplane pilot can be applied to human spaceflight , as well. The pilot

855-651: The Arc-en-Ciel (52 guns) and the frigate Concorde . The two ships had crossed the Atlantic together but got separated at the Grand Banks during a storm. The most significant single prize the British captured in 1756 was the Arc-en-Ciel . The ship was captured on 12 June off Scatarie after a long chase and a five-hour gun battle. The warship had on board sixty thousand livres in specie and as many as 200 recruits. The British kept

912-551: The Arc-en-Ciel in Atlantic waters for the next few years, sailing out of Halifax. It would form part of the fleet the British put together to attack Louisbourg in 1758. At the same time, the Concorde initially eluded the Royal Navy on two occasions. The ship had 50 passengers made up of troops and stonemasons and 30 thousand livres in coin. On June 10 the Concorde slipped into the protected by on Scatarie Island. When it sailed out,

969-631: The Canadian Human Rights Act have restricted the retirement age set by the airlines. In the United States in 2020, there were 691,691 active pilot certificates. This was down from a high of over 800,000 active pilots in 1980. Of the active pilot certificate holders, there were 160,860 Private, 103,879 Commercial, 164,193 Airline Transport, and 222,629 Student. In 1930, the Air Commerce Act established pilot licensing requirements for American civil aviation. Commercial airline pilots in

1026-591: The Mau Escarpment and the Rongai Valley. Markham spent an adventurous childhood learning, playing, and hunting with the local children of all races. On her family's farm, she developed her knowledge of and love for horses, establishing herself as a trainer at the age of 17, after her father left for Peru. She befriended the Danish writer Karen Blixen during the years that Blixen was managing her family's coffee farm in

1083-519: The Ngong hills outside Nairobi . When Blixen's romantic connection with the hunter and pilot Denys Finch Hatton was winding down, Markham started her own affair with him. He invited her to tour game lands on what turned out to be his fatal flight, but Markham supposedly declined because of a premonition of her flight instructor, British pilot Tom Campbell Black . Inspired and coached by Tom Campbell Black , Markham learned to fly. She worked for some time as

1140-469: The Wright brothers ' first airplane: "The weight, including the body of the aviator, is a little more than 700 pounds". To ensure the safety of people in the air and on the ground, early aviation soon required that aircraft be under the operational control of a properly trained, certified pilot at all times, who is responsible for the safe and legal completion of the flight. The Aéro-Club de France delivered

1197-1056: The pilot in command often referred to as the captain . There were 290,000 airline pilots in the world in 2017 and aircraft simulator manufacturer CAE Inc. forecasts a need for 255,000 new ones for a population of 440,000 by 2027, 150,000 for growth and 105,000 to offset retirement and attrition: 90,000 in Asia-Pacific (average pilot age in 2016: 45.8 years), 85,000 in Americas (48 years), 50,000 in Europe (43.7 years) and 30,000 in Middle East & Africa (45.7 years). Boeing expects 790,000 new pilots in 20 years from 2018, 635,000 for commercial aviation , 96,000 for business aviation and 59,000 for helicopters : 33% in Asia Pacific (261,000), 26% in North America (206,000), 18% in Europe (146,000), 8% in

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1254-532: The April 2018 FAA Reauthorization Act's Section 744 establishing a research and development program to assist single-pilot cargo aircraft by remote and computer piloting. For French aerospace research center Onera and avionics manufacturer Thales , artificial intelligence (AI) like consumer neural networks learning from large datasets cannot explain their operation and cannot be certified for safe air transport. Progress towards ‘explainable’ AIs can be expected in

1311-534: The English Channel in December 1914. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs, also known as "drones") operate without a pilot on board and are classed into two categories: autonomous aircraft that operate without active human control during flight and remotely piloted UAVs which are operated remotely by one or more persons. The person controlling a remotely piloted UAV may be referred to as its pilot or operator. Depending on

1368-694: The Middle East (64,000), 7% in Latin America (57,000), 4% in Africa (29,000) and 3% in Russia/ Central Asia (27,000). By November 2017, due a shortage of qualified pilots, some pilots were leaving corporate aviation to return to airlines. In one example a Global 6000 pilot, making $ 250,000 a year for 10 to 15 flight hours a month, returned to American Airlines with full seniority . A Gulfstream G650 or Global 6000 pilot might earn between $ 245,000 and $ 265,000, and recruiting one may require up to $ 300,000. At

1425-500: The Night was excerpted and illustrated by Don Brown as a children's book, The Good Lion . In 1988, CBS aired the biographical miniseries, Beryl Markham: A Shadow on the Sun , with Stefanie Powers in the title role. Both West with the Night and Splendid Outcast appeared on the New York Times best-seller list of hardcover fiction. Critics raised questions as to whether Markham was

1482-472: The Night , published in 1942. Despite strong reviews in the press, the book sold modestly, and then quickly went out of print. After living for many years in the United States, Markham moved back to Kenya in 1952. Markham's memoir lingered in obscurity until 1982, when California restaurateur George Gutekunst read a collection of Ernest Hemingway 's letters, including one in which Hemingway praised Markham's writing: Did you read Beryl Markham's book, West with

1539-450: The Night ? ... She has written so well, and marvelously well, that I was completely ashamed of myself as a writer. I felt that I was simply a carpenter with words, picking up whatever was furnished on the job and nailing them together and sometimes making an okay pig pen. But this girl, who is to my knowledge very unpleasant and we might even say a high-grade bitch, can write rings around all of us who consider ourselves as writers ... it really

1596-540: The United States have a mandatory retirement age of 65, having increased from age 60 in 2007. Military pilots fly with the armed forces, primarily the air forces, of a government or nation-state . Their tasks involve combat and non-combat operations, including direct hostile engagements and support operations. Military pilots undergo specialized training, often with weapons . Examples of military pilots include fighter pilots , bomber pilots, transport pilots, test pilots and astronauts . Military pilots are trained with

1653-420: The United States of America, this includes a minimum of 35 to 40 hours of flight training, the majority of which with a Certified Flight Instructor . In the United States, an LSA ( Light Sport Aircraft ) license can be obtained in at least 20 hours of flight time. Generally, the next step in a pilot's progression is Instrument Rating (IR), or Multi-Engine Rating (MEP) addons. Pilots may also choose to pursue

1710-520: The United States via Florida in 1941. It is unlikely that Schumacher would have had time to process such a detailed biography in such a short time, but may have suggested it might make a Hollywood film to encourage Markham to marry him. Author Mary S. Lovell visited Markham in Nairobi and interviewed her extensively shortly before Markham's death, in preparation for her biography, Straight on Till Morning (1987). From her research, Lovell concluded that Markham

1767-568: The beginnings of tactical and strategic bombing took place in the first days of the war. Thus, the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) carried out bombing missions of the hangars of the airports of Düsseldorf, Cologne and Friedrichhafen during the autumn of 1914. The formation of the Brieftauben Abteilung Ostende ("Ostend Carrier Pigeon Detachment", name of code of the first German bombing units) carried out bombing missions over

Beryl Markham - Misplaced Pages Continue

1824-541: The corridors of Buckingham Palace". Mansfield later threatened to divorce Beryl and cite Harry as a co-respondent . Though Mansfield and his brother Charles were vociferously warned against "citing a prince of the blood in a divorce petition" by Queen Mary , the Palace agreed to pay up in the face of the brother's blackmail attempts. £15,000 was placed in a trust fund, providing Beryl with an annuity of £500 (around £32,000 in 2021). Beryl also had an affair with Hubert Broad , who

1881-572: The county of Rutland, England , the daughter of Charles Baldwin Clutterbuck, a horse trainer, and Clara Agnes ( née Alexander) (1878–1952). She had an older brother, Richard Alexander "Dickie" Clutterbuck (1900–1927). When she was four years old, she moved with her father to Kenya, which was then colonial British East Africa . He built a horse racing farm in Njoro , near the Great Rift Valley between

1938-884: The curtain, aircraft manufacturers are working on a single-pilot cockpit where the airplane can be controlled from the ground and only in case of malfunction does the pilot of the plane interfere. Basically the flight will be autonomous and I expect this to happen in the next five to six years for freighters." In August 2017 financial company UBS predicted pilotless airliners are technically feasible and could appear around 2025, offering around $ 35bn of savings, mainly in pilot costs: $ 26bn for airlines , $ 3bn for business jets and $ 2.1bn for civil helicopters ; $ 3bn/year from lower pilot training and aviation insurance costs due to safer flights; $ 1bn from flight optimisation (1% of global airlines' $ 133bn jet fuel bill in 2016); not counting revenue opportunity from increased capacity utilization . Regulations have to adapt with air cargo likely at

1995-481: The film, British actress Diana Quick was the voice of Markham in readings from her memoir, and Shlachter conducted most of the interviews. CNN Africa correspondent Gary Streiker did the filming for the well-reviewed, award-winning PBS program. Markham died in Nairobi in 1986. Her short stories were posthumously collected in The Splendid Outcast , with an introduction by Mary S. Lovell . A tale from West with

2052-692: The first certificate to Louis Blériot in 1908—followed by Glenn Curtiss , Léon Delagrange , and Robert Esnault-Pelterie . The British Royal Aero Club followed in 1910 and the Aero Club of America in 1911 (Glenn Curtiss receiving the first). Civilian pilots fly aircraft of all types privately for pleasure, charity, or in pursuance of a business, or commercially for non-scheduled (charter) and scheduled passenger and cargo air carriers (airlines), corporate aviation, agriculture (crop dusting, etc.), forest fire control, law enforcement, etc. When flying for an airline, pilots are usually referred to as airline pilots, with

2109-643: The flight decks of U.S. and European airliners do have ex-military pilots, many pilots are civilians. Military training and flying, while rigorous, is fundamentally different in many ways from civilian piloting. Operating an aircraft in Canada is regulated by the Aeronautics Act of 1985 and the Canadian Aviation Regulations provide rules for Pilot licensing in Canada . Retirement age is provided by each airline, with some set to age 60, but changes to

2166-454: The forefront, but pilotless flights could be limited by consumer behaviour : 54% of 8,000 people surveyed are defiant while 17% are supportive, with acceptation progressively forecast. AVweb reporter Geoff Rapoport stated, "pilotless aircraft are an appealing prospect for airlines bracing for the need to hire several hundred thousand new pilots in the next decade. Wages and training costs have been rapidly rising at regional U.S. airlines over

2223-477: The fort and assured the Scots he was coming in peace. The French then attacked by bombarding the fort with cannon fire from the ships and Daniel conducting a land assault. Daniel was a harsh captor. He ordered Ochiltree and his company to demolish their fort and forced the prisoners to Grand Cibou (present-day Englishtown ). There Daniel had Ochiltree and his men construct a new fort, Fort Sainte Anne . Then he sailed

2280-618: The last several years as the major airlines have hired pilots from the regionals at unprecedented rates to cover increased air travel demand from economic expansion and a wave of retirements". Going to pilotless airliners could be done in one bold step or in gradual improvements like by reducing the cockpit crew for long haul missions or allowing single pilot cargo aircraft. The industry has not decided how to proceed yet. Present automated systems are not autonomous and must be monitored; their replacement could require artificial intelligence with machine learning while present certified software

2337-520: The next decade, as the Onera expects "leads" for a certifiable AI system, along EASA standards evolution. In some countries, such as Pakistan , Thailand and several African nations, there is a strong relationship between the military and the principal national airlines, and many airline pilots come from the military; however, that is no longer the case in the United States and Western Europe . While

Beryl Markham - Misplaced Pages Continue

2394-643: The other at Baleine. The series of English and Scottish triumphs left only Cape Sable (the present-day Port La Tour ) as the only major French holding in North America, but this was not destined to last. The haste of King Charles to make peace with France on the terms most beneficial to him meant that the new North American gains would be bargained away in the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye of 1632. Charles Daniel arrived with 53 men and numerous friendly natives. He captured two shallops manned by fishermen from Rosemar, and imprisoned them. On September 10, 1629 he approached

2451-445: The other end of the spectrum, constrained by the available pilots, some small carriers hire new pilots who need 300 hours to jump to airlines in a year. They may also recruit non-career pilots who have other jobs or airline retirees who want to continue to fly. The number of airline pilots could decrease as automation replaces copilots and eventually pilots as well. In January 2017 Rhett Ross, CEO of Continental Motors said "my concern

2508-648: The pilots' qualifications and responsibilities, most militaries and many airlines worldwide award aviator badges to their pilots. The first recorded use of the term aviator ( aviateur in French) was in 1887, as a variation of aviation , from the Latin avis (meaning bird ), coined in 1863 by G. J. G. de La Landelle  [ fr ] in Aviation Ou Navigation Aérienne ("Aviation or Air Navigation"). The term aviatrix ( aviatrice in French), now archaic,

2565-593: The prisoners to France, where Ochiltree was thrown in jail for a month. During the French and Indian War , in the buildup to the Siege of Louisbourg (1758) , the British ran a naval blockade of Louisbourg off the coast of Baleine and Scatarie Island . Similarly the French were capturing British ships. Between August 1756 and October 1757, the French captured 39 British ships. The British pursued two French ships off of Scatarie Island:

2622-465: The sophistication and use of the UAV, pilots/operators of UAVs may require certification or training, but are generally not subject to the licensing/certification requirements of pilots of manned aircraft. Most jurisdictions have restrictions on the use of UAVs which have greatly limited their use in controlled airspace; UAVs have mostly been limited to military and hobbyist use. In the United States, use of UAVs

2679-513: The time of Charles I , by 1629 the Kirkes had taken Quebec City . On 1 July 1629, seventy Scots, led by James Stewart, 4th Lord Ochiltree , landed at Baleine on Cape Breton Island , probably encouraged by Sir Robert Gordon of Lochinar. Ochiltree arrived at Baleine with Brownists and built Fort Rosemar. It was a military colony, one that owed its origins to the exigencies of war, and not a permanent agricultural settlement. Ochiltree's primary objective

2736-480: The true, or sole author of West with the Night , when her third husband Raoul C. Schumacher made claims to the book. Evidence abounds that she was indeed the sole author; copies of the manuscripts sent to her editor prior to Markham meeting her ex-husband quickly silenced the critics and his claims. Schumacher was lodging with Hollywood writer Allen Vincent in California according to the 1940 census and Markham re-entered

2793-445: The world's first bombing group was created, on November 23, 1914. The Voisin III were the only aircraft available for this mission. These could only carry very light loads (between 55-160 kg of bombs), the bombs were rudimentary and the aiming systems remained to be developed. Initially, the bombs were simply thrown overboard by the crew, with necessarily very limited accuracy. Nevertheless,

2850-458: Was attributed to "generally good socioeconomic background, the positive genetic influence of long-lived parents, the above average intelligence, and the health and fitness orientation of the military aviator". Baleine, Nova Scotia Sir Robert Gordon of Lochinvar was one of the first to set out to establish Scottish colonies in America. On 8 November 1621 he obtained a royal charter of what

2907-518: Was called the barony of Galloway in Nova Scotia, and in 1625 he published a tract on the subject. "Encouragements for such as shall have intention to bee Vndertakers in the new plantation...By mee Lochinvar...Edinburgh, 1625". Meanwhile, William Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling , established the first incarnation of "New Scotland" at Port Royal . During the Anglo-French War (1627–1629) , in

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2964-455: Was dismantled and stripped of its cannon, which were then used as additional artillery to guard Fort Rosemar. Ochiltree proceeded to capture French fishing vessels off the shores of Cape Breton. During this time, while Nova Scotia briefly became a Scottish colony, there were three battles between the Scots and the French: one at Saint John ; another at Cap de Sable (present-day Port La Tour); and

3021-403: Was formerly used for a female pilot. The term aviator ( aviateur in French), now archaic, was formerly used for a male pilot. People who operate aircraft obtain a pilot licence. Aviation regulations referred to pilots . These terms were used more in the early days of aviation , when airplanes were extremely rare, and connoted bravery and adventure. For example, a 1905 reference work described

3078-475: Was later named by Mansfield Markham as a co-respondent in his 1937 divorce from Markham. After her Atlantic crossing, she returned to be with Broad, who was also an influence in her flying career. In 1936, Markham made a solo flight across the Atlantic , from England to North America. When she decided to take on the Atlantic crossing, no pilot had yet flown non-stop from Europe to New York . On 4 September 1936, she took off from Abingdon , southern England. After

3135-406: Was living in poverty. She had recently been badly beaten during a burglary at her house near the Nairobi racetrack, where she still trained thoroughbreds. The success of the re-issue of West with the Night provided enough income for Markham to finish her life in relative comfort. Earlier, she had been supported by a circle of friends and owners of race horses she trained into her 80s. The book became

3192-422: Was the sole author, although Schumacher made some basic edits to the manuscript. Instead, Lovell suggests Antoine de Saint-Exupéry , another of Markham's lovers, may have served as inspiration for Markham's clear, elegant language and storytelling style. The International Astronomical Union has named the impact crater Markham, on the planet Venus , after her. Aviator An aircraft pilot or aviator

3249-551: Was to erect a military post to assert King Charles's claims, and by extension the rights of the Merchant Adventures to Canada , in a crucial theatre that linked the St. Lawrence with Nova Scotia. Ochiltree's party carried a good supply of guns, ammunition, and heavy artillery. One of its first actions was to attack and capture a sixty-ton Portuguese barque which they found at anchor near the site of their proposed settlement. The ship

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