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22-670: The Berliner Rundfunk was established in 1945 by the Soviet Military Administration in Germany . It initially broadcast from the Haus des Rundfunks building of the former Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft ( Reich -Radio Association) GmbH on Masurenallee in Berlin - Charlottenburg . It is notable that this broadcaster was located in the British sector of what was to become West Berlin . The station

44-448: A West German government began to be formed, a German People's Congress ( Deutscher Volkskongreß ) was elected for the Soviet occupation zone. However, the only options voters had were to approve or reject "unity lists" of pre-picked candidates from the various parties, largely made up of communists. About two-thirds of East Germans approved the list for the new Congress. In November 1948,

66-404: A land reform confiscated the land of German nobles ( Junker ) , to be given to cottagers and landless farmhands. Banks were also nationalized that year. In 1946 an education reform established separation of church and state in elementary schools, and heavy industries were nationalized under the guise of confiscation of the property of Nazi war criminals . The SMAD set up ten "special camps" for

88-753: Is traditionally used throughout the German-speaking, Dutch-speaking and Scandinavian-speaking parts of Europe. It was also used in the Russian Empire due to Baltic German influence, up until the Russian Revolution . The term is currently still in use by the Georgian Defense Forces for student officers of the National Defence Academy . In Brandenburg , the Junker was originally one of

110-824: The German Economic Commission ( Deutsche Wirtschaftskommission – DWK) assumed administrative authority in East Germany under Soviet supervision. On 7 October 1949, the German People's Congress formed a provisional government and established the German Democratic Republic with Wilhelm Pieck as its first president. On 5 November 1949, the SMAD was abolished and replaced by the Soviet Control Commission ( Sowjetische Kontrolkommission – SKK). However,

132-701: The GDR emanated from there. The Berliner Rundfunk was changed to the program Berlin I with a political focus and allotted the transmitters in Schwerin and Weimar . The program also took over the shortwave transmission of the previous Deutschlandsender . In August 1953 the radio system was reorganized. This reform created the Deutschlandsender , the Berliner Rundfunk, and the Radio DDR . From June 1954 until September 1955

154-677: The Netherlands and Belgium in the Dutch form Jonkheer . In modern Prussian history, the term became popularly used as a loosely defined synecdoche for the landed nobility (particularly of so-called East Elbia ) who controlled almost all of the land and government, or by extension, the Prussian estate owners regardless of noble status. With the formation of the German Empire in 1871, the Junkers dominated

176-539: The SKK did not formally turn over administrative responsibilities to the GDR government until 11 November 1949. Junker Junker ( Danish : Junker , German : Junker , Dutch : Jonkheer , English: Yunker , Norwegian : Junker , Swedish : Junker , Georgian : იუნკერი , Iunkeri ) is a noble honorific , derived from Middle High German Juncherre , meaning 'young nobleman' or otherwise 'young lord' (derivation of jung and Herr ). The term

198-515: The SMAD was to maintain the unity of Germany. It also had to deal with refugees, such as those resettled from Poland, the homeless, and former German soldiers. Resources were short, and the economy needed to be shifted from wartime production to peacetime. However, the Soviets were also concerned with their own well-being, and dismantled entire factories and railroads to be reassembled in the USSR. In late 1945

220-631: The VHF frequency 91.4 MHz. The other open frequencies of the Berliner Rundfunk were taken over by regional programs of the newly created Länder . Soviet Military Administration in Germany The Soviet Military Administration in Germany ( Russian : Советская военная администрация в Германии, СВАГ ; Sovyetskaya Voyennaya Administratsiya v Germanii , SVAG; German : Sowjetische Militäradministration in Deutschland , SMAD)

242-414: The central German government and the Prussian military. A leading representative was Prince Otto von Bismarck . "The Junkers " of Prussia were often contrasted with the elites of the western and southern states in Germany, such as the city-republic of Hamburg (which had no nobility) or Catholic states like Bavaria, in which the " Junker class" of Prussia was often viewed with contempt. After World War II,

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264-725: The detention of Germans, some of them former Nazi concentration camps . In 1947, they started prosecuting Nazi crimes based on the SMAD Directive 201 with 8,300 verdicts passed. A decree of 10 June 1945 allowed for the formation of antifascist democratic political parties and called for elections in October 1946. A coalition of four parties was formed in July, consisting of the Communist (KPD), Social Democratic (SPD), Liberal Democratic and (eastern) Christian Democratic (CDU) parties. This coalition

286-471: The equivalent of the gentry . Before 1375 the honorific was also suitable for Danish royal sons. It was also used in the title Kammerjunker within the royal household, the equivalent of the French valet de chambre , a position usually given to young noble men in the service of a princely rank person at the court. A Kammerjunker was ranked below a chamberlain , but above a chamber page . The title of junker

308-569: The junker class, which had formed much of the officer corps of the Wehrmacht and whose prominent member President and former General Paul von Hindenburg had appointed Hitler chancellor in 1933, was often blamed for Prussian militarism, the rise of the Nazis and World War II. As a consequence, a land reform in the Soviet Occupation Zone which had the goal of collectivization along Soviet lines

330-639: The members of the higher Edelfrei ( immediate ) nobility without or before the accolade . It evolved to a general denotation of a young or lesser noble, sometimes politically insignificant, understood as "country squire ". Martin Luther disguised himself as "Junker Jörg" at the Wartburg ; he would later mock King Henry VIII of England as "Juncker Heintz". As part of the nobility, many Junker families only had prepositions such as von or zu before their family names without further ranks. The abbreviation of

352-530: The program of the Berliner Rundfunk was temporarily called "Berlin 1. Programm" in contrast to the program of Radio DDR which was called "Berlin 2. Programm." The Berliner Rundfunk transmitted its program set over mediumwave (657, 693, 999, 1170, 1431 and 1575 kHz ) and VHF . In connection with the unification of the two German states, the Berliner Rundfunk ceased its transmission in February 1990. In Berlin an identically named private radio program broadcast on

374-469: The title was Jkr ., most often placed before the given name and titles, for example: Jkr. Heinrich von Hohenberg. The female equivalent Junkfrau ( Jkfr. ) was used only sporadically. In some cases, the honorific Jkr. was also used for Freiherren (barons) and Grafen (counts). Junker (and its cognates) was traditionally used as a noble honorific throughout the German-speaking parts of Europe. The title today survives in its traditional meaning in

396-583: Was dissolved by the Allies in 1947 and this area was divided between several German states (Länder) . German lands east of the Oder-Neisse line were annexed by Soviet Union or granted to Poland , and Germans living in these areas were forcibly expelled, having had their property expropriated and been robbed of most of their belongings whilst in transit to the American, British, and Soviet zones. The main purpose of

418-590: Was justified in propaganda as a strike against the Junker class with the slogan "Junkerland in Bauernhand" (junker lands in peasant hands). It has also been used in military context in the German armed forces , such as rank of Fahnenjunker . In Denmark, the term Junker connotes a young lord, originally the son of a medieval duke or count, but is also a term for a member of the privileged landowner class, and can be considered

440-854: Was known as the Democratic Bloc , which would be succeeded by the National Front in 1950. In April 1946 the KPD and SPD merged under Soviet pressure into the Socialist Unity Party of Germany ( Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands – SED). In the October 1946 elections, the SED won in the East German states, but lost in Greater Berlin to the local SPD, which had not merged with the KPD there. In May 1949, when

462-678: Was merged with the regional broadcasters in Potsdam and Schwerin as well as the broadcast studio in Rostock . In the course of the centralization of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) in 1952, in which among other things five Länder were eliminated, the status of East German radio changed. In the meantime, the new radio headquarters of the Rundfunk der DDR was established on Nalepastraße in Oberschöneweide , East Berlin. After 1952, all radio programs in

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484-700: Was the Soviet military government, headquartered in Berlin - Karlshorst , that directly ruled the Soviet occupation zone in Germany from the German surrender in May 1945 until after the establishment of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) in October 1949. According to the Potsdam Agreement in 1945, the SMAD was assigned the eastern portion of present-day Germany, consisting mostly of central Prussia . Prussia

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