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66-492: Beiertheim was first mentioned in a document in 1110 as "Burdam" or "Burtan". The name probably comes from "Bur", meaning hut and "tan", meaning retreat or forest and was a hiding place for farmers and shepherds. Another mention is that the name is derived from "Buar", meaning " cattle place." The place was founded by the Count of Hohenberg. Bulach was first mentioned as a mill in a document dated May 18, 1193, as "Bulande". The name

132-825: A century; it continued in Snowdonia after it ceased elsewhere in Wales, and remnants of the practice can still be found in rural farming communities in the region to this day. Both "Hafod" and "Hendref" survive in Wales as place names and house names and in one case as the name of a raw milk cow cheese (Hafod). Today, cattle and sheep that summer on many hill farms are still transported to lowland winter pastures, but by truck rather than being driven overland. In many hilly and mountainous areas of Scotland, agricultural workers spent summer months in bothies or shielings ( àirigh or ruighe in Scottish Gaelic ). Major drovers' roads in

198-420: A certain number of people necessary to tend them, while the main population stays at the base. In contrast, movement in plains or plateaus (horizontal transhumance) is more susceptible to disruption by climatic, economic, or political change. Traditional or fixed transhumance has occurred throughout the inhabited world, particularly Europe and western Asia . It is often important to pastoralist societies, as

264-416: A covering. Huts are used by shepherds when moving livestock between seasonal grazing areas such as mountainous and lowland pastures ( transhumance ). They are also commonly used by backpackers and other travelers in rural areas. Some displaced populations of people use huts throughout the world during a diaspora . For example, temporary collectors in the wilderness agricultural workers at plantations in

330-568: A distinction between transhumant pastoralism and seminomadism, but he clearly distinguishes between nomadic pastoralism and seminomadism. There is evidence that transhumance was practised world-wide prior to recorded history: in Europe, isotope studies of livestock bones suggest that certain animals were moved seasonally. The prevalence of various groups of Hill people around the world suggests that indigenous knowledge regarding transhumance must have developed and survived over generations to allow for

396-462: A fun and friendly atmosphere. Examples include Pizza Hut and Sunglass Hut . Kiosks may be constructed to look like huts and are often found at parks , malls , beaches, or other public places, selling a variety of inexpensive food or goods. Luxury hotels in tropical areas where guests are assigned to occupy their own freestanding structure sometimes call the structure a "hut", though such huts typically bear little more than superficial resemblance to

462-403: A hut is generally less complex than that of a house (durable, well-built dwelling) but more so than that of a shelter (place of refuge or safety) such as a tent and is used as temporary or seasonal shelter or as a permanent dwelling in some indigenous societies. Huts exist in practically all nomadic cultures. Some huts are transportable and can stand most conditions of weather. The term

528-549: A mountain farm, often quite distant from a home farm, to preserve meadows in valleys for producing hay . Livestock is typically tended during the summer by girls and younger women, who also milk and make cheese. Bulls usually remain at the home farm. As autumn approaches and grazing is exhausted, livestock is returned to the farm. In Sweden, this system was predominantly used in Värmland , Dalarna , Härjedalen , Jämtland , Hälsingland , Medelpad and Ångermanland . The practice

594-633: A population of Eastern Romance shepherds ("ancestors" of the Istro-Romanians) who lived in the Dinaric Alps (western Balkans in modern use), constantly migrating in search of better pastures for their sheep flocks. But as national states appeared in the area of the former Ottoman Empire , new state borders were developed that divided the summer and winter habitats of many of the pastoral groups. These prevented easy movement across borders, particularly at times of war, which have been frequent. In Poland it

660-699: A remnant of an older ethnic culture now surviving in isolated minorities, such as the " Pasiegos " in Cantabria , " Agotes " in Navarre , and " Vaqueiros de alzada " in Asturias and León . Transhumance in the Pyrenees involves relocation of livestock (cows, sheep, horses) to high mountains during the summer months, because farms in the lowland are too small to support a larger herd all year round. The mountain period starts in late May or early June, and ends in early October. Until

726-576: A summer retreat on the former yayla grazing land. Transhumance related to sheep farming is still practised in Georgia . The shepherds with their flocks have to cross the 2,826 metres (9,272 ft) high Abano Pass from the mountains of Tusheti to the plains of Kakheti . Up until the dissolution of Soviet Union they intensively used the Kizlyar plains of Northern Dagestan for the same purpose. The central Afghan highlands of Afghanistan , which surround

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792-464: A treeless mountain plateau . This is the seterfjell , or summer farm region, once of vital importance both as summer pastureland and for haymaking. While previously many farms had their own seters, it is more usual for several farmers to share a modernised common seter ( fellesseter ). Most of the old seters have been left to decay or are used as recreational cabins. The name for the common mountain pasture in most Scandinavian languages derives from

858-453: Is called redyk, it is the ceremonial departure of shepherds with their flocks of sheep and shepherd dogs, to graze in the mountain pastures (spring redyk), as well as their return from grazing (autumn redyk). In the local mountain dialect, autumn redyk is called uosod, which comes from the Polish word "uosiadć" (ôsawiedź), to return sheep to individual farms. There is also a theory that it comes from

924-508: Is considered by some to be more appropriate. In the Western world the word hut is often used for a wooden shed . The term has also been adopted by climbers and backpackers to refer to a more solid and permanent structure offering refuge. These vary from simple bothies – which are little more than very basic shelters – to mountain huts that are far more luxurious and can even include facilities such as restaurants . The word comes from

990-524: Is derived either from "Bu", meaning beech trees and "lach", meaning damp, swampy ground or from "bu", meaning cow and "loc", meaning place. Even in the Middle Ages, both villages had a common court and a common Schultheiß . In the 19th century, a laundry industry developed in the town and lasted until after the Second World War . The village was financially well equipped as it repeatedly sold land to

1056-419: Is done is described: "(...) they herd sheep from the entire village to one agreed place, give them to the shepherds and shepherds one by one, then mix them together and count the number of the whole herd (flock). The sheep of all the shepherds were gathered in one place at the foot of the mountains, and then one large herd was driven to the szalas. The entrance to the hala was also particularly emphasized: there

1122-647: Is estimated, however, that tens of thousands of rural people still practice these traditions in villages on the northern and southwestern slopes of the Caucasus, in the lesser Caucasus in Armenia , and in the Turkish Black Sea region. Some communities continue to play out ancient migration patterns. For example, the Pontic Greeks visit the area and the monastery Sumela in the summer. Turks from cities in Europe have built

1188-694: Is mostly vertical while some families in the plains of the Jammu, Samba and Kathua districts also practice lateral or horizontal transhumance. More than 85% of the migratory transhumant population moves within the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir while the remaining 15% undertakes inter-state movement to the neighbouring Punjab State and to the Ladakh Union territory. Gujjars – a migratory tribe – also sparsely inhabit several areas in parts of Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. The Gujjar-Bakkerwal tribe represents

1254-415: Is often employed by people who consider non-western style homes in tropical and sub-tropical areas to be crude or primitive, but often the designs are based on traditions of local craftsmanship using sophisticated architectural techniques. The designs in tropical and sub-tropical areas favour high airflow configurations built from non-conducting materials, which allow heat dissipation. The term house or home

1320-713: Is the origin of numerous related cultures in the Americas such as the cowboys of the United States and the Gauchos of Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil. A network of droveways , or cañadas , crosses the whole peninsula, running mostly south-west to north-east. They have been charted since ancient times, and classified according to width; the standard cañada is between 37.5 to 75 metres (123 to 246 ft) wide, with some cañadas reales (meaning royal droveways ) being 800 metres (2,625 ft) wide at certain points. The land within

1386-608: Is used by both settled communities and nomadic pastoralists like the Pashtun Kuchis . Major pastures in the region include the Nawur pasture in northern Ghazni Province (whose area is about 600 km at elevation of up to 3,350 m), and the Shewa pasture and the Little Pamir in eastern Badakhshan Province . The Little Pamir pasture, whose elevation is above 4,000 metres (13,000 ft),

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1452-457: Is used by the Afghan Kyrgyz to raise livestock. In Nuristan , the inhabitants live in permanent villages surrounded by arable fields on irrigated terraces. Most of the livestock are goats. They are taken up to a succession of summer pastures each spring by herdsmen while most of the villagers remain behind to irrigate the terraced fields and raise millet, maize, and wheat; work mostly done by

1518-452: The Amazon jungle. Huts have been built for purposes other than as a dwelling such as storage, workshops, and teaching. Many huts are designed to be relatively quick and inexpensive to build. Construction often does not require specialized tools or knowledge. The term Hut is also used to name many commercial stores, companies, and concepts. The name implies a small, casual venue, often with

1584-466: The Beiertheimer Altar by Hans Wydyz . Hut A hut is a small dwelling , which may be constructed of various local materials. Huts are a type of vernacular architecture because they are built of readily available materials such as wood, snow, ice, stone, grass, palm leaves, branches, clay, hides, fabric, or mud using techniques passed down through the generations. The construction of

1650-594: The Koh-i-Baba and continue eastward into the Hindu Kush range, there are very cold winters, and short and cool summers. These highlands have mountain pastures during summer ( sardsīr ), watered by many small streams and rivers. There are also pastures available during winter in the neighboring warm lowlands ( garmsīr ), which makes the region ideal for seasonal transhumance. The Afghan Highlands contain about 225,000 km (87,000 sq mi) of summer pasture, which

1716-626: The Latin words trans "across" and humus "ground". Literally, it means crossing the land. Transhumance developed on every inhabited continent . Although there are substantial cultural and technological variations, the underlying practices for taking advantage of remote seasonal pastures are similar linguistically. Khazanov categorizes nomadic forms of pastoralism into five groups as follows: "pure pastoral nomadism", "semi-nomadic pastoralism", "semi-sedentary pastoralism", "distant-pastures husbandry" and "seasonal transhumance". Eickelman does not make

1782-561: The North Governorate of Lebanon . Towns and villages located in the Qadisha valley are at an average altitude of 1,400 metres (4,593 ft). Some settlements, like Ehden and Kfarsghab , are used during summer periods from the beginning of June until mid-October. Inhabitants move in October to coastal towns situated at an average of 200 metres (656 ft) above sea level. The transhumance

1848-618: The Old Norse term setr . In Norwegian, the term is sæter or seter ; in Swedish, säter . The place name appears in Sweden in several forms as Säter and Sätra , and as a suffix: - säter , - sätra , - sätt and - sättra . Those names appear extensively across Sweden with a centre in the Mälaren basin and in Östergötland . The surname "Satter" is derived from these words. In

1914-550: The dairy products of transhumance flocks and herds ( milk , butter , yogurt and cheese ) may form much of the diet of such populations. In many languages there are words for the higher summer pastures, and frequently these words have been used as place names: e.g. hafod in Wales, shieling in Scotland, or alp in Germany, Austria and German-speaking regions of Switzerland. The word transhumance comes from French and derives from

1980-582: The 1650s, from French hutte "cottage" (16c.), from Middle High German hütte "cottage, hut," probably from Proto-Germanic *hudjon-, related to the root of Old English hydan "to hide," from PIE *keudh-, from root (s)keu- (see hide (n.1)). Apparently first in English as a military word. Old Saxon hutta, Danish hytte, Swedish hytta, West Frisian and Middle Dutch hutte, Dutch hut are from High German. Ukrainian khata seems to be known from even earlier ages. Avestan or ancient Iranian origins presumably." related to hide ,

2046-501: The 1970s, transhumance was used mainly for dairy cows, and cheese-making was an important activity in the summer months. In some regions, nearly all members of a family decamped to higher mountains with their cows, living in rudimentary stone cabins for the summer grazing season. That system, which evolved during the Middle Ages , lasted into the 20th century. It declined and broke down under pressure from industrialisation , as people left

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2112-617: The Kashkai drove their livestock from south to north, where they lived in summer quarters, known as Yaylak , in the high mountains from April to October. They traditionally grazed their flocks on the slopes of the Kuh-e-Dinar , a group of mountains from 12,000 to 15,000 feet (3,700 to 4,600 m), part of the Zagros chain. In autumn the Kashkai broke camp, leaving the highlands to winter in warmer regions near Firuzabad, Kazerun, Jerrè, Farashband, on

2178-696: The Kinnaura community in Himachal Pradesh adapt to harsh high-altitude conditions. However, this age-old practice is under threat due to socioeconomic, policy, and environmental changes, risking the erosion of pastoralism-related TEK. The Bakhtiari tribe of Iran still practised this way of life in the mid-20th century. All along the Zagros Mountains from Azerbaijan to the Arabian Sea , pastoral tribes move back and forth with their herds annually according to

2244-525: The Tatra Society from 1876, the way in which this is done is described: "(...) they herd sheep from the entire village to one agreed place, give them to the shepherds and shepherds one by one, then mix them together and count the number of the whole herd (flock). ) pieces is (what they call "the reading"). The reading is done in such a way that one juhas, holding the chaplet in his hand, puts one bead for each ten sheep counted. The second one takes one sheep from

2310-474: The acquisition of sufficient skills to thrive in mountainous regions. Most drovers are conversant with subsistence agriculture , pastoralism as well as forestry and frozen water and fast stream management . In the Balkans , Albanians , Greek Sarakatsani , Eastern Romance ( Romanians , Aromanians , Megleno-Romanians and Istro-Romanians ) and Turkish Yörük peoples traditionally spent summer months in

2376-607: The banks of the Mond River . Their winter quarters were known as Kishlak/Qishlaq/Gishlak . The migration was organised and controlled by the Kashkai Chief. The tribes avoided villages and towns, such as Shiraz and Isfahan, because their large flocks, numbering seven million head, could cause serious damage. In the 1950s, the Kashkai tribes were estimated to number 400,000 people in total. There have been many social changes since that time. Examples of fixed transhumance are found in

2442-405: The character of the movement. The Sami people practice transhumance with reindeer by a different system than is described immediately below. The common mountain or forest pasture used for transhumance in summer is called seter or bod / bua . The same term is used for a related mountain cabin, which was used as a summer residence. In summer (usually late June), livestock is moved to

2508-661: The closure of the Sino-Indian border following the Sino-Indian War of 1962. In the decades following this war, transhumance as a way of life rapidly declined among the Bhotiya people. The pastoral Gujars of northern India rely on state forests for pasture but face increasing restrictions from the government. This has led to significant impoverishment as they lose traditional grazing land and fall into debt. Transhumant pastoralism, guided by traditional ecological knowledge (TEK), helps

2574-536: The countryside for jobs in cities. However, the importance of transhumance continues to be recognised through its celebration in popular festivals. The Mont Perdu / Monte Perdido region of the Pyrenees has been designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site by virtue of its association with the transhumance system of agriculture. In Scandinavia, transhumance is practised to a certain extent; however, livestock are transported between pastures by motorised vehicles, changing

2640-506: The droveways is publicly owned and protected by law. In some high valleys of the Pyrenees and the Cantabrian Mountains , transhumant herding has been the main, or only, economic activity. Regulated passes and pasturage have been distributed among different valleys and communities according to the seasonal range of use and community jurisdiction. Unique social groups associated with the transhumant lifestyle are sometimes identified as

2706-687: The eastern part of Scotland include the Cairnamounth , Elsick Mounth and Causey Mounth . This practice has largely stopped but was practised within living memory in the Hebrides and in the Scottish Highlands . Today much transhumance is carried out by truck, with upland flocks being transported under agistment to lower-lying pasture during winter. Evidence exists of transhumance being practised in England since at least medieval times, from Cornwall in

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2772-604: The establishment of a mounted police force as far back as the 17th century. The tratturi remain public property and subject to conservation by the law protecting cultural heritage. The Molise region candidates the tratturi to the UNESCO as a world heritage. Transhumance is historically widespread throughout much of Spain, particularly in the regions of Castile, Leon and Extremadura, where nomadic cattle and sheep herders travel long distances in search of greener pastures in summer and warmer climatic conditions in winter. Spanish transhumance

2838-644: The expanding city of Karlsruhe. The community used to be a lot bigger. Beiertheim was incorporated into Karlsruhe on January 1, 1907, followed by Bulach on April 1, 1929. Today there are, among other things, in town the Stephanienbad swimming pool building that was modified to the Paul Gerhardt church, the Hofgut Scheibenhardt estate, as well as the Catholic churches of St. Cyriakus und St. Michael with

2904-575: The first half of the 20th century, as the Kemalist and later Soviet governments tried to modernise the societies and stress urban development, rather than maintaining rural traditions. In the second half of the 20th century, migration for work from the Pontic mountains to cities in Turkey and western Europe, and from the northern Caucasus to Moscow , dramatically reduced the number of people living in transhumance. It

2970-402: The flock and, as he lets it out of the fenced barracks, counts: one, two, three, etc. up to ten, and after each ten he calls out: "desat" The leading of the sheep was preceded by magical procedures that were supposed to protect them from bad fate and from being enchanted. For this purpose, bonfires were lit and sheep were led through the fire. It began with the resurrection of the "holy fire" in

3036-625: The heartland of the Swedish transhumance region, the most commonly used term is bod or bua (the word is also used for small storage houses and the like; it has evolved in English as booth ); in modern Standard Swedish , fäbod . The oldest mention of seter in Norway is in Heimskringla , the saga of Olaf II of Norway 's travel through Valldal to Lesja . In the heavily forested Caucasus and Pontic mountain ranges, various peoples still practice transhumance to varying degrees. During

3102-1000: The highest transhumant population in the world and accounts for nearly 98% of the transhumant population in Jammu and Kashmir. The Bhotiya communities of Uttarakhand historically practiced transhumance. They would spend the winter months at low altitude settlements in the Himalayan foothills, gathering resources to trade in Tibet over the summer. In the summer, they would move up to high-altitude settlements along various river valleys. Traditionally involved in wool cleaning, spinning, and weaving items like shawls and carpets, these villagers now rely on transhumant herders for raw materials as they no longer keep livestock. Some people would remain at these settlements to cultivate farms; some would head to trade marts, crossing high mountain passes into western Tibet, while some others would practice nomadic pastoralism. This historic way of life came to an abrupt halt due to

3168-407: The kolyba (shepherd's hut). Custom dictated that from that day on, it was to be kept burning continuously by the main shepherd – the shepherd. Next, the sheep were led around a small chevron or spruce tree stuck in the ground – the so-called mojka (which was supposed to symbolize the health and strength of everyone present in the hall) and they were fumigated with burning herbs and a połazzka brought to

3234-403: The landscape still clearly shows the layout of the rundale system of agriculture. The livestock, usually cattle, was moved from a permanent lowland village to summer pastures in the mountains. The appearance of "Summerhill" ( Irish : Cnoc an tSamhraidh ) in many place names also bears witness to the practice. This transfer alleviated pressure on the growing crops and provided fresh pasture for

3300-569: The livestock. Mentioned in the Brehon Laws , booleying dates back to the Early Medieval period or even earlier. The practice was widespread in the west of Ireland up until the time of the Second World War. Seasonal migration of workers to Scotland and England for the winter months superseded this ancient system, together with more permanent emigration to the United States. In Southern Italy,

3366-580: The mountains and returned to lower plains in the winter. When the area was part of the Austro-Hungary and Ottoman Empires , borders between Greece, Albania, Bulgaria and the former Yugoslavia were relatively unobstructed. In summer, some groups went as far north as the Balkan Mountains , and they would spend the winter on warmer plains in the vicinity of the Aegean Sea . The Morlach or Karavlachs were

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3432-576: The organisers was the Transhumant Pastoral Foundation. In most parts of Wales , farm workers and sometimes the farmer would spend the summer months at a hillside summer house, or hafod ( pronounced [ˈhavɔd] ), where the livestock would graze. During the late autumn the farm family and workers would drive the flocks down to the valleys and stay at the main house or hendref ( [ˈhɛndrɛv] ). This system of transhumance has generally not been practised for almost

3498-498: The pastoral culture in Poland, Redyk was perceived as the greatest village festival. Farmers who gave their sheep to a shepherd for the entire season, before grazing in the pastures, listed them (most often by marking them with notches on the shepherd's stick, stick or beam), marked them and placed them in a basket made of tynin. In the Memoir of the Tatra Society from 1876, the way in which this

3564-433: The practice of driving herds to hilly pasture in summer was also known in some parts of the regions l and has had a long-documented history until the 1950s and 1960s with the advent of alternative road transport. Drovers' roads , or tratturi , up to 100 metres (328 ft) wide and more than 100 kilometres (62 mi) long, permitted the passage and grazing of herds, principally sheep, and attracted regulation by law and

3630-494: The relatively short summer, wind from the Black Sea brings moist air up the steep valleys, which supports fertile grasslands at altitudes up to 2,500 metres (8,202 ft), and a rich tundra at altitudes up to 3,500 metres (11,483 ft). Traditionally, villages were divided into two, three or even four distinct settlements (one for each season) at different heights of a mountain slope. Much of this rural life came to an end during

3696-475: The sałasz. This was intended to cleanse them of diseases and prevent misfortune. Then the flock was herded around it three times, which was intended to concentrate the sheep into one group and prevent individual animals from escaping. Baca's task was to pull the sheep behind him, helping himself with salt which he sprinkled on the flock. With the help of dogs and whistles, the Juhasi encouraged the herd and made sure that

3762-522: The seasons, between their permanent homes in the valley and one in the foothills. The Qashqai (Kashkai) are a Turkic tribe of southern Iran, who in the mid-20th century still practised transhumance. The tribe was said to have settled in ancient times in the province of Fars , near the Persian Gulf , and by the mid-20th century lived beyond the Makran mountains. In their yearly migrations for fresh pastures,

3828-513: The sheep followed the shepherd. Sheep that fell outside the circle boded ill. It was believed that the number of sheep that fell outside the circle would die in the coming season. The stay in the pasture (hala) begins on St. Wojciech's Day (April 23), and ends on Michaelmas Day (September 29). This method of sheep grazing is a relic of transhumant agriculture, which was once very common in the Carpathians. (Carpathian transhumance agriculture). In

3894-793: The south-west, through to the north of England. In the Lake District, hill sheep breeds, such as the Herdwick and Swaledale are moved between moor and valley in summer and winter. This led to a trait and system known as "hefting", whereby sheep and flock remain in the farmer's allotted area (heaf) of the commons, which is still practised. In Ireland, transhumance is known as "booleying". Transhumance pastures were known as buaile , variously anglicised as booley , boley , bouley or boola . These names survive in many place names such as Buaile h'Anraoi in Kilcommon parish, Erris , North Mayo , where

3960-508: The swinszczok, the masztołka. Redyk included many local practices, rituals and celebrations. In modern time it is mainly a part of local traditional entertainment. The modern spring and autumn Redyk (sheep drive) has the character of a folkloric spectacle addressed to locals and tourists, but also to the highlanders themselves, who to identify with their traditions. Sometimes common redyk was organised also in Czechia, Slovakia and Romania. In Poland,

4026-418: The traditional concept of a hut. Transhumance Transhumance is a type of pastoralism or nomadism, a seasonal movement of livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures. In montane regions ( vertical transhumance ), it implies movement between higher pastures in summer and lower valleys in winter. Herders have a permanent home, typically in valleys. Generally only the herds travel, with

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4092-624: The women. In the autumn after the grain and fruit harvest, livestock are brought back to spend the winter stall-fed in stables. Jammu and Kashmir in India has the world's highest transhumant population as per a survey conducted by a team led by Dr Shahid Iqbal Choudhary, IAS, Secretary to the Government of Jammu and Kashmir, Tribal Affairs Department. The 1st Survey of Transhumance in 2021 captured details of 6,12,000 members of ethnic tribal communities viz Gujjars , Bakkerwals, Gaddis and Sippis. The survey

4158-402: The word uozchod (ôzchod), which means the separation of sheep from individual gazdōwek (farms). In this word, there may have been a complete loss of the pronunciation of ch, which in the Podhale dialect (Poland) in this type of positions is pronounced as a barely audible h (so-called sonorous h), similarly to the word schować, which in the highlander language is pronounced as sowa. In the Memoir of

4224-422: Was carried out for development and welfare planning for these communities notified as Scheduled tribes under the Constitution of India . Subsequent to the survey a number of flagship initiatives were launched by the Government for their welfare and development especially in sectors like healthcare, veterinary services, education, livelihood and transportation support for migration. Transhumance in Jammu and Kashmir

4290-476: Was common throughout most of Norway, due to its highly mountainous nature and limited areas of lowland for cultivation. The Gudbrandsdal area includes lateral valleys such as Gausdal , Heidal , Vinstra , and Ottadalen . This area comprises lowland parishes 200 m above sea-level and mountain parishes 800 m above sea-level, fertile soil in the main valley and barren summits in Rondane and Dovrefjell. Forests surround those farms, but higher up, woods give way to

4356-413: Was shooting, honking and shouting all the way. This was intended to drive away evil spirits from their animals and to keep the entire herd together. At the end of the ceremony, there was music and dancing together. The musicians played traditional instruments: gajdas and violins. To the accompaniment of music, the Sałashniks performed the oldest individual dance – the owiedziok, the owczarza, the kolomajka,

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