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78-403: Bertramka is situated about a mile from the city centre. In the late 18th century it would still have been well outside the walls of the city, beneath the vineyards on the slopes of Černý vrch (Black Hill). Today the villa with its grounds still maintains tranquillity. It is not known who built Bertramka. The estate had belonged to a Carthusian monastery for several centuries. The present villa

156-455: A century, New York's Cornell University , the University of California, Davis , and California State University, Fresno , among others, have been conducting scientific experiments to improve viticulture and educate practitioners. The research includes developing improved grape varieties and investigating pest control. The International Grape Genome Program is a multi-national effort to discover

234-674: A close relationship with Colloredo. In 1803, the archbishopric was secularised by Emperor Napoleon ; he transferred the territory to Ferdinando III of Tuscany , former Grand Duke of Tuscany , as the Electorate of Salzburg . In 1805, Salzburg was annexed to the Austrian Empire , along with the Berchtesgaden Provostry . In 1809, the territory of Salzburg was transferred to the Kingdom of Bavaria after Austria's defeat at Wagram . After

312-512: A genetic means to improving quality, increasing yield and providing a "natural" resistance to pests. The implementation of mechanical harvesting is often stimulated by changes in labor laws, labor shortages, and bureaucratic complications. It can be expensive to hire labor for short periods of time, which does not square well with the need to reduce production costs and harvest quickly, often at night. However, very small vineyards, incompatible widths between rows of grape vines and steep terrain hinder

390-512: A hub for southbound trains through the Alps into Italy . Salzburg Airport has scheduled flights to European cities such as Frankfurt , Vienna , London , Rotterdam , Amsterdam , Brussels , Düsseldorf , and Zürich , as well as Hamburg , Edinburgh and Dublin . In addition to these, there are numerous charter flights. In the main city, there is the Salzburg trolleybus system and bus system with

468-490: A large population of students. The name "Salzburg" was first recorded in the late 8th century. It is composed of two parts; the first being " Salz- " German for "salt" and the second being "-burg" from Proto-West-Germanic : *burg conveying the same meaning as Latin : oppidum , lit.   'fortified settlement, city' and not that of the New High German : Burg , lit. 'fortress'. The area of

546-464: A lock of his hair. Some original wall-paintings have been preserved. There is a bust of the composer in the garden. During the summer months there are regular concerts which are a major attraction. Some of these are given in the garden, weather permitting, or they are in the Sala Terrena which seats an audience of about 70, and overlooks the rear terrace and garden. The museum is open daily throughout

624-552: A performance of Le nozze di Figaro . Despite this opera having been a huge success at its first performance in Vienna in April 1786 the Viennese were already tiring of Mozart and turning their attention to other composers such as Antonio Salieri . Mozart was caught up in a lot of intrigues and he was desperate for money. This is why he came to Prague with his new opera. It caused a sensation and

702-510: A total of more than 20 lines, and service every 10 minutes. Salzburg has an S-Bahn system with four Lines (S1, S2, S3, S11), trains depart from the main station every 30 minutes, and they are part of the ÖBB network. Suburb line number S1 reaches the world-famous Silent Night chapel in Oberndorf in about 25 minutes. In the 1960s, The Sound of Music , based on the true story of Maria von Trapp , who took up with an aristocratic family and fled

780-428: Is a 500-square-metre vineyard which is part of a larger consolidated vineyard. Investors purchase a piece of land within a vineyard, and outsource the grape maintenance and production operations to an outside grape grower or wine producers. Because they are contracting under a co-operative structure, they benefit from economies of scale and hence cheaper labour and operational costs. Salzburg Salzburg

858-451: Is a plantation of grape-bearing vines, grown mainly for winemaking, but also raisins, table grapes, and non-alcoholic grape juice. The science, practice and study of vineyard production is known as viticulture . Vineyards are often characterised by their terroir , a French term loosely translating as "a sense of place" that refers to the specific geographical and geological characteristics of grapevine plantations, which may be imparted to

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936-399: Is comparatively high, mainly in the summer months. The specific drizzle is called Schnürlregen in the local dialect. In winter and spring, pronounced foehn winds regularly occur. Salzburg's official population significantly increased in 1935 when the city absorbed adjacent municipalities . After World War II , numerous refugees found a new home in the city. New residential space

1014-420: Is highly likely that the adventurer Giacomo Casanova stayed there. Following František’s death the property changed hands several times until, in 1838 it was purchased by Lambert Popelka who was a great admirer of Mozart. He contacted Mozart's son Karl Thomas Mozart in 1856 and had a bust of Mozart put in the garden. In 1887 he organized a memorial gathering, at which Antonín Dvořák was present, to celebrate

1092-529: Is problematic. Nevertheless, some new structures have been added: the Mozarteum at the Baroque Mirabell Garden (Architecture Robert Rechenauer), the 2001 Congress House (Architecture: Freemasons), the 2011 Unipark Nonntal (Architecture: Storch Ehlers Partners), the 2001 "Makartsteg" bridge (Architecture: HALLE1), and the "Residential and Studio House" of the architects Christine and Horst Lechner in

1170-564: Is the fourth-largest city in Austria . In 2020, it had a population of 156,852. The town is on the site of the Roman settlement of Iuvavum . Salzburg was founded as an episcopal see in 696 and became a seat of the archbishop in 798. Its main sources of income were salt extraction, trade, as well as gold mining. The fortress of Hohensalzburg , one of the largest medieval fortresses in Europe, dates from

1248-473: Is the reason why there are no churches built in the Rococo style. Sigismund von Schrattenbach continued with the construction of "Sigmundstor" and the statue of holy Maria on the cathedral square. With the fall and division of the former "Fürsterzbistum Salzburg" (Archbishopric) to Upper Austria , Bavaria (Rupertigau) and Tyrol (Zillertal Matrei) began a long period of urban stagnancy. This era didn't end before

1326-650: The Congress of Vienna with the Treaty of Munich (1816) , Salzburg was definitively returned to Austria, but without Rupertigau and Berchtesgaden, which remained with Bavaria . Salzburg was integrated into the Province of Salzach and Salzburgerland was ruled from Linz . In 1850, Salzburg's status was restored as the capital of the Duchy of Salzburg , a crownland of the Austrian Empire . The city became part of Austria-Hungary in 1866 as

1404-573: The Mass . During the lengthy instability of the Middle Ages, the monasteries maintained and developed viticultural practices, having the resources, security, stability and interest in improving the quality of their vines. They owned and tended the best vineyards in Europe, and vinum theologium was considered superior to all others. European vineyards were planted with a wide variety of the Vitis vinifera grape. In

1482-750: The Mönchsberg and Kapuzinerberg , which offer green relief within the city. Salzburg is approximately 150 km (93 mi) east of Munich , 281 km (175 mi) northwest of Ljubljana , Slovenia , and 300 km (186 mi) west of Vienna . Salzburg has about the same latitude as Seattle . Due to its proximity to the Austrian-German border, the greater Salzburg urban area has sometimes (unoffcially) been thought of as if it included contiguous parts of Germany: Freilassing (until 1923 known as Salzburghofen), Ainring and Piding . Public transport planning and multiple public transport lines stretch across

1560-511: The monasteries and the early carcass houses dominated the medieval city for a long time. The Cathedral of Archbishop Conrad of Wittelsbach was the largest basilica north of the Alps . The choir of the Franciscan Church , construction was begun by Hans von Burghausen and completed by Stephan Krumenauer , is one of the most prestigious religious gothic constructions of southern Germany. At

1638-557: The overture was written at the very last moment is well-known, though we cannot be sure whether this happened in Bertramka or in his town lodgings. It was performed on 29 October in the Estates Theatre and received an ovation. Mozart was to live on the success of this production for the rest of his days, although it never solved his financial problems. Mozart very probably stayed at Bertramka during his third prolonged visit to Prague in

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1716-512: The 100th anniversary of the first performance of Don Giovanni . Popelka stipulated in his will that the two rooms that had been occupied by Mozart should never be inhabited and would be preserved as a shrine to Mozart’s memory. Bertramka remained in the hands of the Popelka family until 1918. After more changing of hands it received a state grant in 1929 and became part of the Mozart Society in

1794-487: The 11th century. In the 17th century, Salzburg became a center of the Counter-Reformation , with monasteries and numerous Baroque churches built. Salzburg's historic center ( German : Altstadt ) is renowned for its Baroque architecture and is one of the best-preserved city centers north of the Alps. The historic center was enlisted as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996. The city has three universities and

1872-463: The 250th anniversary of the birth of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart , all 35 churches of Salzburg rang their bells after 8:00 p.m. (local time) to celebrate the occasion. Major celebrations took place throughout the year. As of 2017 Salzburg had a GDP per capita of €46,100, which was greater than the average for Austria and most European countries. Salzburg is on the banks of the River Salzach , at

1950-597: The 8th century as was customary for many communities and cities on European rivers. Hohensalzburg Fortress , the city's fortress was built on the site of a Roman fort in 1077 by Archbishop Gebhard, who made it his residence. It was greatly expanded during the following centuries. This site is not the site of the Roman castrum superius , which was located on the Nonnberg nearby. The state of Salzburg and its counties soon gained more and more influence and power within Bavaria due to

2028-513: The 8th-century saint with the city's rebirth, when around 696  CE , Bishop Rupert of Salzburg received the remains of the Roman town from Duke Theodo II of Bavaria as well as a castrum superius (upper castle) on the Nonnberg Terrace as a gift. In return he was to evangelize the east and south-east of the country of Bavaria. Rupert reconnoitred the river for the site of his basilica and chose Juvavum. He ordained priests and annexed

2106-695: The Czech Republic. Reconstruction took place gradually and in 1956 an exhibition was established in time for the bicentenary of the composer’s birth. Josefa Dušková was an extremely fine singer, highly regarded in Prague as well as outside the area. She was not only an outstanding musical talent, but also a gifted and warm-hearted host who entertained many famous people at her home. She married František Dušek in 1776. She had been having piano lessons from him for six years. František Dušek (who spelt his name in German "Duschek")

2184-511: The Europark Shopping Centre. (Architecture: Massimiliano Fuksas ) Salzburg has twenty-four urban districts and three extra-urban populations. Urban districts ( Stadtteile ): Extra-urban populations ( Landschaftsräume ): Salzburg is a tourist favorite, with the number of visitors outnumbering locals by a large margin in peak times. In addition to Mozart's birthplace noted above, other notable places include: Old Town Outside

2262-690: The New World is significant. Europe's 1.6 million vineyards are an average of 0.2 km (49 acres) each, while the average Australian vineyard is 0.5 km (120 acres), providing considerable economies of scale . Exports to Europe from New World growers increased by 54% in the six years up to 2006. There have also been significant changes in the kinds of grapes that are grown. For example, in Chile, large areas of low-quality grapes have been replaced with such grapes as Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon . In Argentina, due to an economic down-turn, acreage of Malbec

2340-558: The Old Town Greater Salzburg area Salzburg is a center of education and home to three universities, as well as several professional colleges and gymnasiums (high schools) . Salzburg Hauptbahnhof is served by comprehensive rail connections, with frequent east–west trains serving Vienna , Munich , Innsbruck , and Zürich , including daily high-speed ICE services. North–south rail connections also serve popular destinations such as Venice and Prague . The city acts as

2418-476: The Prague audiences were always to remain faithful to Mozart. The Mozarts had arrived in Prague on 11 January 1787. His name was already well-known in Prague. Even the customs officer on duty at the New Gate asked, on examining Mozart’s passport, whether he was the composer of Figaro . On this occasion Josefa and František Dušek, who had met Mozart in Salzburg , were abroad and therefore unable to host him. Figaro

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2496-577: The aria Io ti lascio, o cara, addio , quite possibly again for her. Another aria Non piu di fiori was written for her, and she frequently included it in her concerts. After Mozart's death the Dušeks showed much kindness to Mozart's two surviving sons. Karl Thomas Mozart spent five years in Prague and in Bertramka. The exhibition we see today was opened in 1956. It contains memorabilia relating to Mozart’s visit to Bertramka and Prague. There are two keyboard instruments on which Mozart would have played, and even

2574-505: The beginning of the 9th century at the latest. The Marienkirche dates from 1139. The first use of the German name Salzburg, meaning Salt-Castle , can be traced back to 739  CE when the name was used in Willibald 's report on the organization of the Bavarian dioceses by Saint Boniface . The name derives from the barges carrying salt on the River Salzach , which were subject to a toll in

2652-407: The border. The Köppen climate classification specifies Salzburg's climate as a humid continental climate (Dfb). However, with the −3 °C (27 °F) isotherm for the coldest month, Salzburg can be classified as having a four-season oceanic climate (Cfb) with significant temperature differences between seasons. Due to the location at the northern rim of the Alps, the amount of precipitation

2730-510: The capital city of the Federal State of Salzburg ( Land Salzburg ) and saw the Americans leave the area once Austria had signed a 1955 treaty re-establishing the country as a democratic and independent nation and subsequently declared its perpetual neutrality . In the 1960s, the city became the shooting location and setting of the family musical film The Sound of Music . On 27 January 2006,

2808-656: The capital of a crownland of the Austrian Empire. The nostalgia of the Romantic Era led to increased tourism. In 1892, a funicular was installed to facilitate tourism to Hohensalzburg Fortress . Following World War I and the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Salzburg, as the capital of one of the Austro-Hungarian territories, became part of the new German Austria . In 1918, it represented

2886-639: The cathedral, the bishop's residence north-west of the cathedral, the cathedral monastery on its south side, St Peter's monastery and the Frauengarten (probably after a former women's convent that was dissolved in 1583). Only during the 12th century did the civil settlement begin to spread into the Getreidegasse, the Abtsgasse (Sigmund Haffner-Gasse) and along the quay. Around 1280 the first city fortifications were created. The oldest known city law document dates from

2964-522: The city center as it is today along with many palaces. On 31 October 1731, the 214th anniversary of the 95 Theses , Archbishop Count Leopold Anton von Firmian signed an Edict of Expulsion, the Emigrationspatent , directing all Protestant citizens to recant their non-Catholic beliefs. 21,475 citizens refused to recant their beliefs and were expelled from Salzburg. Most of them accepted an offer by King Friedrich Wilhelm I of Prussia , travelling

3042-725: The city has been inhabited continuously since the Neolithic Age until the present. In the La Tène period it was an administrative centre of the Celtic Alums in the Kingdom of Noricum . After the Roman invasion in 15 BC, the various settlements on the Salzburg hills were abandoned, following the construction of the Roman city in the area of the old town. The recently created Municipium Claudium Juvavum

3120-787: The city's buildings, especially those around Salzburg railway station. Although the town's bridges and the dome of the cathedral were destroyed, much of its Baroque architecture remained intact. As a result, Salzburg is one of the few remaining examples of a town of its style. American troops entered the city on 5 May 1945 and it became the centre of the American-occupied area in Austria . Several displaced persons camps were established in Salzburg—among them Riedenburg, Camp Herzl (Franz-Josefs-Kaserne), Camp Mülln, Bet Bialik, Bet Trumpeldor, and New Palestine. After World War II, Salzburg became

3198-614: The city. Political opponents, Jewish citizens and other minorities were subsequently arrested and deported to concentration camps. The synagogue was destroyed. After Germany invaded the Soviet Union, several POW camps for prisoners from the Soviet Union and other enemy nations were arranged in the city. During the Nazi occupation, a Romani camp was built in Salzburg-Maxglan. It

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3276-499: The construction of the residential well. Giovanni Gaspare Zuccalli , by order of the same archbishop, created the Erhard and the Kajetan church in the south of the town. The city's redesign was completed with buildings designed by Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach , donated by Prince Archbishop Johann Ernst von Thun. After the era of Ernst von Thun, the city's expansion came to a halt, which

3354-502: The courts ruled in favour of Mozart's Society and ordered the restitution of the property. On 26/11/2009, Prague 5 and Comenius ransacked the villa and returned it to Mozart's Society. With a help from numerous people and most notably fellow Mozart's Societies from abroad, Bertramka opened again on July 6, 2010, for a daily operation from 10 am to 6 pm. Vineyard A vineyard ( / ˈ v ɪ n j ər d / VIN -yərd , UK also / ˈ v ɪ n j ɑːr d / VIN -yard )

3432-411: The development of "T" budding now permits the grafting of a different grape variety onto existing rootstock in the vineyard, making it possible to switch varieties within a two-year period. Local legislation often dictates which varieties are selected, how they are grown, whether vineyards can be irrigated and exactly when grapes can be harvested, all of which in serves to reinforce tradition. Changes in

3510-585: The employment of machine harvesting even more than the resistance of traditional views which reject such harvesting. Numbers of New World vineyard plantings have been increasing almost as fast as European vineyards are being uprooted. Between 1990 and 2003, the number of U.S. vineyards increased from 1,180 to 3,860 km or 292,000 to 954,000 acres, while Australian vineyard numbers more than doubled from 590 to 1,440 km (146,000 to 356,000 acres) and Chilean vineyards grew from 654 to 1,679 km (161,500 to 415,000 acres). The size of individual vineyards in

3588-659: The end of the Gothic era Nonnberg Abbey , the Margaret Chapel in St Peter's Abbey , St George's Chapel, and the stately halls of the "Hoher Stock" in Hohensalzburg Fortress were constructed. Inspired by Vincenzo Scamozzi , Prince-Archbishop Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau began to transform the medieval town to the architectural ideals of the late Renaissance . Plans for a massive cathedral by Scamozzi failed to materialize upon

3666-570: The fall of the archbishop. A second cathedral planned by Santino Solari rose as the first early Baroque church in Salzburg. It served as an example for many other churches in Southern Germany and Austria . Markus Sittikus and Paris von Lodron continued to rebuild the city with major projects such as Hellbrunn Palace , the prince archbishop's residence, the university buildings, fortifications, and many other buildings. Giovanni Antonio Daria managed by order of Prince Archbishop Guido von Thun

3744-459: The flourishing salt mining and the wide-ranging missionary activities. In 996 Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor rented Archbishop Hartwig the market rights and minting rights (probably also the toll law). The first part of Hohensalzburg Fortress was built in 1077. A city judge was first mentioned in a document in 1120/30. On the left bank of the Salzach an extensive spiritual district was created with

3822-545: The fortress. It was besieged for three months in 1525. Eventually, tensions were quelled, and the city's independence led to an increase in wealth and prosperity, culminating in the late 16th to 18th centuries under the Prince Archbishops Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau , Markus Sittikus , and Paris Lodron . It was in the 17th century that Italian architects (and Austrians who had studied the Baroque style) rebuilt

3900-525: The fruit, rather than foliage. The terroir philosophy is predominantly French in origin, the flavour and character of the place defining the individuality and the special attributes of wines and combined with hundreds of years of the finest wine making traditions, terroir gives wines their distinctive taste and signature. However, wildfires in California and Australia have also influenced the character of vineyard plantations and grapes in those areas. A vignette

3978-478: The late 19th century, the entire species was nearly destroyed in an event known as the Great French Wine Blight , in which the grape pest phylloxera , an insect related to aphids , was accidentally introduced to Europe from North America. Native American grapevines include varieties such as Vitis labrusca , which are resistant to the insect. Vitis vinifera varieties were saved by being grafted onto

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4056-731: The law can also change which grapes are planted. For example, during Prohibition in the U.S. (1920–1933), vineyards in California expanded sevenfold to meet the increasing demand for home brewing. However, they were largely planted in varieties with tough skins that could be transported across the country to home wine-makers and the resulting wine was of a low quality. According to the International Organisation of Vine and Wine , in April 2015, China (799,000 hectares or 1,970,000 acres) overtook France (792,000 hectares or 1,960,000 acres) in terms of land devoted to vineyards, in second place behind Spain (1,000,200 hectares or 2,472,000 acres),

4134-778: The length and breadth of Germany to their new homes in East Prussia. The rest settled in other Protestant states in Europe and the British colonies in America. In 1772–1803, under archbishop Hieronymus Graf von Colloredo , Salzburg was a center of late Illuminism . Colloredo is known for being one of the main employers of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart . Colloredo often had arguments with Mozart and he dismissed him by saying, Soll er doch gehen, ich brauche ihn nicht! (He should go; I don't need him!). Mozart left Salzburg for Vienna in 1781 with his family, although his father Leopold stayed back, as he had

4212-476: The manor of Piding . Rupert built a church at St. Peter on the site of today's cathedral and probably also founded the associated monastery and the Benedictine nunnery on Nonnberg for his relative Erentrude . Salzburg has been the seat of a diocesan bishop since 739  CE and an archbishopric since 798  CE . The first cathedral was built under Archbishop Virgil. The Franciscan Church existed since

4290-471: The mid-18th century from Franzisca and Franz Berthram of Berthram. Bertramka was purchased by František Dušek and his wife Josefa Dušková in 1784 and for 15 years it was a meeting place for many great artists and noble aristocrats who gathered at soirées and social gatherings . Concerts were held weekly during the summer months. Those taking part included Leopold Koželuch (aka Johann Anton Koželuch), Franz Niemetschek and Johann Nepomuk Hummel . It

4368-494: The middle of Salzburg's old town (winner of the architecture award of Salzburg 2010 ). Other examples of contemporary architecture lie outside the old town: the Faculty of Science building (Universität Salzburg – Architecture Willhelm Holzbauer ) built on the edge of free green space, the blob architecture of Red Bull Hangar-7 (Architecture: Volkmar Burgstaller ) at Salzburg Airport, home to Dietrich Mateschitz 's Flying Bulls and

4446-650: The more progressive of the so-called "Old World" vineyards. Other recent practices include spraying water on vines to protect them from sub-zero temperatures, new grafting techniques, soil slotting, and mechanical harvesting. Such technique have made possible the development of wine industries in New World countries such as Canada. Today there is increasing interest in developing organic , ecologically sensitive and sustainable vineyards. Biodynamic wine has become increasingly popular in viticulture. The use of drip irrigation in recent years has expanded vineyards into areas which were previously unplantable. For well over half

4524-402: The northern boundary of the Alps . The mountains to Salzburg's south contrast with the rolling plains to the north. The closest alpine peak, the 1,972‑metre-high Untersberg , is less than 16 km (10 mi) from the city center. The Altstadt , or "old town", is dominated by its baroque towers and churches and the massive Hohensalzburg Fortress . This area is flanked by two smaller hills,

4602-546: The old town), the "Lepi" (public baths in Leopoldskron ) (built 1964), and the original 1957 constructed congress-center of Salzburg, which was replaced by a new building in 2001. An important and famous example of the architecture of this era is the 1960 opening of the Großes Festspielhaus by Clemens Holzmeister . Adding contemporary architecture to Salzburg's old town without risking its UNESCO World Heritage status

4680-527: The period of promoterism ( Gründerzeit ) brought new life into urban development. The builder dynasty Jakob Ceconi and Carl Freiherr von Schwarz filled major positions in shaping the city in this era. Buildings of classical modernism and in particular, post-war modernism is frequently encountered in Salzburg. Examples are the Zahnwurzen house (a house in the Linzergasse ;22 in the right center of

4758-521: The residual German-speaking territories of the Austrian heartlands. This was replaced by the First Austrian Republic in 1919, after the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919) . The Anschluss (the occupation and annexation of Austria, including Salzburg, into Nazi Germany ) took place on 12 March 1938, one day before a scheduled referendum on Austria's independence. German troops moved into

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4836-425: The resulting wine may be virtually undetectable. Vineyards are often located on hillsides and planted in soil that is of only marginal value to other plants. A common saying is that "the worse the soil, the better the wine." Planting on hillsides, especially those facing north (in the southern hemisphere) or south (in the northern hemisphere), is most often in an attempt to maximize the amount of sunlight that falls on

4914-465: The rootstock of Native American varieties, although there is still no remedy for phylloxera , which remains a danger to any vineyard not planted with grafted rootstock. The quest for vineyard efficiency has produced a bewildering range of systems and techniques in recent years. Due to the often much more fertile New World growing conditions, attention has focussed heavily on managing the vine's more vigorous growth. Innovation in palissage (training of

4992-531: The summer of 1791 when the city was celebrating the coronation of Leopold Joseph II as king of Bohemia. Mozart’s La clemenza di Tito was part of the celebrations, although neither he nor the opera were even mentioned by name in the official coronation brochure. Mozart on this occasion was writing for the court officials. However, once the Prague masses heard the opera they showered it with praise. Mozart wrote two or three arias for Josefa. He had written Bella mia fiamma for her in 1787. In 1791 he also wrote

5070-492: The vine, usually along a trellis, and often referred to as "canopy management") and pruning and thinning methods (which aim to optimize the Leaf Area/Fruit (LA/F) ratio relative to a vineyard's microclimate ) have largely replaced more general, traditional concepts like "yield per unit area" in favor of "maximizing yield of desired quality". Many of these new techniques have since been adopted in place of traditional practice in

5148-481: The vineyard. For this reason, some of the best wines come from vineyards planted on quite steep hills, conditions which would make most other agricultural products uneconomic. The stereotypical vineyard site for wine grapes (in the Northern hemisphere) is a hillside in a dry climate with a southern exposure, good drainage to reduce unnecessary water uptake, and balanced pruning to force the vine to put more of its energy into

5226-521: The wine itself. The earliest evidence of wine production dates from between 6000 and 5000 BC. Wine making technology improved considerably with the ancient Greeks but it was not until the end of the Roman Empire that cultivation techniques as we know them were common throughout Europe. In medieval Europe the Catholic Church was a staunch supporter of wine, which was necessary for the celebration of

5304-407: The world's largest producer. Terroir refers to the combination of natural factors associated with any particular vineyard. These factors include things such as soil, underlying rock, altitude, slope of hill or terrain, orientation toward the sun, and microclimate (typical rain, winds, humidity, temperature variations, etc.). No two vineyards have exactly the same terroir, although any difference in

5382-405: The year 1287. Independence from Bavaria was secured in the late 14th century. Salzburg was the seat of the Archbishopric of Salzburg , a prince-bishopric of the Holy Roman Empire . As the Reformation movement gained steam, riots broke out among peasants in the areas in and around Salzburg. The city was occupied during the German Peasants' War , and the Archbishop had to flee to the safety of

5460-403: The year 1787”). Here and in Bertramka he worked on finishing the composition of the opera. The tranquillity of Betramka as well as the skittles in the garden provided him with the necessary relaxation. According to Georg Nikolaus von Nissen he would stand up when it was his turn to play, and no sooner had he taken his throw than he would sit down and carry on working at his score. The story of how

5538-468: The year. The museum was closed on November 1, 2009, after then President of the Mozart Society Jitka Snížková was pressured into donating the villa to the state. After her sudden death, the donation was contested. After 14 years of legal battle with the city hall of Prague 5, represented by highly controversial mayor Milan Jančík and with influential private society Comenius run by former communist secret police agent Karel Muzikář which rented Bertramka,

5616-702: Was a highly regarded musician, and her marriage to him gave Josefa social status beyond that which would have been possible through her stage performances alone. She had great taste in art and sculpture and often entertained famous painters. František died in 1799 and his death gradually led to financial hardship for Josefa. She sold Bertramka and gradually moved to smaller and smaller apartments, although she continued to sing occasionally, dying in relative poverty in 1824. Mozart visited Prague five times in all: three times for prolonged visits and, in between these, twice on passing through. He first came to Prague in January 1787 for

5694-575: Was an Arbeitserziehungslager (work 'education' camp), which provided slave labor to local industry. It also operated as a Zwischenlager (transit camp), holding Roma before their deportation to German camps or ghettos in German-occupied territories in eastern Europe. Salzburg was also the location of five subcamps of the Dachau concentration camp . Allied bombing destroyed 7,600 houses and killed 550 inhabitants. Fifteen air strikes destroyed 46 percent of

5772-516: Was awarded the status of a Roman municipium in 45  CE and has become one of the most important cities of the now Roman province of Noricum . When the province of Noricum collapsed in 488 at the beginning of the migration period , part of the Romano-Celtic population remained in the country. In the 6th century they came under the rule of the Baiuvarii . The Life of Saint Rupert credits

5850-513: Was constructed around 1700 and consists of a large home with two-winged staircase and several outbuildings, all surrounded, as now, by a wall. It had been customary for the wealthy inhabitants of Prague to build grand houses for their relaxation not far from the city. These were often combined with agricultural activities. The grounds of Bertramka were certainly used for farming as well as vine culture. It produced fruit, wheat, milk, poultry and vegetables. The villa appears to have got its name around

5928-404: Was constructed for American soldiers of the postwar occupation and could be used for refugees when they left. Around 1950, Salzburg passed the mark of 100,000 citizens, and in 2016, it reached the mark of 150000 citizens. Salzburg is home to large German, Bosnian, Serbian, and Romanian communities. Largest groups of immigrants by 1 January 2021 : The Romanesque and Gothic churches ,

6006-486: Was significantly reduced in the 1980s, but in the 1990s, during the quality revolution incited by Malbec Pioneer Nicolás Catena Zapata, growers started planting more Malbec, most notably in higher altitudes where cooler temperatures and more intense sunlight yield more concentrated yet smoother and more complex malbecs. Grape changes are often in response to changing consumer demand but sometimes result from vine pull schemes designed to promote vineyard change. Alternatively,

6084-420: Was such a success that the opera manager, Pasquale Bondini, commissioned a new opera from him. This was to be Don Giovanni . He returned to Prague with his new opera in the autumn, probably in late September. He had lodgings in the town, at “Zu den drei goldenen Löwen”, another property of Dušek. Today there is a plaque on the wall which reads “V tomto domě bydlel Mozart v roce 1787” (“In this house lived Mozart in

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