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67-661: Berbice was settled in 1627 by the Dutchman Abraham van Peere . A few years later, Suriname was settled by Englishmen Lord Willoughby and Lawrence Hyde under a grant from the English King, Charles II . In the beginning, therefore, Suriname was a British and Berbice a Dutch possession. On 22 April 1796, the British occupied the territory. On 27 March 1802, Berbice was restored to the Batavian Republic (the then-current name of

134-632: A balanced view of the physical and human geography of countries beyond the Iron Curtain . The magazine printed articles on Berlin, de-occupied Austria , the Soviet Union , and Communist China that deliberately downplayed politics to focus on culture. In its coverage of the Space Race , National Geographic focused on the scientific achievement while largely avoiding reference to the race's connection to nuclear arms buildup. There were also many articles in

201-413: A handful of exceptions. /v/ and /z/ occur only in loanwords from Guyanese Creole . Each pronoun, apart from o , can be made reflexive when followed by the word selfu ('self'). alma all da COP ɛkɛ 1SG selfu REFL so FOC brɛkɛ-tɛ break- PFV eni 3PL alma da ɛkɛ selfu so brɛkɛ-tɛ eni all COP 1SG REFL FOC break-PFV 3PL 'All, (it)

268-722: A local-language logo; the other one is the Persian version published under the name Gita Nama . Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine , the Russian version of National Geographic was discontinued effective April 2022. Its publication team then launched the Russian Traveler , which is not associated with the National Geographic brand. In the United States, National Geographic

335-563: A photograph presented as a portrait of a dog with fighter jets flying over its shoulder. Lascelles had in reality created the image using photo editing software. After the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation in 2014, National Geographic published maps with the Crimean peninsula marked as " contested ", contrary to international norms. In March 2018, the editor of National Geographic , Susan Goldberg , said that historically

402-620: A republic as the Co-operative Republic of Guyana . After being a hereditary fief in the possession of the Van Peere family, the colony was governed by the Society of Berbice in the second half of the colonial period, akin to the neighbouring colony of Suriname , which was governed by the Society of Suriname . The capital of Berbice was at Fort Nassau until 1790. In that year, the town of New Amsterdam , which grew around Fort Sint Andries ,

469-515: A scholarly journal, nine months after the establishment of the society, but is now a popular magazine. In 1905, it began including pictures, a style for which it became well-known. Its first color photos appeared in the 1910s. During the Cold War , the magazine committed itself to present a balanced view of the physical and human geography of countries beyond the Iron Curtain . Later, the magazine became outspoken on environmental issues . Until 2015,

536-520: A single "editor" from 1888 to 1920. From 1920 to 1967, the chief editorship was held by the president of the National Geographic Society . Since 1967, the magazine has been overseen by its own "editor" and/or "editor-in-chief". The list of editors-in-chief includes three generations of the Grosvenor family between 1903 and 1980. During the Cold War , the magazine committed itself to present

603-465: A single language-cluster, the Eastern Ijaw languages . The language borrowed its lexicon largely from Dutch (57%) and Eastern Ijo (38%), with only 1% of its lexicon stemming from Arawak varieties. It is considered a unique Creole language because it consists of only one African language influence, with 0% of its structure or lexicon stemming from parts of Africa outside of Eastern Ijo. It is suspected that

670-401: A still image. In 1915, GHG began building the group of staff photographers and providing them with advanced tools including the latest darkroom. The magazine began to feature some pages of color photography in the early 1930s, when this technology was still in its early development. During the mid-1930s, Luis Marden (1913–2003), a writer and photographer for National Geographic , convinced

737-774: Is a region along the Berbice River in Guyana , which was between 1627 and 1792 a colony of the Dutch West India Company and between 1792 and 1815 a colony of the Dutch state. After having been ceded to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in the latter year, it was merged with Demerara-Essequibo to form the colony of British Guiana in 1831. It became a county of British Guiana in 1838 till 1958. In 1966, British Guiana gained independence as Guyana and in 1970 it became

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804-503: Is available in a traditional printed edition and an interactive online edition. As of 1995 , the magazine was circulated worldwide in nearly forty local-language editions and had a global circulation of at least 6.5 million per month including 3.5 million within the U.S., down from about 12 million in the late 1980s. As of 2015 , the magazine had won 25 National Magazine Awards . In 2023, National Geographic laid off all staff writers and announced they would stop U.S. newsstand sales in

871-681: Is available only to subscribers beginning with the January 2024 issue. For the first 110 years of the magazine's existence, membership in the National Geographic Society was the only way to receive it. Newsstand sales, which began in 1998, ceased in 2023, following a year of layoffs and a shift in focus to digital formats amid the decline of the print media industry. Worldwide editions are sold on newsstands in addition to regular subscriptions. In several countries, such as Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, Turkey and Ukraine, National Geographic paved

938-519: Is myself (that) broke them.' The suffix -di is added for emphasis: ɛkɛ 1SG pama-tɛ tell- PFV ɛkɛ-di 1SG - EMPH jɛrma woman [...] [...] ɛkɛ pama-tɛ ɛkɛ-di jɛrma [...] 1SG tell-PFV 1SG-EMPH woman [...] 'I told my wife [...]' The 1st and 2nd person forms and the empathic marker di are of Dutch origin, while the nominalizer jɛ and the 3rd person forms o , ori and enilini are from Eastern Ijo. Berbice Berbice ( / b ɜːr ˈ b iː s / )

1005-474: The 1930s, 1940s and 1950s about the individual states and their resources, along with supplementary maps of each state. Many of these articles were written by longtime staff such as Frederick Simpich . After 21st Century Fox acquired controlling interest in the magazine, articles became outspoken on topics such as environmental issues , deforestation , chemical pollution , global warming , and endangered species . Series of articles were included focusing on

1072-421: The 2020 Webby Award for News & Magazines in the category Apps, Mobile & Voice. National Geographic won the 2020 Webby Award and Webby People's Voice Award for Magazine in the category Web. On the magazine's February 1982 cover, the pyramids of Giza were altered, resulting in the first major scandal of the digital photography age and contributing to photography's "waning credibility". The cover of

1139-592: The Amerindians put down the revolt, and executed five soldiers. In September 1803 the British occupied the territory again, this time for good, and once again without a fight. Abraham van Batenburg, who had been exiled to Europe in 1803, returned for his second term as governor. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 , the colony was formally ceded to the United Kingdom, and with the ratification of this treaty by

1206-574: The Berbice River, the areas around which the old Dutch colony of Berbice was concentrated prior to a shift downriver to the coast in the 19th century. This shift was accompanied by the area being claimed by Britain in 1814. Berbice became part of the British Guiana at this time and a new English-lexified Creole emerged. As missionaries and enslaved people from Barbados arrived, this new Creole gained popularity and Berbice Dutch started to disappear. For

1273-671: The Cartographic Division) became a division of the National Geographic Society in 1915. The first supplement map, which appeared in the May 1918 issue of the magazine, titled The Western Theatre of War , served as a reference for overseas military personnel and soldiers' families alike. On some occasions, the Society's map archives have been used by the United States government in instances where its own cartographic resources were limited. President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's White House map room

1340-693: The French , who were allied with the Dutch, and who subsequently restored the colonies to Dutch rule with the Treaty of Paris of 1783 . The colony was on 22 April 1796 again captured by Britain, however this time without a fight. A deal was struck with the colony: all laws and customs could remain, and the citizens were equal to British citizens. Any government official who swore loyalty to the British crown could remain in function. Abraham van Batenburg decided to remain governor. Many plantation owners from Barbados settled in

1407-439: The French to free the colony, and in order to not let the colony cede to the French, the brothers Nicolaas and Hendrik van Hoorn, Arnold Dix, Pieter Schuurmans, and Cornelis van Peere, paid the ransom of ƒ180,000 in cash and ƒ120,000 in sugar and enslaved people on 24 October 1714, thereby acquiring the colony. In 1720, the five owners of the colony founded the Society of Berbice , akin to the Society of Suriname which governed

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1474-602: The Magazine of the Year Award. In April 2014, National Geographic received the National Magazine Award ("Ellie") for best tablet edition for its multimedia presentation of Robert Draper's story "The Last Chase", about the final days of a tornado researcher who was killed in the line of duty. In February 2017, National Geographic received the National Magazine Award ("Ellie") for best website. National Geographic won

1541-648: The National Geographic website. In April 1995, National Geographic began publishing in Japanese, its first local language edition. The magazine is currently published in 29 local editions around the world. The following local-language editions have been discontinued. In association with Trends Publications in Beijing and IDG Asia, National Geographic has been authorized for "copyright cooperation" in China to publish

1608-479: The Netherlands on 20 November 1815, all Dutch legal claims to the colony were rescinded. The plantations and the enslaved people of the Society of Berbice remained under their ownership, but they had already made a decision to sell their possessions in 1795, and they closed their offices in 1821. In 1812, the colonies of Demerara and Essequibo had been merged into the colony of Demerara-Essequibo . As part of

1675-458: The Netherlands was governor Wolfert Simon van Hoogenheim able to finally suppress the uprising, and restore the colony to Dutch rule. The uprising led to a steep population decline, abandonment and destruction of many plantations, and serious financial problems for the Society. Fort Nassau had been set on fire to prevent it falling into enemy hands. In 1785 the village was abandoned in favour of Fort Sint Andries , situated more downstream, at

1742-585: The Netherlands). In September 1803, the British occupied the territory again. On 13 August 1814, Berbice became a British colony. The colony was formally ceded to Britain by the Netherlands on 20 November 1815. Throughout the 1700s, sugar and cacao plantations were numerous throughout the Berbice region. These plantations created close contact between numerous language groups as slaves were transported in from surrounding areas. The enslaved populations largely consisted of

1809-556: The October 1988 issue featured a photo of a large ivory portrait of a male, whose authenticity, particularly the alleged ice age provenance, has been questioned. In 1999, the magazine was embroiled in the Archaeoraptor scandal, in which it purported to have a fossil linking birds to dinosaurs. The fossil was a forgery. In 2010, the magazine's Your Shot competition was awarded to American filmmaker and photographer William Lascelles for

1876-563: The University of the West Indies. These Amerindian speakers were living on the upper reaches of the Berbice River in and around the area of the Wiruni Creek. Dutch linguist Silvia Kouwenberg did further investigations on the language and published a grammar in 1994 as well as a variety of other works relating to the language. The last known Berbice Dutch Creole speaker was Albertha Bell, who

1943-469: The area, Berbice Dutch is typologically closer to Dutch but lexically farthest from it. It is not based on a Hollandic dialect of Dutch (the dialect that is closest to the modern standard of the Dutch Language Union ) but on Zeelandic . The language was originally spoken along the Wiruni Creek and the Berbice River where plantations were often located. The language survived on the upper reaches of

2010-471: The cause of this is a lack of diversity in groups of enslaved Africans in the region. At the time, slaves from the Bight of Biafra were considered undesirable. Due to Berbice's relatively small size, they would use undesirable slaves as they were cheaper, leading to a single language coming over from Africa, though in multiple varieties. Compared to Negerhollands and Skepi Creole Dutch , other contact languages from

2077-565: The colony was Calvinism . In 1735, a minister was installed in Fort Nassau, but after a personal conflict with the governor, he was transferred to Wiruni Creek. Catholics and Jews were not allowed to become planters or have a government function. In 1738, two missionaries of the Moravian Church had been invited by a planter to teach the people he enslaved. They were treated with suspicion, and received several official warnings. In 1757,

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2144-469: The colony was dealt a severe blow when a slave uprising broke out under the leadership of Coffy in February 1763. The enslaved people captured the south of the colony while the whites, who were severely outnumbered, tried to hang on the north. The uprising went on until well into 1764, with Coffy naming himself governor of Berbice. Only with the use of brute force and military aid by neighbouring colonies and

2211-477: The colony, doubling the slave population. The British now remained in possession of the colony until 27 March 1802, when Berbice was restored to the Batavian Republic under the terms of the Treaty of Amiens . In 1803, there was a mutiny of soldiers who complained about the rations. They occupied Fort Sint Andries, and raised the Union Jack with a piece of meat on top. The remaining soldiers aided by Suriname and

2278-524: The confluence of the Canje River . The new village was again named New Amsterdam , and is still known by that name in contemporary Guyana. On 27 February 1781, British forces occupied Berbice and neighbouring Demerara and Essequibo as part of the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War , because 34 out of 93 plantations in Berbice were under British ownership. In January 1782, the colonies were recaptured by

2345-413: The cover, while keeping its yellow border, shed its oak leaf trim and bare table of contents, to allow for a full-page photograph taken for one of the month's articles. Issues of National Geographic are often kept by subscribers for years and re-sold at thrift stores as collectibles. The standard for photography has remained high over the subsequent decades and the magazine is still illustrated with some of

2412-462: The craftsmen. The next year an inn was added. The village was named New Amsterdam ( Dutch : Nieuw Amsterdam ). In 1735, a school master was hired to teach the white children. There were medical doctors stationed in New Amsterdam and Fort Nassau, and six local doctors were assigned to the plantations. Epidemics remained a frequent problem in the colony resulting in many deaths. The religion in

2479-523: The development of Berbice Dutch. It is believed that the language was largely constructed by children born locally into these plantations. Many of which are thought to be of mixed ancestry between the enslaved population and the mainly single Dutchmen. One-third of the basic words in Berbice Dutch Creole, including words for 'eat', 'know', and 'speak' are of Niger–Congo origin in West Africa , from

2546-572: The first Company. This was resolved when on 14 September 1678 a charter was signed which established Berbice as a hereditary fief of the Dutch West India Company, in the possession of the Van Peere family. In November 1712, Berbice was briefly occupied by the French under Jacques Cassard , as part of the War of the Spanish Succession . The Van Peere family did not want to pay a ransom to

2613-442: The hands of 40 million people each month. Starting with its January 1905 publication of several full-page pictures of Tibet in 1900–01, the magazine began to transition from being a text-oriented publication to featuring extensive pictorial content. By 1908 more than half of the magazine's pages were photographs. The June 1985 cover portrait of a 12-year-old Afghan girl Sharbat Gula , shot by photographer Steve McCurry , became one of

2680-408: The highest-quality photojournalism in the world. In 2006, National Geographic began an international photography competition, with over eighteen countries participating. A map is the greatest of all epic poems. Its lines and colors show the realization of great dreams. Supplementing the articles, the magazine sometimes provides maps of the regions visited. National Geographic Maps (originally

2747-417: The history and varied uses of specific products such as a single metal, gem, food crop, or agricultural product, or an archaeological discovery. Occasionally an entire month's issue would be devoted to a single country, past civilization, a natural resource whose future is endangered, or other themes. In recent decades, the National Geographic Society has unveiled other magazines with different focuses. Whereas

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2814-422: The indigenous Arawak Amerindian people of the surrounding Berbice region, and enslaved people shipped in from the Bight of Biafra. Thus, the initial contact situation consisted of Indigenous Arawak speakers, Eastern Ijo varieties from the Bight of Biafra, and Dutch colonizers mostly speaking southwestern varieties from Zeeland. A Dutch Arawak pidgin was developed early on in this time period and later contributed in

2881-455: The interior of the country. Berbice was supposed to be guarded by 60 soldiers in Fort Nassau, and another 20 to 30 soldiers in other locations. Even when not under attack, wars often caused supply problems. In 1670s, the colony had not been supplied for 17 months, and neutrality as during the Seven Years' War could not prevent supply shortages. The relatively sound economic situation of

2948-432: The international language database Ethnologue had declared it extinct. There is a large degree of free variation in the vowels, with the range of realizations of the phonemes overlapping. /e/ and /ɛ/ are almost in complementary distribution , and were probably allophones at an earlier stage of the language. [ʃ] is usually in complementary distribution with [s] , occurring only before /i/ , but there are

3015-510: The magazine are available online to the magazine's subscribers. In September 2015, the National Geographic Society moved the magazine to a new owner, National Geographic Partners, giving 21st Century Fox a 73% controlling interest in exchange for $ 725 million. In December 2017, a deal was announced for Disney to acquire 21st Century Fox , including the controlling interest in National Geographic Partners. The acquisition

3082-429: The magazine featured lengthy expositions in the past, recent issues have included shorter articles. In addition to being well known for articles about scenery, history, and the most distant corners of the world, the magazine has been recognized for its book-like quality and the high standard of its photography. It was during the tenure of Society President Alexander Graham Bell and editor Gilbert H. Grosvenor (GHG) that

3149-475: The magazine has won a total of 24 National Magazine Awards. In May 2006, 2007, and 2011, National Geographic magazine won the American Society of Magazine Editors ' General Excellence Award in the over two million circulation category. In 2010, National Geographic Magazine received the top ASME awards for photojournalism and essay. In 2011, National Geographic Magazine received the top-award from ASME –

3216-460: The magazine to allow its photographers to use the so-called "miniature" 35 mm Leica cameras loaded with Kodachrome film over bulkier cameras with heavy glass plates that required the use of tripods . In 1959, the magazine started publishing small photographs on its covers, later becoming larger photographs. National Geographic photography quickly shifted to digital photography for both its printed magazine and its website. In subsequent years,

3283-486: The magazine was completely owned and managed by the National Geographic Society . Since 2015, controlling interest has been held by National Geographic Partners. Topics of features generally concern geography , history , nature , science , and world culture . The magazine is well known for its distinctive appearance: a thick square-bound glossy format with a yellow rectangular border. Map supplements from National Geographic Maps are included with subscriptions, and it

3350-447: The magazine's most recognizable images. National Geographic Kids , the children's version of the magazine, was launched in 1975 under the name National Geographic World . At its peak in the late 1980s, the magazine had 12 million subscribers in the United States, and millions more outside of the U.S. In the late 1990s, the magazine began publishing The Complete National Geographic , an electronic collection of every past issue of

3417-498: The magazine. It was then sued over copyright of the magazine as a collective work in Greenberg v. National Geographic and other cases, and temporarily withdrew the compilation. The magazine eventually prevailed in the dispute, and in July 2009 resumed publishing all past issues through December 2008. More recent issues were later added to the collection; the archive and electronic edition of

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3484-510: The missionaries left, and joined the congregation at the village of Pilgerhut founded in 1740 outside the plantation area, where they lived with 300 Arawak . The colony had peace and trade treaties with the local Amerindians. This colony did not intervene in wars between the tribes, and no Amerindian was allowed to be taken into slavery unless they were sold by the Kalina or the Arawak and captured from

3551-482: The neighbouring colony, to raise more capital for the colony. The Society was a public company listed on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange . In the years following, Berbice's economic situation improved, consisting of 12 plantations owned by the society, 93 private plantation along the Berbice River , and 20 plantations along the Canje River . In 1733, 25 to 30 houses were built around Fort Nassau to house

3618-409: The next century, small groups of multi-lingual mixed heritage people continued to live in the original location up-river and spoke Berbice Dutch. The language came into decay in the 20th century and by 1993, there were some 4 or 5 elderly speakers of the language left, although other sources report tens of speakers. The last speakers of Berbice Dutch were found in the 1970s by Professor Ian Robertson of

3685-476: The next year. As of November 2024 , its Instagram page has 280 million followers, the third most of any account not belonging to an individual celebrity. The magazine's combined U.S. and international circulation as of June 30, 2024 was about 1.65 million, with its kids magazines separately achieving a circulation of about 500,000. The first issue of the National Geographic Magazine

3752-478: The reforms of the newly acquired colonies on the South American mainland, the British merged Berbice with Demerara-Essequibo on 21 July 1831, forming the new crown colony of British Guiana , now Guyana . In 1838, Berbice was made one of the three counties of Guiana, the other two being Demerara and Essequibo. In 1958, the county was abolished when Guiana was subdivided into districts. Historical Berbice

3819-463: The significance of illustration was first emphasized, in spite of criticism from some of the Board of Managers who considered the many illustrations an indicator of an "unscientific" conception of geography. By 1910, photographs had become the magazine's trademark and Grosvenor was constantly on the search for "dynamical pictures" as Graham Bell called them, particularly those that provided a sense of motion in

3886-560: The way for a subscription model in addition to traditional newsstand sales. On May 1, 2008, National Geographic won three National Magazine Awards —an award solely for its written content—in the reporting category for an article by Peter Hessler on the Chinese economy ; an award in the photojournalism category for work by John Stanmeyer on malaria in the Third World ; and a prestigious award for general excellence. Between 1980 and 2011,

3953-485: The yellow-border magazine, which launched with the July 2007 issue of the magazine with an event in Beijing on July 10, 2007, and another event on December 6, 2007, in Beijing also celebrating the 29th anniversary of normalization of U.S.–China relations featuring former President Jimmy Carter . The mainland China version is one of the two local-language editions that bump the National Geographic logo off its header in favor of

4020-535: Was 103 years old when last interviewed by Ian Robertson and a UWI linguistics research team in March 2004. In February 2010, the language was declared officially extinct, according to an article in the March issue of the Dutch edition of National Geographic magazine. In the 1980s there was still a small number of Berbice speakers in Guyana but since then it has been discovered that the last speaker, Albertha Bell, died in 2005,

4087-557: Was a family affair who owned all the plantations on the Berbice River , though they did allow a couple of sugar planters to settle on the Canje River . A dispute arose between the Second Dutch West India Company , which was founded to succeed the First Dutch West India Company that went bankrupt in 1674, and the Van Peere family, because the family wanted the colony as an immortal loan as agreed with

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4154-413: Was completed in March 2019. NG Media publishing unit was operationally transferred into Disney Publishing Worldwide . In September 2022, the magazine laid off six of its top editors. In June 2023, the magazine laid off all of its staff writers , shifting to an entirely freelance-based writing model, and announced that beginning in 2024 it would no longer offer newsstand purchases. The magazine had

4221-404: Was declared extinct in 2010. 6°14′01″N 57°32′35″W  /  6.2337°N 57.5430°W  / 6.2337; -57.5430 National Geographic (magazine) National Geographic (formerly The National Geographic Magazine , sometimes branded as Nat Geo ) is an American monthly magazine published by National Geographic Partners . The magazine was founded in 1888 as

4288-632: Was filled with National Geographic maps. A National Geographic map of Europe is featured in the displays of the Winston Churchill museum in London showing Churchill's markings at the Yalta Conference where the Allied leaders divided post-war Europe. In 2001, National Geographic released an eight- CD-ROM set containing all its maps from 1888 to December 2000. Printed versions are also available from

4355-504: Was made the new capital of the colony. Berbice was settled in 1627 by the businessman Abraham van Peere from Vlissingen , under the suzerainty of the Dutch West India Company . Until 1714, the colony remained the personal possession of Van Peere and his descendants. Little is known about the early years of the colony, other than that it succeeded in repelling an English attack in 1665 in the Second Anglo-Dutch War . The colony

4422-424: Was published on September 22, 1888, nine months after the Society was founded. In the first issue, Gardiner Greene Hubbard writes, The "National Geographic Society" has been organized to "increase and defuse geographic knowledge", and the publication of a Magazine has been determined upon as one means accomplishing these purposes. It was initially a scholarly journal sent to 165 charter members; in 2010, it reached

4489-454: Was split in 1958 to make new Guyanese administrative regions and the name is preserved in the regions of East Berbice-Corentyne , Mahaica-Berbice , and Upper Demerara-Berbice . Berbice Creole Dutch , a Dutch creole language based on the lexicon and grammar of the West African language Ijo , was spoken until well into the 20th century. In 2005, the last known speaker died. The language

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