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27-512: The project was initiated in September 1900 by the psychology professor Carl Stumpf , after the visit to Germany of a music theater group from Siam , which Stumpf recorded on Edison cylinders with the assistance of the Berlin physician Otto Abraham . The archive's first director was Erich von Hornbostel , serving from 1905 to 1933. Its recordings, which comprise Edison cylinders and 78-rpm records of

54-706: A Catholic priest. However, he disagreed with the dogma of the papal infallibility so he returned to the University of Göttingen for his doctorate. He was awarded venia legendi for philosophy in 1870 after completing his thesis on mathematical axioms , which he wrote in Latin. Soon after, Stumpf was granted a position as an instructor at the University of Göttingen in the Department of Philosophy. There Stumpf met Ernst Weber and Gustav Fechner , and served as an observer in their psychological experiments. Their careful approach to

81-450: A problem of aesthetics, specifically the visual appeal of rectangles of different proportions, appealed to Stumpf and reinforced the notion learned from Brentano that psychological acts or functions can be studied empirically. In 1873, Stumpf returned to the University of Würzburg as a professor in the Department of Philosophy. Although he was forced to teach all of the philosophy and psychology courses due to Brentano's forced departure from

108-438: Is considered the father of the school of phenomenology. In 1903 and 1904, Stumpf was involved in two well-publicized debunking episodes related to sensational phenomena. First, an engineer from Prague claimed to have invented a machine that could change photographs of sound waves into sound. Stumpf, after attending a demonstration, wrote an article challenging its legitimacy, causing it to never be heard about again. However,

135-567: Is known for his work on the psychology of tones . He had an important influence on his students Wolfgang Köhler and Kurt Koffka who were instrumental in the founding of Gestalt psychology as well as Kurt Lewin , who was also a part of the Gestalt group and was key in the establishment of experimental social psychology in America. Stumpf is considered one of the pioneers of comparative musicology and ethnomusicology , as documented in his study of

162-511: Is noted for founding the Berlin School of experimental psychology . He studied with Franz Brentano at the University of Würzburg before receiving his doctorate at the University of Göttingen in 1868. He also tutored the modernist literature writer Robert Musil at the University of Berlin , and worked with Hermann Lotze , who is famous for his work in perception , at Göttingen. Stumpf

189-723: The Phonogramm-Archiv had earlier cooperated. After the Second World War the collections of the Phonogramm-Archiv were divided. Most of its recordings were in East Germany, while the bulk of the corresponding documentation remained in the West. Both sides viewed the collection to be mainly lost. In West Berlin, Kurt Reinhard rebuilt an archive at the Ethnological Museum. New recordings were made, mostly on tape. Due to this, and

216-498: The University of Berlin in 1921 and was succeeded as director of the psychological institute by his former student, Wolfgang Köhler . Berlin School of experimental psychology The Berlin School of Experimental Psychology was founded by Carl Stumpf , a pupil of Franz Brentano and Hermann Lotze and a professor at the University of Berlin , in 1893. It adhered to the method of experimental phenomenology, which understood it as

243-403: The natural sciences because he considered both the substance and methods of science important to philosophy. After two semesters of studying with Brentano and with encouragement from his mentor, he transferred to the University of Göttingen to study under Hermann Lotze , a German perceptual theorist. There he was awarded a doctorate in 1868. In 1869, he entered a seminary, intending to be

270-686: The Psychological Origin of the Presentation of Space (1873). He argued that the status of space is Teilvorstellung or a "partial presentation", one that must be experienced as part of a broader presentation. In 1894, Stumpf was appointed to the chair of philosophy at the University of Berlin . At Berlin, he also held an adjunct appointment as director of the Institute of Experimental Psychology at Berlin. The Institute originally occupied three dark rooms, but by 1920, had moved to twenty-five rooms in

297-832: The Sound Archives of the World" was held from September 27 to October 1, 2000, at the Ethnological Museum of Berlin . Today, the Ethnomusicological Museum forms part of the Musikethnologie department of the Ethnological Museum of Berlin of the Berlin State Museums ( Staatliche Museen zu Berlin ), under the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation . It is in 2021 in the process of moving to

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324-498: The case of Clever Hans , an apparently brilliant horse owned by Wilhelm von Osten, was even more sensational. The majority of Stumpf's later work did not include sensational or interesting research, like that of Clever Hans. With the outbreak of World War I, many students left the Institute of Experimental Psychology to fight in the war. Furthermore, the war between Germany and the allied nations disrupted many professional relationships he had with other psychologists. Stumpf retired from

351-581: The collection was made in 1953. In 1944 during the wartime invasion of Germany, around 90% of the collection was taken into Russia. In 1991, following the reunification of East and West Germany, the pre-1944 collections held by the Soviets were returned to the Museum für Völkerkunde. The historical collections include approximately 30,000 cylinders (original recordings and copies, positives and negatives) on which more than 16,000 distinct recordings are stored. In 1999,

378-819: The cylinder recordings of the Berliner Phonogramm-Archiv were inscribed on UNESCO 's Memory of the World Register . Initially, the Berliner Phonogramm-Archiv belonged to the Institute for Psychology of the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin. Later, in the 1920s, it was relocated to the Berlin Conservatory , and then in the 1930s, it became part of the Museum für Völkerkunde (now the Ethnological Museum of Berlin ), with which

405-642: The fact that by this time the archive had also assembled an important collection of musical instruments, in the 1960s the collection was renamed the "Department for Ethnomusicology" ( musikethnologische Abteilung ). The Department for Ethnomusicology continued to collect music, with a focus on traditional music, from all areas of the world, so that by its 100th anniversary it claimed to house an estimated 150,000 recordings An international conference called "100 Years Berlin Phonogramm-Archive: Retrospective, Perspective and Interdisciplinary Approaches of

432-470: The former Imperial Palace. In 1896, Stumpf presided over the Third International Congress of Psychology, and delivered the inaugural address on the relation between mind and body; he advocated an interactionalist position that opposed the popular notion of psychophysical parallelism. Finally, from 1907 to 1908, Stump served as the rector of the University of Berlin . Stumpf began his work on

459-506: The newly built Humboldt Forum in the center of Berlin. The Berlin Phonogram Archive is part of the Museum's Media Department under the direction of Dr. Maurice Mengel. 52°27′25″N 13°17′31″E  /  52.457°N 13.292°E  / 52.457; 13.292 Carl Stumpf Carl Stumpf ( German: [ʃtʊmpf] ; 21 April 1848 – 25 December 1936) was a German philosopher, psychologist and musicologist . He

486-698: The origins of human musical cognition The Origins of Music (1911). He held positions in the philosophy departments at the Universities of Göttingen, Würzburg, Prague, Munich and Halle, before obtaining a professorship at the University of Berlin . Carl Stumpf was born in Wiesentheid , Franconia , in the Kingdom of Bavaria , to a prominent family. His father was the country court physician, and his immediate family included scientists and academicians, like his grandfather, who studied eighteenth century French literature and

513-425: The philosophers Kant and Schelling. Stumpf showed precocious musical talent as a child, learning the violin by the age of 7. By age 10, he had learned five other instruments and wrote his first musical composition. Stumpf was sickly as a child so his early education was conducted at home with his grandfather as his tutor. Stumpf attended the local Gymnasium , where he developed a passion for philosophy, especially

540-472: The science of phenomena. It is also noted as the originator of Gestalt psychology. Noted members include Max Wertheimer , Kurt Koffka , and Wolfgang Köhler . Stumpf founded the Berlin Laboratory of Experimental Psychology in 1893. The institute, which is also known as the school of Gestalt psychology, was part of the University of Berlin. It was a refinement of Brentano's neo-Aristotelian theory or

567-650: The sensation and perception of tones , called Tonpsychologie ( Tone Psychology ), in 1875. Originally meant to be a four volume set, the first two volumes were published in 1883 and 1890, but the majority of the third volume was published as Konsonanz und Dissonanz . Considered his greatest contribution to psychology, the study employs a combination of theoretical analysis and empirical observations. He discusses intervals and series of tones , along with single tones. He distinguished between phenomena and mental functions, suggesting that phenomena such as tones, colors, and images are either sensory or imaginary. Stumpf termed

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594-567: The study of phenomena's qualitative properties. After the German revolution, the Berlin laboratory relocated to a wing of the former Imperial Palace. This marked the expansion of the Berlin school after it was forced to reduce its operations during the war. The new facility, which was also supported by the Society for Experimental Psychology, focused on applied work and incorporated its own laboratory so that it became an expanded university institute. Stumpf

621-423: The study of such phenomena as phenomenology . He did a wide range of studies of the phenomenological characteristics of the sounds of different instruments, the determinants of melody, tonal fusion, and the consonance and dissonance of tones. This research was made possible by the excellent collection of acoustic devices at the Institute of Physics. Stumpf's work on phenomenology influenced Edmund Husserl , who

648-445: The traditional musics of the world, were first used for studies in comparative musicology , and now used for studies in ethnomusicology . The archive comprises approximately 350 collections, containing music from Africa (30%), North America (20%), Asia (20%), Australia and Oceania (12%), and Europe (10.4%), as well as multiregional collections (7.4%), which contain material from several continents. The last cylinder field recording in

675-476: The university, Stumpf completed his first major psychological work, an examination of visual perception, particularly depth perception. He proposed a nativist explanation for depth perception, and his book has been cited as an outstanding early contribution to the debate between the nativist and empiricist views of perception. He disputed the Kantian notion of space as an "a priori form of intuition" in his book, On

702-440: The works of Plato , before enrolling at the University of Würzburg at the age of 17. He spent one semester studying aesthetics and one studying law. Then, in his third semester, he met Franz Brentano , who taught Stumpf to think logically and empirically . Brentano's lectures were also attended by Anton Marty , Carl van Endert, Ernst Commer, Ludwig Schütz, and Hermann Schell. Brentano also encouraged Stumpf to take courses on

729-440: Was the chair of the institute for 26 years. He was succeeded by Wolfgang Köhler. Stumpf influenced his pupils such as Wertheimer, Koffka, Köhler, and Kurt Lewin, and these contributed to the school's development. Lewin, for instance, developed a set of models and ideas linked to change management theory and practice. These psychologists further refined Stumpf's work, which facilitated experimental investigation that culminated in

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