Misplaced Pages

#568431

66-431: Historically, present-day Torac [Torak] is formed from the union of two settlements – one named Mali Torak ( Serbian Cyrillic : Мали Торак , Romanian : Toracul Mic , German : Kleintorak , Hungarian : Kis-Tárnok , "little Torak"), and another named Veliki Torak ( Serbian Cyrillic : Велики Торак , Romanian : Toracul Mare , German : Großtorak , Hungarian : Nagy-Tárnok , "great Torak"). The road leading to

132-528: A challenge in Unicode modeling, as the glyphs differ only in italic versions, and historically non-italic letters have been used in the same code positions. Serbian professional typography uses fonts specially crafted for the language to overcome the problem, but texts printed from common computers contain East Slavic rather than Serbian italic glyphs. Cyrillic fonts from Adobe, Microsoft (Windows Vista and later) and

198-507: A few other font houses include the Serbian variations (both regular and italic). If the underlying font and Web technology provides support, the proper glyphs can be obtained by marking the text with appropriate language codes. Thus, in non-italic mode: whereas: Since Unicode unifies different glyphs in same characters, font support must be present to display the correct variant. The standard Serbian keyboard layout for personal computers

264-715: A loss of population, its inhabitants pursuing economic opportunities in many parts of the world. In the United States of America, Romanians settled relatively late. For example, in 1904 there were 12 Romanians in the city of South St. Paul, the state of Minnesota. According to the evidence presented by John Stefan, almost all of these Romanians were from Toracul Mare, Torontal county. Among the first Romanians settled in South St. Paul were Stefan Rosu, Pavel Alasu, Ioan Musteti, Andrei Musteti, Theodore Cinezan, Pavel Motoc, and Pavel Anuica. This trend in emigration from Torac (and other towns in

330-607: A lower-level act, for national minorities). It is also an official script in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro , along with Gaj's Latin alphabet . Serbian Cyrillic is in official use in Serbia , Montenegro , and Bosnia and Herzegovina . Although Bosnia "officially accept[s] both alphabets", the Latin script is almost always used in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina , whereas Cyrillic

396-667: A military to a civilian government. This year was also the beginning of a policy of colonization of thousands of Germans and other groups from the territories of the Holy Roman Empire into the territories conquered from the Turks, including the Banat region. Colonizations of 1765–1767 Between 1765 and 1767, the Vienna Court forcibly colonized Romanians from one area of the Banat to another, in order to make room for colonists from other parts of

462-586: A short schwa , e.g. /fə/).: Summary tables According to tradition, Glagolitic was invented by the Byzantine Christian missionaries and brothers Saints Cyril and Methodius in the 860s, amid the Christianization of the Slavs . Glagolitic alphabet appears to be older, predating the introduction of Christianity, only formalized by Cyril and expanded to cover non-Greek sounds. The Glagolitic alphabet

528-683: A smaller delegation from this group, traveled to Bucharest. Their hope was to have meetings with government members. Arriving in the Romanian capital, three days later, the Toracean delegation met on 17 April with the Romanian state leader, General Ion Antonescu, and submitted a memorandum of grievances of the Romanians from the Yugoslav Banat. The same day the delegation led by the priest Ion Baloș, school director Dumitru Ciobanu, Petru Lațcu (Boancă), student at

594-405: A total of 19 forints, as well as lint supplies for dressing wounds. Emigration During the last decade of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the war in 1914, Austria-Hungary experienced a large drain of ethnic population, the majority going to North America, especially the United States and its industrial cities in the north, in pursuit of economic opportunities. Torac also experienced

660-516: Is a variation of the Cyrillic script used to write the Serbian language that originated in medieval Serbia . Reformed in 19th century by the Serbian philologist and linguist Vuk Karadžić . It is one of the two alphabets used to write modern standard Serbian , the other being Gaj's Latin alphabet . Reformed Serbian based its alphabet on the previous 18th century Slavonic-Serbian script, following

726-522: Is connected with Temesvár and Nagy Becskerek. Until the turn of the twentieth century, the majority of the population of the two towns used the flowing water of the Bega canal for everyday consumption (drinking and cooking). Beginning in 1900, the first artesian wells were drilled in Torac. This appears to be the consequence of the dredging of the Bega canal under way at this point in time, an undertaking which rendered

SECTION 10

#1733086043569

792-575: Is in everyday use in Republika Srpska . The Serbian language in Croatia is officially recognized as a minority language; however, the use of Cyrillic in bilingual signs has sparked protests and vandalism . Serbian Cyrillic is an important symbol of Serbian identity. In Serbia, official documents are printed in Cyrillic only even though, according to a 2014 survey, 47% of the Serbian population write in

858-477: Is the only one in official use. The ligatures : were developed specially for the Serbian alphabet. Serbian Cyrillic does not use several letters encountered in other Slavic Cyrillic alphabets. It does not use hard sign ( ъ ) and soft sign ( ь ), particularly due to a lack of distinction between iotated consonants and non-iotated consonants, but the aforementioned soft-sign ligatures instead. It does not have Russian/Belarusian Э , Ukrainian/Belarusian І ,

924-663: The Kingdom of Yugoslavia and later in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . Due to the shared cultural area, Gaj's Latin alphabet saw a gradual adoption in the Socialist Republic of Serbia since, and both scripts are used to write modern standard Serbian. In Serbia , Cyrillic is seen as being more traditional, and has the official status (designated in the constitution as the " official script ", compared to Latin's status of "script in official use" designated by

990-640: The Latin alphabet whereas 36% write in Cyrillic. The following table provides the upper and lower case forms of the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet, along with the equivalent forms in the Serbian Latin alphabet and the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) value for each letter. The letters do not have names, and consonants are normally pronounced as such when spelling is necessary (or followed by

1056-552: The Nazi puppet Independent State of Croatia banned the use of Cyrillic, having regulated it on 25 April 1941, and in June 1941 began eliminating " Eastern " (Serbian) words from Croatian, and shut down Serbian schools. The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was used as a basis for the Macedonian alphabet with the work of Krste Misirkov and Venko Markovski . The Serbian Cyrillic script was one of

1122-487: The djerv (Ꙉꙉ) for the Serbian reflexes of Pre-Slavic *tj and *dj (* t͡ɕ , * d͡ʑ , * d͡ʒ , and * tɕ ), later the letter evolved to dje (Ђђ) and tshe (Ћћ) letters . Vuk Stefanović Karadžić fled Serbia during the Serbian Revolution in 1813, to Vienna. There he met Jernej Kopitar , a linguist with interest in slavistics. Kopitar and Sava Mrkalj helped Vuk to reform Serbian and its orthography. He finalized

1188-620: The 1848–1849 revolution in the Habsburg Monarchy. In spite of the gains made during this time, such as the abolition of serfdom, instead of a confiscation and distribution of the noblemen's land to the poor and needy inhabitants, the Court at Vienna sold the land to noblemen, such as Count Dukai Csekonics in the case of Toracul Mare and Toracul Mic. This situation will remain until the First World War. Cultural and Religious Life Torac and

1254-592: The 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War (The War For Romanian's Independence) Romanians in Austria-Hungary followed with great interest and pride the participation of the Romanian Army in the 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War, which was also Romania's war for independence. The Budapest government forbade the formation of Romanian committees of assistance for the wounded Romanian soldiers, instead allowing only individual collection drives. Presented with this situation, Romanians in

1320-497: The 3 and 13 October 1914 banned the use of Serbian Cyrillic in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia , limiting it for use in religious instruction. A decree was passed on January 3, 1915, that banned Serbian Cyrillic completely from public use. An imperial order on October 25, 1915, banned the use of Serbian Cyrillic in the Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina , except "within the scope of Serbian Orthodox Church authorities". In 1941,

1386-571: The Banat Romanians were very worried about the consequences of a possible Hungarian occupation of the Yugoslav Banat. In these circumstances, on 14 April 1941 a delegation of 80 leaders and farmers from the northern part of the Yugoslav Banat arrived in Timișoara. Among members of this delegation were the priests Ion Baloș and Todor Baloș, and teachers Dumitru Ciobanu, Gheorghe Stancu, Ion Popescu, Pompiliu Plăeșeanu, and Ioan Melinescu, all of them from

SECTION 20

#1733086043569

1452-476: The Banat region) continued over the course of history during periods of hard economic times and political instability. The Bega Canal and Torac In 1892 the Budapest Parliament appropriated the necessary funds to the government to dredge the lower Bega and turn it into a navigable waterway by introducing several locks in key locations on the canal. This project is finished in 1912. By this action, Torac

1518-550: The Banat region, Romanian National Guard units were also established with the headquarters in Arad, on the Mureș river. The villages of Toracul Mare and Toracul Mic also organized such guard units to provide law and order in the absence of a central governing authority. In fact, during this time there was some devastation of commercial enterprises (owned by non-Romanian elements) in the villages, which influenced many to leave soon afterwards. One of

1584-638: The Bishop of Timișoara Moise Putnic, consecrated the Toracul Mare church dedicated to St. George, its patron saint. The church has an Antimis of historical value, which has been given by the Patriarch of Ipek, bearing an inscription in old Slavonic, and brought by Bishop Moise Putnic on this special day. In 1779, the Court in Vienna decided to place the Banat under the administration of Hungary. In this state reorganization,

1650-504: The Dual Monarchy responded by engaging in such individual efforts of raising funds and especially medical supplies. Iudita Măcelariu from Sibiu, Transylvania, launched the first individual drive for medical aid to the wounded Romanian soldiers. Women in the Banat, as well as the Arad region, took up the cause and had undertaken their own individual drives. Romanian press in Austria-Hungary routinely published letters and lists of donors from

1716-435: The Holy Roman Empire. Thus, Romanians from Szakálháza or Săcălaz near Timișoara and Mândruloc (not far from the Mureș river, near Arad), were colonized by force to the area of present-day Torac. Once on the new territory of Torac, these colonists gave the old names to their new settlements, that is, Săcălaz (Toracul Mare) and Sefdin (Toracul Mic). The settlements in the last quarter of the 18th century On 13 August 1776,

1782-476: The Romanian government included the Timișoara police list of the names of the 80 members of the delegation. Because Berlin had the final decision on the fate of the Yugoslav Banat, and the need to keep both of its allies, Bucharest and Budapest, loyal in its planned actions against the Soviet Union, the status of this region was postponed, to be determined at the end of the world conflagration. The "Six" On

1848-536: The Timișoara Politechnic School (and, later, as a soldier in the Romanian army, would fall on the Russian front), Ristea Andrei, Teodor Baloș, Traian Cristeț (Cocoru), also met with Romania's minister of propaganda ( Ministrul Propagandei Naționale a României ), Professor Nichifor Crainic. Shortly after, Bucharest sent to Berlin a memorandum concerning the Yugoslav Banat question. Attached to this memorandum,

1914-606: The Torontal county (comitat) is established. In this context, there is a return to the old toponyms, that is Săcălaz (Szakálház) became Nagy Torák (Toracul Mare), and Mândruloc acquired the name Kiss Torák (Toracul Mic), and both settlements became part of the Nagy Becskerek (Becicherecul-Mare) administrative circle. There is an apocryphal story contained in several sources that the Habsburg ruler Joseph II (r. 1765–1790), on his visits to

1980-578: The Torăceans, fought for the Romanian national ideal. Thus Toracul Mare and Toracul Mic were further to remain under foreign domination. During the war, the male inhabitants of military age were conscripted into the Austro-Hungarian Army. More than 60 inhabitants from Toracul Mare fell on the battlefield, mainly on the Galicia front. On 6 September 1941, the inhabitants of the village raised a monument to

2046-679: The Treaty of Passarowitz (Požarevac; Pojarevaț) on 21 July 1718, the Habsburg war with the Ottoman Empire came to a close. Following the expulsion of the Turks, the regions north of the Danube became part of the Habsburg Empire. In fact, the area between Mureș, Tisa, Danube, and the Carpathians received the name Banat, becoming an Austrian province. In 1751, the Court in Vienna transferred the Banat from

Torak (Žitište) - Misplaced Pages Continue

2112-558: The alphabet in 1818 with the Serbian Dictionary . Karadžić reformed standard Serbian and standardised the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet by following strict phonemic principles on the Johann Christoph Adelung ' model and Jan Hus ' Czech alphabet . Karadžić's reforms of standard Serbian modernised it and distanced it from Serbian and Russian Church Slavonic , instead bringing it closer to common folk speech, specifically, to

2178-456: The area known as Crani (Kranj). Afterwards, in an effort to justify this dastardly act, the authorities made it known that the six were "shot while attempting to escape"! The day of 15 May 1945 was a day of mourning in Toracul Mare and neighboring Toracul Mic. Young and old from the two villages took part at the funeral of the six innocent victims murdered by the Partisans. The funeral service

2244-522: The border, or only to purchase necessary staples unavailable or scarce on the Yugoslav side. At the Romanian frontier, Romanian guards were tolerant toward the Yugoslav neighbors, and even helped the Romanians from the Yugoslav Banat. Since the Romanian-Yugoslav frontier agreement of November 1923, residents of frontier villages who possessed property on either side of the border, could legally cross into

2310-506: The bridge over the Bega canal constituted the border between the two towns. In 1946 the two parts were united under the common name Torak (Torac). The following year, 1947, the name was officially changed to Begejci (as Begheiți in Romanian). Following the momentous changes Yugoslavia experienced between 1987 and 1999, in the new Yugoslavia (made up of Serbia and Montenegro), the town was renamed Torak (Torac) in early 2001. Documents regarding

2376-439: The canal's water unsafe for everyday consumption. In 1910, the first large boat on the waters of the Bega canal passed by the town. Consequently, until the start of the First World War, inhabitants of Torac were able to travel to Timișoara and Nagy Becskerek by boat which had a daily schedule between the two major cities of the region. A passenger boat service to Nagy Becskerek (after World War II renamed Zrenjanin) continued until

2442-430: The city of Zrenjanin. During 1966–1967, and in preparation for the bicentennial anniversary of the colonization of some of the descendants from Sefdin and Săcălaz, a new cultural hall was erected on the site of the previous edifice (which had been built in 1953, but had numerous structural problems). Thus, a building which should have lasted decades was torn down a dozen years after it was finished, at considerable cost to

2508-545: The dialect of Eastern Herzegovina which he spoke. Karadžić was, together with Đuro Daničić , the main Serbian signatory to the Vienna Literary Agreement of 1850 which, encouraged by Austrian authorities, laid the foundation for Serbian, various forms of which are used by Serbs in Serbia , Montenegro , Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia today. Karadžić also translated the New Testament into Serbian, which

2574-421: The end of the month, Yugoslavia ceased to exist as a state, having been divided among Hungary, Bulgaria, and Italy. The Delegation to Timișoara and Bucharest, April 1941 Before the invasion and the dissolution of Yugoslavia, Hungary's territorial aspirations have been well known in the Yugoslav Banat among the Romanians. After the collapse of Yugoslavia and the march of Hungarian troops into Bačka, leaders of

2640-563: The existence of the old site near where the current village stands today date from the first half of the 14th century. In the years 1332–1337, the town is mentioned under the Tarnuk-Tharnuk toponym in the register of the papal tithes which priests were paying to the pope in Rome. The register of papal tithes of the Catholic diocese archives are kept at Cenad (present-day Romania). With the signing of

2706-482: The fallen during the 1914–1918 war. The monument contains the names of these heroes. From Toracul Mic also, many have fallen on the field of battle. In the closing days of the First World War, as the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy was breaking up, national minorities of the multinational empire were establishing organizations which eventually would take over the governmental administration at the local level. In

Torak (Žitište) - Misplaced Pages Continue

2772-527: The film is an adaptation of the novel of the same title by Constantin Virgil Gheorghiu, Romanian Uniate refugee priest. During the shooting of the movie in 1966, 80 amateur members of Torac's Cultural Society "Flacăra" , have taken part, and are featured in the opening scenes of the film. The courtyard scenes of the celebration of the baptismal have been filmed near Ecica (Ečka) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C4%8Dka , another Romanian-inhabited town close to

2838-410: The following day, 16 May, justified his hurried action. Agents of the secret police (OZNa), called on him. Since Avram no longer possessed either the photographs or the negatives, for whatever reason, OZNa agents did not go to the families of the victims to impound the material in question. Thus, one can argue cynically that the crime had been "investigated", although not to punish but rather to protect

2904-494: The great historian Nicolae Iorga described it in his monumental work The History of Romanians , led to the fulfillment of the Romanian national aspirations for national union and liberation of the Romanian people under foreign rule. The Armistice of Belgrade and Peace of Paris, however, led to the division of the Banat. Western Banat, including Torontal County, with the villages of Toracul Mare and Toracul Mic, passes from Hungarian to Serbian authority, although all Banat, and therefore

2970-443: The guilty and to intimidate the families of the victims and the villagers from pursuing the matter any further. It should also be reiterated that in the closing months of World War II crossing the Romanian-Yugoslav frontier was relatively easy (as already discussed above). Individuals who went to Romania, did not go only to see family members who took refuge there, but also to visit relatives who were Romanian citizens and lived across

3036-617: The individuals who became commander of the national guard in Toracul Mic was Vichentie Petru. In the Romanian government's official Royal Decree document published in the 5 July 1941 Monitorul Oficial among the Banateans decorated with the King Ferdinand I Medal (Medalia "Ferdinand I") was Vichentie Petru, who had been living in Timișoara, Romania, since the 1920s. On the morning of 6 April 1941, Axis forces bombed and invaded Yugoslavia. By

3102-399: The individuals who have collected contributions for the wounded Romanian soldiers. Among these letters, Gazeta Transilvaniei from Brașov, in its 5/17 March issue, published the letter from Ana Fizeșanu, born Crețiunescu, the wife of the priest Pavel [Paul] Fizeșianu from Toracul Mic. Her list contained 52 names, the majority being from Toracul Mic, but also from Toracul Mare, who have donated

3168-410: The mid-1960s when a bus service became the preferred mode of transportation by Toraceans to "the city" [la oraș]. In 1912, the current stone and concrete bridge was built over the Bega canal, located between Toracul Mare and Toracul Mic. Until this year, an unstable wooden bridge had been in use, "which the flowing water and ice moved it from place to place." World War I, the "war of national will", as

3234-438: The morning of 14 May 1945, outside of Toracul Mare, six villagers (four women–one of whom was pregnant–and two men) were massacred by a group of Yugoslav Partisans. Returning from Romania after they had visited relatives who took refuge there, the victims entered the village at dawn. Since the village itself was under blockade (a constant occurrence during the first half of 1945), the group was apprehended by Partisans and taken to

3300-501: The other country without any difficulty. Thus, crossing the frontier was a mere formality. Needless to say, the news of the atrocity committed in Toracul Mare, also reached Romania. Afterwards, Romanian frontier guards would often escort villagers returning to Torac from Romania and traveling on the old dirt road (known as drumul mare or the Timișoara-Becicherecul Mare road, originally established under Austria-Hungary) to

3366-490: The outskirts of the village, to ensure that they had reached home safely. Eventually, these crossings petered out as the frontier was stabilized and tensions increased between the two countries. Social and Cultural Developments The town's amateur folk group and its folk music orchestra "Lira", was featured in the 1967 movie The 25th Hour starring international movie actors Anthony Quinn and Virna Lisi, and directed by French director Henri Verneuil. A Carlo Ponti production,

SECTION 50

#1733086043569

3432-409: The principle of "write as you speak and read as it is written", removing obsolete letters and letters representing iotated vowels , introducing ⟨J⟩ from the Latin alphabet instead, and adding several consonant letters for sounds specific to Serbian phonology . During the same period, linguists led by Ljudevit Gaj adapted the Latin alphabet, in use in western South Slavic areas, using

3498-464: The same principles. As a result of this joint effort, Serbian Cyrillic and Gaj's Latin alphabets have a complete one-to-one congruence, with the Latin digraphs Lj, Nj, and Dž counting as single letters. The updated Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was officially adopted in the Principality of Serbia in 1868, and was in exclusive use in the country up to the interwar period . Both alphabets were official in

3564-768: The semi-vowels Й or Ў , nor the iotated letters Я (Russian/Bulgarian ya ), Є (Ukrainian ye ), Ї ( yi ), Ё (Russian yo ) or Ю ( yu ), which are instead written as two separate letters: Ја, Је, Ји, Јо, Ју . Ј can also be used as a semi-vowel, in place of й . The letter Щ is not used. When necessary, it is transliterated as either ШЧ , ШЋ or ШТ . Serbian italic and cursive forms of lowercase letters б , г , д , п , and т (Russian Cyrillic alphabet) differ from those used in other Cyrillic alphabets: б , г , д , п , and т (Serbian Cyrillic alphabet). The regular (upright) shapes are generally standardized among languages and there are no officially recognized variations. That presents

3630-415: The situation, the government sent a delegation and military assistance. Serb historian Borislav Jankulov asserted (erroneously as it turns out) that in 1800 owner Izsák Kiss colonized German settlers in Torac and neighboring village of Sângiura [Begei St. György]. While there were Germans in both Toracul Mare and Toracul Mic over the course of time, it appears that the village in question at this time, 1800,

3696-469: The southern parts of the empire and to the city of Timișoara, passed through Torac. Such a claim is not substantiated in the emperor's journal on these visits! On 4 September 1782, the inhabitants of Itebei (Ittebe), Toracul Mare (Nagytorak), Toracul Mic (Kistorak), and Sângiura (Begei St. György) revolted, refusing to submit to the new owner of their villages, the Hungarian nobleman Izsák Kiss. To ameliorate

3762-430: The town hall where they were interrogated. Thereafter, with their hands tied behind their backs with wire, they were escorted outside the village under Partisan armed escort. If the stated destination was the area's military headquarters in nearby Itebej, for further interrogation, as it was publicly stated later, they never reached it. Walking on the dam along the Bega canal toward Itebej, they were shot when they reached

3828-581: The town or other guests to the festivities, and 1,000 commemorative pins. 1967, 1–2 Septembrie. The official celebration of the "bicentennial of the town's colonization" with the presence of guests from Romania as well. The celebration was officially authorized by the state, and subsequently it became an annual event which, however, was transformed into the town's "Socialist holiday". Serbian Cyrillic alphabet The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet ( Serbian : Српска ћирилица азбука , Srpska ćirilica azbuka , pronounced [sr̩̂pskaː tɕirǐlitsa] )

3894-415: The town's people. In August–September 1967 the town also celebrated the 200th anniversary of the colonization of some of the descendants from Sefdin and Săcălaz. 1967, August. For the official celebration of town's anniversary, 5,000 postcards with various images of people and town buildings, 2,000 information flyers (pliante) about the town's historical highlights, 1,000 invitations to individuals born in

3960-582: The two official scripts used to write Serbo-Croatian in Yugoslavia since its establishment in 1918, the other being Gaj's Latin alphabet ( latinica ). Following the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s, Serbian Cyrillic is no longer used in Croatia on national level, while in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro it remained an official script. Under the Constitution of Serbia of 2006, Cyrillic script

4026-525: The two villages of Torac. The mission of this delegation was to ask the Romanian authorities to make necessary interventions to incorporate the Yugoslav Banat into Romania. The reason of this request was the need to protect the Romanian population due to the lack of a Yugoslav central authority and the fear of a Hungarian takeover. A telegram was sent to the Romanian Head of the State, General Ion Antonescu, and then

SECTION 60

#1733086043569

4092-448: Was Klek (Begaföröl) and not Torac, according to the work of Antal Bodor, whose work is quoted as a source. In 1807, Toracul Mare and Toracul Mic became the domain of Antal Kiss, in whose possession they will remain until 1840. With the death of Kiss Antal in 1840, Toracul Mare and Toracul Mic are managed by one of the members of the Kiss family, Ernö Kiss, who was shot in the city of Arad during

4158-608: Was based on the Slavic dialect of Thessaloniki . Part of the Serbian literary heritage of the Middle Ages are works such as Miroslav Gospel , Vukan Gospels , St. Sava's Nomocanon , Dušan's Code , Munich Serbian Psalter , and others. The first printed book in Serbian was the Cetinje Octoechos (1494). It's notable extensive use of diacritical signs by the Resava dialect and use of

4224-611: Was gradually superseded in later centuries by the Cyrillic script, developed around by Cyril's disciples, perhaps at the Preslav Literary School at the end of the 9th century. The earliest form of Cyrillic was the ustav , based on Greek uncial script, augmented by ligatures and letters from the Glagolitic alphabet for consonants not found in Greek. There was no distinction between capital and lowercase letters. The standard language

4290-411: Was officiated by the four priests of the two villages–Ioan Farca, Ioan Frișcan, Ion Baloș, and Todor Baloș. The poet and journalist Vichentie Avram, from Toracul Mic, photographed the funeral procession and service. Because the situation was very tense, Avram immediately developed the negatives, made the photographs, and in the middle of the night distributed them to the grieving families. The events of

4356-523: Was published in 1868. He wrote several books; Mala prostonarodna slaveno-serbska pesnarica and Pismenica serbskoga jezika in 1814, and two more in 1815 and 1818, all with the alphabet still in progress. In his letters from 1815 to 1818 he used: Ю, Я, Ы and Ѳ. In his 1815 song book he dropped the Ѣ. The alphabet was officially adopted in 1868, four years after his death. From the Old Slavic script Vuk retained these 24 letters: He added one Latin letter: And 5 new ones: He removed: Orders issued on

#568431