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55-456: Two houses similar to the neighbouring Sigvart Grubbe House at No. 28 were built at the site by Sigvart Grubbe in 1626. One of the properties was listed as No. 19 in Copenhagen's first cadastre of 1689 and was at that time owned by one schoutbynacht Dreier. The other one was as No. 20 owned by soap manufacturer Peder Hansen. The old No. 10 was listed as No. 36 in the new cadastre of 1756 and

110-480: A par force hunt in what is believed to be an imaginary setting although it has been speculated that Selsø lake and manor house may have served as an inspiration. The artist is unknown. Christian VII revived par force hunting in August 1767 but the practice was abolished in 1777. Cadastre A cadastre or cadaster is a comprehensive recording of the real estate or real property 's metes-and-bounds of

165-488: A State , argues that all maps, but particularly cadastral maps, are designed to make local situations legible to an outsider, and in doing so, enable states to collect data on their subjects. He sees the origins of this in Early Modern Europe , where taxation became more complex. Cadastral maps, he argues, are always a great simplification, but they in themselves help change reality. Cadastral documentation comprises

220-403: A bookkeeper, resided in the building with his eight-year-old daughter Mariane Charlotte Carstensdatter, a female cook and a maid. Rasmus Jensen, sugar master at the sugar refinery, resided in the building with his Christiane Frederikke Jensen, a female cook and seven workmen. The property was listed as No. 45 in the new cadastre of 1806. The property was home to 25 residents in two households at

275-567: A comprehensive renovation of his properties, merging them into one building. Behagen lived there until his death in 1783. In 1791, the house was acquired by Jeppe Prætorius , another merchant. In 1796, it was subject to another renovation. The property was home to 22 residents at the 1787 census. Elisabeth Giertrud Behagen resided in the building with her son Joost Johan Behagen, her daughter-in-law Maria Agatha Augusta and their one-year-old daughter Elisabeth Alida Augusta, sugar refinery master Christen Herbom and another nine employees associated with

330-473: A country. Often it is represented graphically in a cadastral map . In most countries, legal systems have developed around the original administrative systems and use the cadastre to define the dimensions and location of land parcels described in legal documentation. A land parcel or cadastral parcel is defined as "a continuous area, or more appropriately volume, that is identified by a unique set of homogeneous property rights". Cadastral surveys document

385-610: A daughter, Princess Louise Augusta , and was the catalyst for the intrigues and power play that caused his downfall and dramatic death. Born at Halle an der Saale and baptized at St. Moritz on 7 August 1737, Struensee was the third child of six born to Pietist theologian and minister Adam Struensee (baptized in Neuruppin on 8 September 1708 – Rendsburg , 20 June 1791), Pfarrer (" curate ") in Halle an der Saale in 1732, "Dr. theol. (h. c.) von Halle" ( Doctor of Theology (honoris causa, "for

440-547: A means of more precise tax assessment. A cadastral map is a map that shows the boundaries and ownership of land parcels. Some cadastral maps show additional details, such as survey district names, unique identifying numbers for parcels, certificate of title numbers, positions of existing structures, section or lot numbers and their respective areas, adjoining and adjacent street names, selected boundary dimensions and references to prior maps. James C. Scott , in Seeing Like

495-706: A proponent of atheism , the writings of Claude Adrien Helvétius , and other French materialists. When Adam and Maria Dorothea Struensee moved to Altona in 1758, where the elder Struensee became pastor of Trinitatiskirche (Trinity's Church), Johann Friedrich moved with them. He was soon employed as a public doctor in Altona, in the estate of Count Rantzau, and in the Pinneberg District . His wages were meager and he expected to supplement them with private practice. His parents moved to Rendsburg in 1760 where Adam Struensee became first superintendent (comparable to bishop) for

550-593: A tight framework of legislation'. With the view of assessing transaction costs, a European project: Modelling real property transactions (2001–2005) charted procedures for the transfer of ownership and other rights in land and buildings. Cadastral documentation is described, e.g. for Finland as follows '8. Surveyor draws up cadastral map and cadastral documents … 10. Surveyor sends cadastral documents to cadastral authority.' In Australia, similar activities are referred to as 'lodgement of plans of subdivision at land titles offices' Cadastre management has been used by

605-444: A title register. The International Federation of Surveyors defines cadastre as follows: A Cadastre is normally a parcel-based, and up-to-date land information system containing a record of interests in land (e.g. rights, restrictions and responsibilities). It usually includes a geometric description of land parcels linked to other records describing the nature of the interests, the ownership or control of those interests, and often

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660-508: A widow, resided on the second floor with her three children (aged three to nine), her father Gottfried Plugemacher, a lodger, two maids and a coachman. Carl August Hemeche, a workman, resided in the basement with his wife Johanne Bruyn and their three children (aged two to nine). Prior had lived in the building since 1848. He bought the Prior House in Bredgade in 1850. The property belonged to

715-842: Is often a base element in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) or Land Information Systems (LIS) used to assess and manage land and built infrastructure. Such systems are also employed on a variety of other tasks, for example, to track long-term changes over time for geological or ecological studies, where land tenure is a significant part of the scenario. The cadastre is a fundamental source of data in disputes and lawsuits between landowners. Land registration and cadastre are both types of land recording and complement each other. By clearly assigning property rights and demarcating land, cadasters have been attributed with strengthening state fiscal capacity and economic growth. The word cadastre came into English through French from

770-493: The Greek katástikhon ( κατάστιχον ), a list or register, from katà stíkhon ( κατὰ στίχον )—literally, "(organised) line by line". A cadastre commonly includes details of the ownership , the tenure , the precise location, the dimensions (and area), the cultivations if rural, and the value of individual parcels of land. Cadastres are used by many nations around the world, some in conjunction with other records, such as

825-495: The Norwegian viceroyship . Henceforth, the cabinet with himself as its motive power became the one supreme authority in the state. Struensee held absolute sway for almost thirteen months, between 18 December 1770 and 16 January 1772. During that time, he issued no fewer than 1,069 cabinet orders, or more than three a day. Reforms initiated by Struensee included: Other reforms included the abolition of capital punishment for theft;

880-637: The Tithe Commission . In the United States , cadastral survey within the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) maintains records of all public lands . Such surveys often require detailed investigation of the history of land use, legal accounts, and other documents. The Public Lands Survey System is a cadastral survey of the United States originating in legislation from 1785, after international recognition of

935-543: The boundaries of land ownership, by the production of documents, diagrams, sketches, plans ( plats in the US), charts, and maps. They were originally used to ensure reliable facts for land valuation and taxation. An example from early England is the Domesday Book in 1086. Napoleon established a comprehensive cadastral system for France that is regarded as the forerunner of most modern versions. Cadastral survey information

990-545: The 1840 census. Johannes Henrik Hedemann, a merchant ( grosserer ), resided on the ground floor with his wife Dorothea Margrethe Hedeman and five employees. Joh. St. Brandt, another merchant ( grosserer ), resided on the first floor with his nine children (aged nine to 30), three employees and a housekeeper. Two male servants and three maids resided on the third floor. Later notable residents include supreme court attorney and politician Orla Lehmann who lived there in 1847–1848. He

1045-434: The 1850 census. August Seydal, a merchant ( grosserer ), resided on the ground floor with his wife Sira Helsted, lodger Peter Petersen (merchant, grosserer ) and one maid. Hans Peter Prior, another merchant ( grosserer ), resided on the first floor with his wife Regine Schmidt, their six children (aged two to 18), a 27-year-old son from his first marriage, three clerks and two maids. Thora Brandt født Plugemacher,

1100-622: The Struensee sons went to University, but none became theologians like their father; two of the daughters married ministers. Johann Friedrich entered the University of Halle on 5 August 1752 at the age of fifteen where he studied medicine , and graduated as a Doctor in Medicine ("Dr. Med.") on 12 December 1757. The university exposed him to Age of Enlightenment ideals, and social and political critique and reform. He supported these new ideas, becoming

1155-564: The United States. The Dominion Land Survey is a similar cadastral survey conducted in Western Canada, begun in 1871 after the creation of the Dominion of Canada in 1867. Both cadastral surveys are made relative to principal meridian and baselines . These cadastral surveys divided the surveyed areas into townships . Some much earlier surveys in Ohio created 25 square mile townships when the design of

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1210-550: The autumn of 1771, found expression in a conspiracy against him, headed by Schack Carl Rantzau and others, in the name of the Queen Dowager Juliana Maria , to wrest power away from the king, and secure her and her son's positions of power. The court returned to Christiansborg Palace on 8 January 1772. The season's first masquerade ball was held at the Court Theatre on 16 January. A palace coup took place in

1265-471: The conventional cadastre concept include the 3D cadastre , considering the vertical domain; and the multipurpose cadastre , considering non-parcel data. According to the UN Economic Commission for Europe , a " Marine Cadastre describes the location and spatial extent of rights, restrictions and responsibilities in the marine environment". Marine cadastres apply the same governance principles to

1320-449: The country that they were supposed to govern. Initially, the Danish people favored his reforms, but they began to turn against him. When Struensee abolished all censorship of the press, it mostly resulted in a flood of anti-Struensee pamphlets. During the initial months of his rule, middle-class opinion was in his favour. What incensed the people most against him was the way in which he put

1375-467: The documentary materials submitted to cadastre or land administration offices for renewal of cadastral recordings. Cadastral documentation is kept in paper and/or electronic form. Jurisdiction statutes and further provisions specify the content and form of the documentation, as well as the person(s) authorized to prepare and sign the documentation, including concerned parties (owner, etc.), licensed surveyors and legal advisors. The office concerned reviews

1430-684: The doing away with such demoralizing abuses as perquisites; and of "lackey-ism", the appointment of powerful men's domestic staff to lucrative public posts. Critics of Struensee thought that he did not respect native Danish and Norwegian customs, saw them as prejudices and wanted to eliminate them in favour of abstract principles. He also did not speak Danish and conducted his business in German. To ensure obedience, he dismissed entire staffs of public departments, without pensions or compensation, and substituted with nominees of his own. The new officials were in many cases inexperienced men who knew little or nothing of

1485-399: The duchy, and subsequently superintendent-general of Schleswig-Holstein . Struensee, now 23 years old, had to set up his own household for the first time. His lifestyle expectations were not matched by his economics. His perceived intelligence and manner, however, soon made him fashionable in the better circles, and he entertained his contemporaries with his controversial opinions. Struensee

1540-532: The early morning of 17 January 1772, Struensee, Brandt and Queen Caroline Matilda were arrested in their respective bedrooms, and the perceived liberation of the king, who was driven round Copenhagen by his deliverers in a gold carriage, was received with universal rejoicing. The chief charge against Struensee was that he had usurped the royal authority in contravention of the Royal Law ( Kongelov ). He defended himself with considerable ability and, at first, confident that

1595-563: The extent of land rather than using more precise surveys. Only in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries did the use of cadastral maps resume, beginning in the Netherlands. With the emergence of capitalism in Renaissance Europe, the need for cadastral maps reemerged as a tool to determine and express control of land as a means of production. This took place first privately in land disputes and later spread to governmental practice as

1650-406: The force of royal ordinances, even if unprovided with the royal sign manual. Struensee's relations with the queen were offensive to a nation which had a traditional veneration for the royal House of Oldenburg , and Caroline Matilda's conduct in public scandalized the populace. The society which daily gathered round the king and queen excited the derision of the foreign ambassadors. The unhappy king

1705-488: The honor") from the University of Halle ) in 1757, pastor in Altona between 1757 and 1760, " Kgl. Generalsuperintendant von Schleswig und Holstein " ("Royal general superintendent of Schleswig and Holstein") between 1760 and 1791, and his wife (m. Berleburg , 8 May 1732) Maria Dorothea Carl ( Berleburg , 31 July 1716 – Schleswig , 31 December 1792), a respectable middle-class family that believed in religious tolerance. Three of

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1760-531: The honorary degree of Doctor in Medicine from the University of Cambridge. During the eight-month tour, he gained the king's confidence and affection. The king's ministers, Bernstorff and Finance Minister H.C. Schimmelmann , were pleased with Struensee's influence on the king, who began making fewer embarrassing "scenes". Upon the court's return to Copenhagen in January 1769, Struensee was appointed personal physician to

1815-507: The jurist Ingvar Smidt Bertjelsen in 100. The Neoclassical townhouse seen today is 10 bays wide and consists of three storeys, a cellar and a mansard roof with black-glazed tiles. The central triangular pediment above the third floor features a cartouche with the letter 'B' (for Behagen) and the year '1769'. The building contains a mural from about 1771 featuring a royal hunting scene. It depicts Christian VII accompanied by Johann Friedrich Struensee and Queen Caroline Matilda during

1870-464: The king completely on one side, and the feeling was all the stronger as, outside a very narrow court circle, nobody seems to have believed that Christian VII was really mad, but only that his will had been weakened by habitual ill usage . That opinion was confirmed by the publication of the cabinet order of 14 July 1771, which appointed Struensee "gehejme kabinetsminister" or "Geheimekabinetsminister", with authority to issue cabinet orders which were to have

1925-458: The king. In May, he was given the honorary title of State Councillor, which advanced him to the class of the third rank at court. Struensee wrote an important report on the mental health of the King. First he reconciled the king and queen. At first Caroline Matilda disliked Struensee, but she was unhappy in her marriage, neglected and spurned by the king, and affected by his illness. However, Struensee

1980-465: The populace of Denmark and Norway. Christian VII along with his queen, Struensee, Brandt, and members of the royal court, spent the summer of 1771 at Hirschholm Palace north of Copenhagen. They stayed there until late in the autumn. On 7 July, the queen gave birth to a daughter, Louise Augusta . The court moved to Frederiksberg Palace just west of Copenhagen on 19 November. The general ill will against Struensee, which had been smouldering all through

2035-485: The principles of Enlightenment, such as outlined by Jean-Jacques Rousseau 's challenge to return to nature. However, he had his own interpretation of Rousseau's ideas and preferred isolating the child and encouraging him to manage things largely on his own. He also took Rousseau's advice about cold being beneficial for children literally, and the Crown Prince was thus only sparsely clothed even during wintertime. Struensee

2090-411: The prosecution would not dare to lay hands on the queen, he denied that their liaison had ever been criminal. The queen was taken as prisoner of state to Kronborg Castle . On 27 April/28 April, Struensee and Brandt were condemned first to lose their right hands and then to be beheaded. Their bodies were afterwards to be drawn and quartered . The Kongelov had no provisions for a mentally-ill ruler who

2145-400: The refinery were also part of the household. The staff consisted of a housekeeper, five maids and a coachman. The property was home to 25 residents in three households at the 1801 census. Andreas Ewald Meinert, a renteskriver , resided in the building with his wife Marie Kirstine Meinert, their five children (aged nine to 23), a housekeeper, a male servant and two maids. Carsten Carstensen,

2200-639: The royal court in Copenhagen. Among them were Enevold Brandt and Count Schack Carl Rantzau , who were supporters of the Enlightenment . Rantzau recommended Struensee to the court as a physician to attend King Christian VII on his forthcoming tour to princely and royal courts in western Germany, the Netherlands, England, and France. Struensee received the appointment in April 1768. The king and his entourage set forth on 6 May. While in England Struensee received

2255-528: The software industry since at least 2005. It mainly refers to the use of technology for management of cadastre and land information in geographic information systems , spatial data infrastructures and software architecture , rather than to general management issues of cadastral and other land information agencies. In 1836, Colonel Robert Dawson of the Royal Engineers proposed that a cadastre be implemented in light of his experiences as on secondment to

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2310-523: The state lands which the Emperor Augustus had given to the soldiers of Legion II Gallica, but which for some years had been occupied by private individuals, ordered a survey map to be set up with a record on each 'century' of the annual rental". In this way Vespasian was able to reimpose taxation formerly uncollected on these lands. With the fall of Rome, the use of cadastral maps effectively discontinued. Medieval practice used written descriptions of

2365-718: The submitted information; if the documentation does not comply with stated provisions, the office may set a deadline for the applicant to submit complete documentation. The concept of cadastral documentation emerged late in the English language, as the institution of cadastre developed outside English-speaking countries. In a Danish textbook, one out of fifteen chapters regards the form and content of documents concerning subdivision and other land matters. Early textbooks of international scope focused on recordings in terms of land registration and technical aspects of cadastral survey , yet note that 'cadastral surveying has been carried out within

2420-587: The summer of 1770 in Schleswig-Holstein ( Gottorp , Traventhal , and Ascheberg ) his power grew. In December 1770, he grew impatient and on the 10th of that month, he abolished the council of state. A week later, he appointed himself maître des requêtes . It became his official duty to present reports from the various departments of state to the king. Because King Christian was scarcely responsible for his actions, Struensee dictated whatever answers he pleased. Next, he dismissed all department heads, and abolished

2475-713: The system was being explored. Later, the design became square land areas of approximately 36 square miles (six miles by six miles). These townships are divided into sections , each approximately one-mile square. Unlike in Europe, this cadastral survey largely preceded settlement and as a result greatly influenced settlement patterns. Properties are generally rectangular, boundary lines often run on cardinal bearings, and parcel dimensions are often in fractions or multiples of chains . Land descriptions in Western North America are principally based on these land surveys. Extensions of

2530-516: The value of the parcel and its improvements. Some of the earliest cadastres were ordered by Roman Emperors to recover state owned lands that had been appropriated by private individuals, and thereby recover income from such holdings. One such cadastre was done in AD 77 in Campania, a surviving stone marker of the survey reads "The Emperor Vespasian , in the eighth year of his tribunician power, so as to restore

2585-433: The water. They help further conservation and sustainability efforts. This is especially a concern in Europe's large aquatic market. In Australia, they are used by many parties to plan around legal, technical, and institutional considerations. A related concept is that of marine spatial data infrastructures . Johann Friedrich Struensee Lensgreve Johann Friedrich Struensee (5 August 1737 – 28 April 1772)

2640-405: Was a German-Danish physician, philosopher and statesman. He became royal physician to the mentally ill King Christian VII of Denmark and a minister in the Danish government. He rose in power to a position of de facto regent of the country, and he tried to carry out widespread reforms. His affair with Queen Caroline Matilda ("Caroline Mathilde") caused a scandal, especially after the birth of

2695-428: Was ambitious and petitioned the Danish government through Minister of Foreign Affairs Count Johann Hartwig Ernst von Bernstorff for funds. He tried his hand at writing Enlightenment treatises and published many of them in his journal Zum Nutzen und Vergnügen ("For benefit and enjoyment"). During Struensee's near ten-year residence in Altona he came into contact with a circle of aristocrats who had been sent away from

2750-402: Was at that time owned by a widow named Hegelund. The old No 20 was as No. 37 owned by etatsråd Frederik Holmsted. Holmsted owned the property from 1739 to 1769. In 1759, Gysbert Behagen , a wealthy merchant, acquired one of the two houses. In 1764, he obtained a royal licence to establish a sugar refinery in the yard. In 1768, Behagen also acquired the other house and in 1769 he undertook

2805-562: Was little more than the butt of his environment, but occasionally, the king would put up a show of obstinacy and refuse to carry out Brandt's or Struensee's orders. Once, when he threatened his keeper, Brandt, with a flogging for some impertinence, Brandt ended up in a struggle with the King and he struck the King in the face. Struensee's dismissal of many government officials and officers brought him numerous political enemies. On 30 November 1771, he declared himself and Brandt counts . Those actions stirred feelings of unease and dissatisfaction in

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2860-415: Was named royal adviser (forelæser) and konferensråd on 5 May 1770. As in the course of the year the king sank into a condition of mental torpor, Struensee's authority became paramount. On 15 September the 16-month period generally referred to as the "Time of Struensee" began. At first, Struensee kept a low profile as he began to control the political machine. However, as the royal court and government spent

2915-467: Was one of the fathers of the Danish Constitution of 1849 . Carl Joakim Brandt, a priest, church historian and literary historian, lived on the ground floor from 1876 to 79. The painter Frants Henningsen lived on the second floor from 1890 to 1894. The philosopher and professor Harald Høffding lived on the second floor from 1906 to 1908. The property was home to 32 residents in four households at

2970-514: Was one of the few people who paid attention to the lonely queen, and he seemed to do his best to alleviate her troubles. Over time her affection for the young doctor grew and by spring 1770 he became her lover; a successful vaccination of the baby crown prince in May still further increased his influence. Struensee was very involved with the upbringing of the Crown Prince Frederick VI along

3025-519: Was unfit to govern. However, as a commoner who had imposed himself in the circles of nobility, Struensee was condemned as being guilty of lèse majesté and usurpation of the royal authority, both of which were capital offences according to Paragraphs 2 and 26 of the Kongelov . Struensee awaited his execution at Kastellet, Copenhagen . The sentences were carried out on 28 April 1772, with Brandt being executed first. The king himself considered Struensee

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