69-464: Bell Busk is a hamlet situated in the Craven district of North Yorkshire , England. The hamlet is located at the southern end of Malhamdale where the nascent River Aire meets Otterburn Beck. The village is 7 miles (11 km) north west of Skipton and used to have a railway station on the line linking Skipton and Hellifield . Historical industries in the hamlet consisted of a cotton mill that became
138-590: A living for themselves." Cultivation lynchet terraces and ridge-and-furrow fields of the Middle Ages are visible alongside many villages particularly in Wharfedale and Malhamdale and tithe records show they grew crops of oats , barley and wheat and in rotation, beans and peas. However, the wool boom of the 16th century caused most arable land to be turned into pasture. In the 18th century miller's records show they had to import wheat to grind and sell as flour but
207-572: A much narrower face than cattle, they crop plants very close to the ground and with continuous grazing can overgraze land rapidly. Ancient Common Grazing rights made it impossible to grow trees, even for fuel, because coppicing requires enclosure to protect regrowth from sheep, and the rights deny enclosure. From 2002 to 2008, a Yorkshire Dales National Park programme encouraged sheep farmers to switch uplands livestock from sheep to cattle since they do not graze so intensively. Traditional breeds such as Blue Greys and Belted Galloways can survive
276-444: A national industry. Craven was made accessible by major roads from Ribchester up Ribblesdale and from York through Ilkley . The extent of a Roman villa farm excavated at Gargrave implies it practiced grazing on nearby moorland. By 1000 AD England and Spain were recognized as the pinnacles of European sheep wool production. About 1200 AD scientific treatises on agricultural estate management began to circulate amongst
345-577: A roman fort, or castrum , Maglona . An inscription found near the north gate suggests that the fort was built during the early third century AD, although it is possible that a fort existed on the site as early as the first century AD. It was built to protect the Watling Street crossing of the River Greta – river crossings were particularly vulnerable to attack from the local Brigantes or from other local tribes . The Tutta Beck–Greta confluence and
414-431: A silk mill, with quarrying prevalent also. Tourism became the leading industry in the 20th century. The name of Bell Busk is believed to have been derived from Old Norse and Old English meaning the bell shaped bush . Bell Busk is 1 mile (1.6 km) north of Coniston Cold , 7 miles (11 km) north west of Skipton, 5 miles (8 km) south of Malham and 5 miles (8 km) east of Hellifield . The hamlet sits at
483-563: A silk mill. The weir was located 7 miles (11 km) south of Malham and 83 miles (134 km) from the mouth of the Aire on the River Ouse . The mill has long since been demolished after it was destroyed by fire, but the weir was only removed in 2018 to make fish passage easier into the spawning grounds. This is to encourage salmon into the River Aire and its tributaries after a 200-year absence. In
552-664: A stony region. In civic use the name Craven or Cravenshire had, by 1166, given way to Staincliffe . However, the church archdeaconry retained the name of Craven. The first datable evidence of human life in Craven is ca 9000 BC: a hunter's harpoon point carved out of an antler found in Victoria Cave . Most traces of the Mesolithic nomadic hunters are the flint barbs they set into shafts. Extensive finds of these microliths lie around Malham Tarn and Semerwater . Flint does not occur in
621-611: A variety of grievances. Several Yorkshire lords were involved and suffered confiscation of their estates. In Craven these were Roger the Poitevin , Erneis of Burun and Gilbert Tison. The King conducted a reorganization of Yorkshire by establishing men more skilled in government. Shortly after 1102 the castleries in Cravenshire were divided between the House of Romille and the House of Percy . The King
690-401: Is a hybrid of Old Norse and Old English . The Old Norse grjót means "coarse stones" or "rubble". The Old English ēa means "river", "running water" or "stream". Greta Bridge is part of County Durham district and is governed by Durham County Council . The neighbouring village of Newsham – to the south-east – is part of North Yorkshire district . Historically, Greta Bridge was in
759-526: Is also reflected in the way the term is still commonly used, such as by the Church of England . In its modern manifestation, from 1974 until 2023, Craven was a separate local government district , formed originally as the merger of Skipton urban district, Settle Rural District and most of Skipton Rural District ; all were historically in the West Riding of Yorkshire . Since 1 April 2023, it has formed part of
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#1733092465051828-505: Is based in Bell Busk. Bell Busk is located in the civil parish of Coniston Cold and is included in the statistics there for the 2011 census . There is a clock in St. Peters church made by James Harrison in 1845. Originally, Bell Busk was on the packhorse route between Skipton and Settle , which meant the road veered off at Coniston Cold, whereas this now goes directly west towards Hellifield as
897-469: Is mentioned in the walking book 'Through Airedale from Goole to Malham' by Johnnie Gray. In 1891 it is described as a 300 year old 'Public' and a stout edifice. There are two grade 2 listed bridges in Bell Busk: Red Bridge over Otterburn Beck and Bell Busk Bridge over The River Aire. In 1781, a weir and large mill pond with a long mill race were constructed on the Aire to provide water power for
966-691: Is much larger than the civic District of Craven; in particular northern Ewecross is in Cumbria county, lower South Craven is in West Yorkshire , and south-west Bowland is in Lancashire county. The Church of England has considered changing their boundary of Bowland to match that of civic Lancashire Greta Bridge Greta Bridge is a hamlet on the River Greta in the parishes of Rokeby and Brignall in County Durham , England. The bridge (now bypassed by
1035-444: Is the market town for Teesdale . The village is divided between Rokeby parish and Brignall parish – by the river Greta. Greta Bridge is on the route of the trans-Pennine ( Stainmore ) section of Watling Street (North) Roman road – now largely followed by the A66 trunk road . Archaeological excavations during the 1970's found part of the original road. Greta Bridge is the location of
1104-492: Is the primary living in Craven, with some sheep marginal. Because grazing land was not tallied in the Domesday Book the full areas of the estates of the manors can only be induced The areas of ploughland were counted in carucates and oxgangs : one carrucate being eight oxgangs and one oxgang varying from fifteen to twenty acres. This vagueness comes from an oxgang signifying the land one ox could plough and that varied with
1173-489: The 2010 election and held it until abolition in 2023. There were 76 Civil Parishes in Craven . They were grouped into 19 wards . The Wards were represented by 30 councillors; eight wards by one councillor and eleven by two councillors.. The wards were: Craven District Council allied with other organizations: In the 1974 government reorganization of the shire districts , some towns were lost to Lancashire, but because of cultural history some of them, all now part of
1242-485: The A65 road . The junction and road leading up to Bell Busk from Coniston Cold is narrow and can cause access problems. The hamlet had a railway station on the "Little" North Western Railway between Skipton and Hellifield . As it was the nearest station to Malham Cove and Malhamdale, it took on a far greater importance than other settlements in the dale due to it being a disembarkation point for travellers. The station site
1311-683: The A66 trunk road ) is over the River Greta, just south of its confluence with the River Tees . The North Pennines , Teesdale and the Greta Bridge area – including the Meeting of the Waters – became a source of inspiration for romantic artists , poets and writers during the eighteenth century. The name derives from the River Greta , recorded earlier as Gretha (1279) and Gretay (1341). The etymology
1380-505: The Cong Burn – Wear confluence near Chester-le-Street – however others may have been disturbed or removed, especially by antiquarians and collectors. The inscription Mars Condatis is a conflation (joining together) of deities Mars and Condatis . The name Tutta may derive from the Gaulish deity Toutatis (or Tūtatus ) – god of the tribe . The current bridge was built in 1773 to replace
1449-568: The North Riding of Yorkshire , but along with the rest of the former Startforth Rural District , Greta Bridge was transferred to County Durham for administrative and ceremonial purposes in 1974. The village lies on the eastern flanks of the North Pennines – about 6 miles (9.7 km) east of the North Pennines area of outstanding natural beauty . The nearest town – Barnard Castle –
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#17330924650511518-612: The Parliamentary constituency of Skipton & Ripon . This constituency is considered one of the safest seats in England with a long history of Conservative representation . The Member of Parliament (MP) was: John Watson 1983 to 1987; David Curry 1987 to 2010; Julian Smith since 2010. In July 2021 the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government announced that in April 2023,
1587-570: The Pennine Way and the Wild Yorkshire Way, pass to the east of the Hamlet, with many cottages and other overnight accommodation being offered in Bell Busk. Craven District Craven was a non-metropolitan district in the west of North Yorkshire , centred on the market town of Skipton . The name Craven is much older than the modern district and encompassed a larger area . This history
1656-693: The River Lune in Lonsdale and even Holker near Grange over Sands in Cumbria . The historic northwestern boundary of Craven is much disputed. One faction declares that before the Norman Conquest the North of England from coast to coast was administered from York and named The Kingdom of York . By 1086 the Normans had designated only one county in the North of England and that was Yorkshire. One may assume thereby that
1725-523: The Wapentake of Staincliffe and so included the following areas which are not in the modern secular district of Craven: These valuable records also define the area by wapentakes. This tax was introduced by the government of Charles II at a time of serious fiscal emergency, and collection continued until repealed by William and Mary in 1689. Under its terms each liable householder was to pay one shilling for each hearth within their property, due twice annually at
1794-468: The borough of Pendle , came to be known as West Craven : Barnoldswick , Earby , Sough , Kelbrook , Salterforth and Bracewell and Brogden . (Other more westerly parts of Craven that became parts of Ribble Valley in modern Lancashire, such as Gisburn , are not normally referred to as part of West Craven.) The Anglican Church Archdeanery number 542 is named Craven and has four Deaneries: Ewecross, Bowland, Skipton and South Craven. Ecclesiastic Craven
1863-582: The equinoxes , Michaelmas (29 September) and Lady Day (25 March). The Yorkshire records of all three ridings are now completely transcribed, analyzed and available free online The hills and slopes of Craven are greatly involved in the history of sheep particularly in the history of wool . After 5000 BC the Neolithic farming movement introduced domesticated sheep, but the Roman occupation of Britain introduced advanced sheep husbandry to Britain and made wool into
1932-453: The worsted mills. However, in 1966 the price of wool fell by 40% due to the increased popularity of synthetic fibres . Farmers complain it now costs more to shear a sheep than you can get for its wool and the result is reduced flocks. Although the tough wool of hill sheep is still used for carpet weaving, sheep breeding is now mostly for lambs to sell on for fattening for meat in low pastures. The small surviving areas of ancient woodland in
2001-493: The 11th century can be deduced from The Domesday Book but its boundaries now differ according to whether considering administration, taxation or religion. The derivation of the name Craven is uncertain, yet a Celtic origin related to the word for garlic ( craf in Welsh) has been suggested as has the proto-Celtic *krab- suggesting scratched or scraped in some sense and even an alleged pre-Celtic word cravona , supposed to mean
2070-597: The 1970s Holstein Friesians became the most popular breed weighing ca 1600 pounds (725 kg). Pollen analysis shows that the peak of arable agriculture in Craven was 320–410 AD, but outbreaks of pestilence in the 6th century and in the 7–8th century resulted in a shift away from ploughing to grazing. However, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records the Danish Viking settlers "were engaged in ploughing and making
2139-409: The 19th century, quarrying became an important industry when at least three rock quarries were in operation; Field Rock Quarry to the west, Esh Bottom Quarry to the south west and Haw Crag Quarry to the east. Haw Crag was noted for its medium-purity limestone which was used in the local buildings. Quarrying here was on quite a large scale compared to other quarries in the area; 30,000 tonnes (33,000 tons)
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2208-602: The 30 seats on the council being elected at each election. Since the first election to the council in 1973 the council had alternated between periods when no party had overall control and times when the Conservatives had a majority, apart from a 2-year period between 1996 and the 1998 election when the Liberal Democrats had a majority. After no party had a majority since 2001, the Conservatives regained overall control at
2277-465: The Abbey owned 15,000 sheep in various locations and traded directly with Italian merchants. On the limestone fells it held extensive sheep runs managed by granges located at valley heads to access both the moors and the rough pasture of valley sides. Many granges developed into hamlets . The Fountains' sheep administrative centre was at Outgang Hill, Kilnsey . By 1320 Bolton Priory 's flock at Malham
2346-671: The Anglo-Saxons divided their territory into tax districts. The Wapentakes of Staincliffe and Ewcross covered the region we call Craven but also areas beyond it such as the Forest of Bowland in Lancashire; and Sedbergh in Cumbria to the North. The Church was still using these areas in the 16th century. The farmlands were progressively taken from the Anglo-Scandinavian farmers and given by
2415-559: The Cistercian monasteries in the Yorkshire dales. These indicated the way to greatest profit was to produce wool for export. “The famous monasteries under the steep, wooded banks of Yorkshire dales began the movement that in the course of four or five hundred years converted most of North England and Scotland from unused wilderness into sheep-run.” Fountains Abbey strongly affected Craven in upper Wharfedale, Airedale and Littondale . In 1200
2484-525: The Dales, the nearest outcrop is in East Yorkshire. On higher ground microliths are found near springs at the tree line at 500 m (1,600 ft) indicating campsites close to the open hunting grounds. The valley woodlands were inhabited by deer, boar and aurochs , the higher ground was open grassland that fed herds of reindeer, elk and horse. No permanent settlements have been found of that age, hunting here
2553-564: The Greta Bridge area in 1805 when 23 years old. He had been invited by the Cholmeley family to stay with them at Rokeby Hall. Cotman's best known work from his early period is the watercolour Greta Bridge (1805), now in the British Museum, which he painted from sketches made during his visit to Rokeby Park. The view is from the south of the bridge looking north, the Morritt Arms is shown on
2622-610: The Greta– Tees confluences are both in close proximity to the fort. River confluences had a special significance for the Gaulish legions and auxiliaries who were stationed in North Britain during the Roman occupation . Roman altars with inscriptions to Mars Condatis have been found in the Tees and Wear valleys. Similar altars are normally found at the confluence of rivers – for example,
2691-463: The King to selected Normans. The previous and subsequent landowners were recorded in the Domesday Book along with the area of the ploughland. The Great Domesday Book of 1086 did not use the later Wapentake district names in this part of England, as it usually did, but instead used the name Craven. The Book included lands further west than any later description: Melling , Wennington and Hornby on
2760-750: The Monasteries and sold Littondale and the Bolton Priory's estates in lower Wharefedale and Airedale to Henry Clifford, 1st Earl of Cumberland and Lord of Skipton . By 1600 the wool trade was the primary source of tax revenue for Queen Elizabeth I . Britain's success made it a major influence in the development and spread of sheep husbandry worldwide. In more modern times the Industrial Revolution brought factory production of wool cloth to towns further down Airedale and many Craven families, made redundant by agricultural machinery, moved south to work in
2829-586: The Norman Yorkshire of 1086 was much the same as the Kingdom of York of 1065; and the Domesday Book supports this. However the opposing faction proposes that the first Yorkshire was smaller, much as it was up till 1974, and that Amounderness, Cartmel, Furness, Kendale, Copeland and Lonsdale were attached to it in the Domesday Book merely for administrative convenience. Also the Domesday Book does not describe
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2898-539: The North. Young King Richard II had commanded that poll tax to pay off the debts he had inherited from the Hundred Years' War . Its first application in 1377 was a flat rate and the second of 1379 was a sliding scale from 1 groat (4p pence) to 4 marks. However, the third tax of 1381 of 4 groats (1 shilling) and up was applied corruptly and led to the Great Rising of 1381 . The Deanery of Craven had similar boundaries to
2967-935: The West Riding of Yorkshire , a 140-page book detailing every factor. The wide variety of soil composition resulted in tithes ranging from 6 shillings up to 3 pounds per acre and farms leasing from 50 to 500 pounds per year. It details by parish quantities of cattle and crop produced, their rotation and market value. The report recommended more wheat and turnips; more sheep and of better breed; criticized poor drainage and design of farm buildings and taught principles of farm management. Average wages then paid to employees were 12 pounds per annum with victuals and drink; and to temporary labourers 2 shillings and sixpence per day with beer. Hours of work in winter were "dawn till dark" and in harvest time "six till six, with one hour for dinner and another for drinking". The author shows concern for their virtue and welfare. Since 1983 Craven has been in
3036-610: The area around Greta Bridge, after visiting Mary Hutchinson at Sockburn . Mary lived on her parents farm on the Sockburn Peninsula – the peninsula created by a tight meander of the River Tees. Wordsworth married Mary in 1802, and the couple often travelled over from the Lakes to visit Mary's parents, using the mail coach to Greta Bridge, and stopping over at Rokeby. The romantic painter John Sell Cotman (1782 – 1842) first explored
3105-569: The area have high biodiversity value. However, the Pennines are now notably lacking in trees despite archaeological evidence showing 90% was woodlands before human settlement. Palynology indicates the decline in trees coincided with the increase in grasses in Neolithic times caused by direct clearance for pasture and by overgrazing . Since sheep are grazers , not browsers , they do not affect mature trees , but they devour all their seedlings. With
3174-614: The bailiffs substitute sheep-pasture for tillage. The export of wool to the Flanders looms, and the concurrent growth of cloth manufacture in England, aided by Edward III 's importation of Flemish weavers to teach his people the higher skill of the craft, made demand for all the wool that English flocks could supply. As the profitability of wool further increased some landowners converted all arable land into sheep pasture by evicting whole villages. Over 370 deserted medieval villages have been unearthed in Yorkshire. Henry VIII in 1539 suppressed
3243-399: The collection of indigenous seeds and propagation produced saplings for planting schemes that began in 2010. Between 2007 and 2013 The Dales Woodland Restoration Programme funded the creation of 450 hectares of new native woodland, almost all on privately owned land. In the 16th and 17th centuries Longhorn cattle prevailed in Craven. Good quality bulls were bought communally to improve
3312-458: The farmers still grew oats for it formed the principle article of their subsistence, some made into bread and puddings but mostly cooked as oatcakes . “We were browt up on haverbreead and cheese” In the 18th century the national Board of Agriculture commissioned a survey of agriculture in the region, with a view of improving it. It was published in 1793 as General view of the Agriculture of
3381-626: The first century the Romans, having trouble controlling the Brigantes in the Yorkshire Dales , built forts at strategic points. In Craven one fort, possibly named Olenacum, is at Elslack 53°56′27″N 2°06′58″W / 53.94078°N 2.1160°W / 53.94078; -2.1160 . Through this fort passes a Roman road linking two other forts: Bremetennacum at Ribchester Lancashire and another at Ilkley Yorkshire. Archaeologists describe
3450-583: The great flood. Walter Scott 's poem The Lady of the Lake , published 1810, had been hugely successful and placed the Loch Katrine in the Trossachs area firmly on the tourist map, boosting the economy of local towns. When Scott announced to John Bacon Sawrey Morritt that he was planning to write a similar poem based around Teesdale , Morritt offered his services as a guide, possibly anticipating how it might spark
3519-491: The harsh winters and live off the rough grasses just as well a sheep. Until December 2013, The National Park Farming and Forestry Improvement Scheme is offering grants to help farming, forestry and horticultural businesses become more efficient, more profitable and resilient whilst reducing the impact of farming on the environment. Since 1968, some moorland has been reforested by the Forestry Commission . Since 2005,
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#17330924650513588-419: The heaviness of the local soil. A carucate was the area that could be managed with team of eight oxen. In 1086 Roger of Poitou was Tenant-in-chief of the western side of Craven: Ribblesdale and the Pendle valley. In 1092 he was granted also Lonsdale to defend Morecambe Bay against Scottish raiding parties. Soon after Henry I of England 's succession to the crown in 1100 arose a rebellion of men with
3657-512: The largest county in England. It was a non-metropolitan county that operated a cabinet-style council in Northallerton . The 72 councillors therein elected a council leader who appointed up to 9 councillors to form an executive cabinet. NYCC Elections – 2017 results Craven, for representation on North Yorkshire County Council, was divided into seven divisions and each returned one councillor . Elections to Craven District Council were held in three out of every four years, with one third of
3726-438: The left side of the bridge. The profile shown at the top of the bridge is noticeably different from that of the actual bridge – it shows a higher more pronounced summit – whereas the actual bridge has a gentle curved profile. It has been suggested that this was influenced by the geometry of the earlier bridge that had been destroyed in the great flood of 1771. The foreground is dominated by huge boulders – possibly swept down during
3795-401: The livestock on the common land beside each village. In the 18th century they crossbred with Shorthorns ; fully grown crossbreeds weighed 420 lb (190 kg) to 560 lb (250 kg). Some graziers of the Craven highlands also visited Scotland , for example Oban , Lanark and Stirling , to purchase stock to be brought down the drove roads to the cattle-rearing district. In
3864-401: The new North Yorkshire Council unitary authority. The population of the Local Authority area at the 2011 Census was 55,409; it comprised the upper reaches of Airedale , Wharfedale , Ribblesdale , and includes most of the Aire Gap and Craven Basin . Craven: “The exact extent of it we nowhere find” Craven has been the name of this district throughout recorded history. Its extent in
3933-441: The non-metropolitan county of North Yorkshire would be reorganised into a unitary authority . Craven District Council, the other district councils and North Yorkshire County Council were abolished on 1 April 2023 and their functions were transferred to a new single authority for the non-metropolitan county of North Yorkshire. North Yorkshire County Council administered an area of 8,654 square kilometres (3,341 sq mi),
4002-401: The one destroyed by the great flood of 1771. It was designed by John Carr for John Sawry Morritt, father of John Bacon Sawrey Morritt . Morritt also paid for the Abbey Bridge to be built in the same year. Before the arrival of the railways in the 1850s, Greta Bridge had been an important overnight stop for the London to Carlisle coach. Overnight passengers and visitors would stay at one of
4071-425: The road as running north-east up Ribblesdale about 0.6 miles (1 km) east of Clitheroe , then bending eastwards near 53°53′35″N 2°20′29″W / 53.893°N 2.3413°W / 53.893; -2.3413 , then about 0.6 miles (1 km) north of Barnoldswick to pass into Airedale through the low 144 m (472 ft) pass near Thornton-in-Craven . To collect the Danegeld in 991–1016
4140-424: The southern end of Malhamdale, where the River Aire meets Otterburn Beck. Malhamdale is the very northern end of Airedale . Official records of the area make no mention of the hamlet until 1585, even then, it was not shown on mapping until the early 17th century. One of the oldest houses is a Yorkshire laithe known as Granny House Farm, nowadays known as Granny House on the old Roman Road; Mark House Lane. Granny House
4209-443: The summer of 1745 the celebrated Mr Birtwhistle had 20,000 head driven from the northernmost parts of Scotland to Great Close near Malham , a distance of ca 300 miles (483 km). In 1818 the Craven Heifer , bred for meat on the Bolton Abbey estate remains to this day the largest and fattest cow of her age ever shown in England, weighing 2,496 lb (1,132 kg). In modern times dairy farming has predominated and after
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#17330924650514278-411: The three coaching inns in the village. Wordsworth and his wife Mary were regular users of the mail coach in order to travel over from the Lakes to visit Mary's parents at Stockton-on-Tees . During the eighteenth century Teesdale became a popular destination for romantic artists , poets and writers, who inspired others to follow. In 1799 William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge explored
4347-469: The width of Craven at all, for only arable land was noted. Ploughing is a minor part of Craven agriculture, and cultivators then had been reduced by the Harrying of the North . Most of Craven is uncultivable moorland and the valley bottoms are usually boggy, shady frost-hollows, with soils of glacial boulder clay very heavy to plough. So ploughing was limited to well-drained moderate slopes. The higher slopes are so full of rock debris that grazing cattle still
4416-417: Was about 2,750 and it built extensive sheep farm buildings there. Accounts show that a quarter of its cheese was sheep's cheese, and that most of the Priory's came from wool sales. It also developed fulling , sorting and grading into industries. Feudal Lords began to imitate monastic management methods for their own estates and in 1350 when the Black Death killed off half the rent-paying farmers they had
4485-425: Was clearly intent that Cravenshire should retain a compact structure for he added-in estates from his own demesne . The result was two partially interwoven castleries incorporating nearly all the land in Craven. The Percy estates were mainly concentrated in Ribblesdale with their castle at Gisburn while the Romilles dominated upper Wharfedale and upper Airedale with their fortress at Skipton Castle . Craven
4554-439: Was processed in the month of January 1877 alone. Haw Crag Quarry is now an SSSI as it "key site in the understanding of carbonate environments in the Craven Basin." Bell Busk used to be in the West Riding of Yorkshire , but since the county boundary changes of 1974, it is now in North Yorkshire . Metcalfe Models and Toys, a model kit firm that specialises in cardboard buildings used for dioramas and by model railway hobbyists,
4623-544: Was seasonal, returning to the plains in winter. After 5000 BC long-distance trade is indicated by the distribution of stone axes . Lithic analysis can identify their quarry source as Langdale in central Cumbria and most finds are in Ribblesdale and Airedale indicating that Craven was their trade route through the Pennines. Neolithic farmers permanently settled in Craven, bringing domesticated livestock and used those stone axes to clear woodlands, probably by slash-and-burn , to increase areas for grazing and crops. In
4692-521: Was still suffering from Scottish raiders ; for example in 1318 they severely damaged churches as far south as Kildwick . In 1377, in the form of Poll Tax records, the earliest surviving detailed statistics of Craven were collected. From them we can compare the income brackets of various occupations, and the relative worth of villages. The records list every hamlet and village using the wapentake system . The Wapentakes of Staincliffe and Ewcross cover Craven but also areas beyond such as Sedbergh to
4761-408: Was used as a backdrop to the Bette Davis film Another Man's Poison in 1951, but was closed to passengers in 1959. The long distance paths, The Airedale Way, the Trans-Dale Trail 2 and the Rail to Trail Walk (the Bentham Line) pass through the hamlet on their way north (to the source of the River Aire for the Airedale Way and Greta Bridge for the Trans-Dale Trail), and westwards respectively. Both
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