Belyov ( Russian : Белёв ) is a town and the administrative center of Belyovsky District in Tula Oblast , Russia , located on the left bank of the Oka River . Population: 13,180 (2018); 13,918 ( 2010 Census ) .
19-575: As is the case with many other towns in the former Upper Oka Principalities , Belyov was first mentioned in a chronicle in 1147. After the disintegration of the Principality of Chernigov in the wake of the Mongol invasion of Rus' , Belyov became a seat of a local princely dynasty in 1468. The princes of Belyov fluctuated between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Grand Duchy of Moscow , until they moved to
38-513: A dozen tiny and ephemeral polities situated along the upper course of the Oka River at the turn of the 14th and 15th centuries. They were reigned by the "upper princes", each of which descended from Mikhail Vsevolodovich of Chernigov ( Grand Prince of Kiev c. 1236–1243). Nowadays, the areas concerned lie within the bounds of the Tula Oblast , Kaluga Oblast , Oryol Oblast and Bryansk Oblast of
57-412: Is home to Transmash railroad equipment factory. It is also famous for pastila whose production started in 1888 and was revived in 2010s. Upper Oka Principalities In Russian historiography the term Upper Oka Principalities ( Russian : Верховские княжества , romanized : Verkhovskie knyazhestva , lit. 'Upper Principalities') traditionally applies to about
76-698: The Town of Mozhaysk . As a municipal division , the Town of Mozhaysk is incorporated within Mozhaysky Municipal District as Mozhaysk Urban Settlement . The first stone cathedral was built in the kremlin in the early 14th century and named Nikolskiy (then Staro-Nikolsky ) Cathedral. It very much resembled the Dormition Cathedral in Zvenigorod . At that time the wooden statue of Saint Nicholas of Mozhaysk
95-794: The French invasion of Russia in 1812 the Battle of Borodino took place 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) from the town. In World War II , the German Wehrmacht took Mozhaysk on October 18, 1941; the Soviet Red Army re-captured it on January 20, 1942. Within the framework of administrative divisions , Mozhaysk serves as the administrative center of Mozhaysky District . As an administrative division, it is, together with twenty-one rural localities , incorporated within Mozhaysky District as
114-560: The Gothic Revival style, designed by Aleksei Bakarev ( Matvei Kazakov 's student), started in 1802, but the building was ransacked by the retreating French troops in 1812. Only in 1814 the cathedral was completed and consecrated. The church of St. Joachim and Anna preserves some parts from the early 15th century. Another important landmark is the Luzhetsky Monastery , founded in 1408 by St. Ferapont and rebuilt in brick in
133-462: The Russian Federation . Following the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' of 1223–1240, the formerly prominent Olgovichi clan of the Principality of Chernigov gradually declined to a point where the descendants of Mikhail of Chernigov (died 1246) ruled dozens of quasi-sovereign entities. As the principalities were wedged in between the ever-expanding Grand Duchy of Lithuania to the west and
152-531: The administrative center of Belyovsky District . As an administrative division, it is incorporated within Belyovsky District as Belyov Town Under District Jurisdiction . As a municipal division , Belyov Town Under District Jurisdiction is incorporated within Belyovsky Municipal District as Belyov Urban Settlement . The town contains one of the oldest churches in Tula Oblast . Belyov
171-445: The 16th century. The monastery cathedral, erected during the reign of Vasily III , was formerly known for its frescoes, ascribed to Dionisius ' circle. Mozhaysk was frequently the last major obstacle on the way to the capital and it gave birth to the expression "to push beyond Mozhay" ( загнать за Можай , zagnat' za Mozhay ), which literally means "to push (the enemy) beyond Mozhay". In modern usage, it means to "completely crush
190-646: The Mozhay (Mozhaya) River, whose name could be of Baltic origin (compare Lithuanian mažoji "small" - in contrast to the larger Moskva River nearby). Later Mozhaysk became an important stronghold of the Smolensk dynasty, in the 13th century ruled by Duke (later Saint) Theodore the Black . Muscovites seized Mozhaysk in 1303, but in the course of the following century had serious troubles defending it against Algirdas ( Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1345 to 1377). A younger brother of
209-550: The Upper Oka Principalities, therefore, started to look to Moscow for protection against Lithuanian expansionism. Others sought Lithuanian protection against Muscovite aggression, such as Prince Ivan of Mozhaysk who in 1454 fled to Lithuania to escape from Vasily II of Moscow . Towards the end of the 15th century, most of these princelings had moved to the Muscovite court. In 1494 Lithuania finally renounced her claims to
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#1732881267920228-524: The blood of Christians in rituals was embarrassing to the Communist Party when it came from Party Members, and a pogrom was narrowly averted in this instance. Some press sources from that time, most in Yiddish , condemned the inaction against the prominent community members and demanded adherence to Communist party policies on antisemitism. Within the framework of administrative divisions , Belyov serves as
247-631: The enemy and push them away at a great distance". The phrase originated during the Polish Muscovite War when the Polish Army retreated to Mozhaysk following the Battle of Moscow (1612) . Bus line 457 goes from the Mozhaysk autobus station to Park Pobedy in Moscow. Several bus and marshrutka services operate within Mozhaysk and connect the town with nearby localities, as well as with touristic sites in
266-465: The fields of Borodino . Railway transport is also available. Suburban regular and express trains run between Mozhaysk railway station and Moscow. The minor railway platform Km. 109 of the Belorussky suburban railway line , located on the outskirts of the city, serves the adjacement settlement of Stroitel . Mozhaysk is also linked by train to Smolensk Oblast , with both short-distance services between
285-606: The latter state. During World War II, Belyov was occupied by the German Army in October, 1941, but was liberated by elements of 10th Army on December 31, during the Soviet counteroffensive phase of the Battle of Moscow . Following an incident where a local Jewish families were accused of murdering a child to use his blood to bake matzah , there was a rise in anti-Jewish propaganda by Communist Party members. These allegations that Jews used
304-402: The nascent Principality of Moscow to the north, their rulers were constricted to continually fluctuate between these two major powers as buffer states. By the end of the 14th century, they were obliged to pay annual tribute to Lithuania. The strengthening alliance of Lithuanian rulers with Roman Catholic Poland caused shifts in the balance of power in the region. Most Orthodox rulers of
323-603: The region. Mozhaysk Mozhaysk ( Russian : Можа́йск , IPA: [mɐˈʐajsk] ) is a town and the administrative center of Mozhaysky District in Moscow Oblast , Russia , located 110 kilometers (68 mi) to the west of Moscow , on the historic road leading to Smolensk and then to Poland . Population: 31,363 ( 2010 Census ) ; 31,459 ( 2002 Census ) ; 30,735 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . First mentioned in 1231 as an appanage of Chernigov ; A theory says Mozhaysk took its name from
342-667: The ruling Grand Duke of Moscow usually held the Principality of Mozhaysk - until the practice was dropped in 1493. In 1562 Denmark and Russia signed the Treaty of Mozhaysk there during the Livonian War of 1558–1583. In 1708 the administration of Peter the Great granted town status to Mozhaysk. Mozhaysk played a role in defending the Western approaches to Moscow in the 19th and 20th centuries. During
361-626: Was carved by an unknown master and placed into the cathedral. Later the statue was moved to the Church Over-the-gates. The first fortified Detinets existed in the Mozhaysk as early as in the 12th century. After the great fire of 1541, it was completely rebuilt by an order of Ivan the Terrible . Only in the early 17th century, the stone fortress was constructed, replaced with the Kremlin made of bricks in 1624–1626. The Cathedral of St. Nicholas in
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