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36-457: The Beetle Cat is an American one-design sailing dinghy that was designed by John Beetle and first built in 1921. It is a smaller adaptation of traditional Cape Cod 20 to 30 ft (6 to 9 m) catboat designs originally intended for fishing in shallow waters. The basic design has been widely copied and built under many names in the US and other countries. The design was initially built by

72-664: A development class , the classic example being America's Cup 12-metre class , or to the box rule used, for example, in the TP 52 class. A further category, the formula based class setup, is sometimes confused with one design. The Mini Transat 6.50 , the Volvo Open 70 monohull, the large ORMA trimaran, and the Formula 18 racing beach catamaran are the exponents of the formula approach. Class-legal boats race each other without any handicap calculations in both setups. However, under one design

108-438: A racing class that consists of just one model or design of a sailboat . In one-design racing, the first boat to finish wins the race. This is contrasted with handicap racing, where time is added or subtracted from the finishing times based on design factors and mathematical formulas to determine the winner. In between One-design and handicap racing, a number of other approaches exist. One-design classes can be contrasted with

144-424: A tiller and a retractable centerboard daggerboard . It displaces 450 lb (204 kg), has a wide beam for load carrying capacity. The boat has a draft of 2.00 ft (0.61 m) with the centreboard/daggerboard extended and 6 in (15 cm) with it retracted, allowing operation in very shallow waters, beaching or ground transportation on a trailer . The design has no seats. In light winds it

180-654: A 1994 review Richard Sherwood wrote, "Look for the Beetle Cat on the south and east of Cape Cod, in Buzzards Bay, and in Narragansett Bay. There are also fleets on Long Island. Competition, especially for juniors, is stiff. The Beetle is an excellent, stable training boat." Reviewing the design in 2007, naval architect Robert Perry , wrote "Beetle Cats are true to the traditional Cape Cod catboat model. They are fat and heavy. They have no overhangs. The strange-looking rudder

216-461: A general rule, the tolerances are strictest in smaller boats like dinghy classes and small keelboats. In some cases the tolerances are specified in a confidential Building Specification and often everything is designed and produced at the same factory or a very few factories. Examples are the Laser , Melges 24 , and several small keelboats designed by Nathanael Greene Herreshoff, such as the 12½ . In others

252-511: A lifting boiler plate capable of being lifted. The boat was called The Water Wag . The idea was quickly adopted by sailors in Ireland, England, India and South America. The Water Wag Club still thrives in Dun Laoghaire, Co. Dublin. The Solent One Design Class was one of the earliest one-design classes formed after discussions took place in 1893 and subsequent years. It quickly became popular, and

288-502: A “true” spec series. The same applies to the Super Formula series. All teams compete in nearly identical Dallara SF23 models, but use engines supplied from Honda and Toyota , preventing it from being a true spec series. There are two primary methods of competition in sailboat racing : One-design and handicap racing (e.g. Portsmouth Yardstick , Performance Handicap Racing Fleet and Leading Yard Stick ). One design refers to

324-595: Is achieved through metrology technology applied to all of the steps in powertrain manufacturing processes. In automotive manufacturing, the frame plus the "running gear" makes the chassis . Later, a body (sometimes referred to as " coachwork "), which is usually not necessary for integrity of the structure, is built on the chassis to complete the vehicle . Commercial vehicle manufacturers may have "chassis only" and "cowl and chassis" versions that can be outfitted with specialized bodies. These include buses , motor homes , fire engines , ambulances , etc. The frame plus

360-487: Is designed to give you control in a very shoal-draft boat. Unfortunately, this puts the center of pressure on the rudder blade way aft which exaggerates any helm pressure. The stern is broad. The mast is in the eye of the bow." He summarized it as a "sturdy, traditional catboat with a lively personality." One-design One-make racing series (also known as spec racing series) are racing series in which all competitors race with identical or very similar vehicles from

396-733: Is important to industry, including the automotive and other vehicle sectors. Competitiveness drives companies to engineer and produce powertrain systems that over time are more economical to manufacture, higher in product quality and reliability, higher in performance, more fuel efficient, less polluting, and longer in life expectancy. In turn these requirements have led to designs involving higher internal pressures, greater instantaneous forces, and increased complexity of design and mechanical operation. The resulting designs in turn impose significantly more severe requirements on parts shape and dimension; and material surface flatness , waviness , roughness , and porosity . Quality control over these parameters

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432-557: Is sailed sitting on the cockpit sole and in higher winds on the gunwale . The mainsail is sheeted to a rod-type mainsheet traveler on the transom. The design has a Portsmouth Yardstick racing average handicap of 103.8. For racing it is normally sailed with a crew of two. Notable owners of Beetle Cats include John Kerry , Jacqueline Onassis , who had one shipped to Greece in 1969 for John F. Kennedy Jr. and Caroline Kennedy to learn to sail in, Steven Spielberg and Calvin Klein . In

468-556: Is usually shown by his final standing in a contest. What could be more indicative of this when pilots are flying identical sailplanes with identical performance. One-design competition is the sure test of soaring skill." Other one-design gliders have included those made in Russia by Aviastroitel , in Poland by Warsztaty Szybowcowe Orlik , and Germany, where for example the DFS Olympia Meise

504-634: The British Rail Class 03 and British Rail Class 04 diesel shunting locomotives. This section uses infographics to show a unified model with variations, the green wheels denote no traction, and the angled wheels denote steering. 6X4 means 6 wheel ends and 4 positions distribute power (power divider installed) 6X2 means 6 wheel ends and 2 positions distribute power (single axle drive) 4X0 means 4 wheel ends no power (Trailer axle) 4x2 means 4 Wheel ends, 2 Positions to distribute power The 6 wheel ends can either be wide base singles or duals. Its about

540-509: The prime mover , that changes depending on whether a vehicle is front-wheel , rear-wheel , or four-wheel drive , or less-common six-wheel or eight-wheel drive . In a wider sense, the powertrain includes all of the components used to transform stored (chemical, solar, nuclear, kinetic, potential, etc.) energy into kinetic energy for propulsion purposes. This includes the utilization of multiple power-sources and non–wheel-based vehicles. The most recent developments in powertrain are driven by

576-545: The 1970s with the introduction of laminate construction using fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP) and mold building technology. This process allowed the mass production of identical hulls of virtually any size at a lower price. The one-design design idea was created by Thomas Middleton of the Shankill Corinthian Club located 10 miles (16 km) south of Dublin, Ireland in 1887. He proposed a class of double ended open dinghies of simple clincher construction in pine with

612-513: The 20+ approved builders on four continents being of identical speed, for example at the 2017 World Championship. In medium- to large-sized boat classes, One design would refer to conformance to a standard specification , with the possibility of alterations being allowed as long as they remained within certain tolerances. Examples of this are the Dragon , J/24 , Etchells , H-boat and the Farr 40 . After

648-736: The National Register of Historic Vessels of the United Kingdom. She is kept in Lymington where she is still racing and winning on the Solent. Conversely the Howth 17 , designed just four years later by Sir Walter H. Boyd of Howth , Co. Dublin is still actively raced and is the oldest one-design racing keelboat still sailing as designed. While fifteen of the current fleet were built from 1898 to 1914, new boats can still be added, most recently in 2017. As

684-621: The advantages of one-design to the sport of competitive glider racing . The most successful of these has been the Schweizer 1–26 class with 700 aircraft completed and flown between 1954 and 1981. Schweizer Aircraft principal Paul A Schweizer was a proponent of the One-design concept. He intended the company's 1–26 to be the aircraft to establish a one-design class in the United States. He wrote: "The true measure of pilot ability and experience

720-483: The boats are virtually identical except in details. At the same time, the formula setup allows the boats to differ much more in design while keeping a few important specifications the same. As a result, the identifier "One design" has been used more and more exclusively to denote a class that races only identical boats. Having a rigid one-design specification keeps design experimentation to a minimum and reduces cost of ownership . The popularity of one-design increased in

756-492: The body makes a glider (a vehicle without a powertrain). The final drive is the last in the set of components which delivers torque to the drive wheels . In a road vehicle, it incorporates the differential . In a railway vehicle, it sometimes incorporates the reversing gear. Examples include the Self-Changing Gears RF 28 (used in many first-generation diesel multiple units of British Railways ) and RF 11 used in

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792-407: The design have been built. The Beetle Cat is a recreational sailboat , built predominantly with oak and cedar wooden construction, although some have been built from fiberglass , with wood trim. The deck is canvas -covered. It has a gaff-rigged catboat sailplan with wooden spars of fir , a spooned plumb stem , a near-vertical transom , a shallow depth, transom-hung rudder controlled by

828-655: The designer's company, the Beetle Boat Co in New Bedford, Massachusetts , United States . Following the end of the Second World War , the owner of the company at that time was Carl N. Beetle , the son of designer John Beetle. Wanting to concentrate on newer materials for boat manufacturing, he sold the Beetle Cat design rights to the Concordia Company , a company that builds a series of traditional yawls . The design

864-433: The electrification of it in multiple components. Electrical energy needs to be provided, usually this leads to larger batteries. Electric motors can be found as isolated component or as part of other elements, e.g. the axle . In hybrid powertrains the torque generated by the combustion engine and the electric motor have to be brought together and distributed to the wheels. The control of this process can be quite involved but

900-443: The formula '). Some spec parts are mandated, such as tyres and sensors. NASCAR is much in the same boat, with three distinct bodies (Chevrolet, Ford and Toyota) and four distinct engines ( Hendrick , ECR , Roush Yates , TRD ) available in competition. Additionally, while IndyCar cars are all virtually identical Dallara DW12 models, the two distinct engine designs available from Chevrolet and Honda prevent IndyCar from being

936-403: The hull length overall (LOA) exceeds 27 feet (8.2 m), people generally refer to the boat as an offshore one-design boat or yacht. In other classes, the one-design class may have organized around an existing fleet of similar boats that traditionally existed together often for commercial purposes such as sailing canoes, dhows , and skipjacks , or boats that developed a common hull form over

972-517: The keel. Cutter rig with 6 ft bowsprit. Designed by H. W. White, ten were built in 1895/6 by Messrs. White Brothers of Itchen Ferry, Southampton and another twelve were built in the following year. The class enjoyed ten years of keen racing but the Metre Rule, which was introduced in 1907 effectively killed the class. The only boat still afloat is Rosenn, formally Eilun, sail number 6. Now, fully restored, she has been identified as meriting inclusion in

1008-917: The rewards are greatly improved acceleration and much lower emissions. Powertrain development for diesel engines involves the following: exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), and advanced combustion. Spark ignition engine development include: fuel injection , including the gasoline direct injection variant, as well as improving volumetric efficiency by using multi-valves per cylinder, variable valve timing , variable length intake manifolds , and turbocharging . Changes also include new fuel qualities (no sulphur or aromates ) to allow new combustion concepts. So-called "combined combustion systems" (CCV) or "diesotto" cycles are based on synthetic fuels (synthetic diesel, biomass to liquid (BTL) or gas to liquid (GTL)). BEVs , FCEVs and PHEV powertrains are expected to reach cost parity with ICE powertrains in 2025. The manufacturing of powertrain components and systems

1044-463: The same manufacturer and suppliers. Typically, this means the same type of chassis, powertrain , tyres, brakes, and fuel are used by all drivers. The idea behind one-make car racing is that success will be based more on driver skill and car setup , instead of engineering skill and budget. One-make series are popular at an amateur level as they are affordable, due to the use of a common engine and chassis. Examples of one-make racing series from around

1080-578: The specification is published but the boats may only be produced by licensed manufacturers with usually only one builder in any country or region. Examples are the Olympic Finn and 470 but in both these classes a single manufacturer has succeeded in building faster boats than all other manufacturers. However, in the Optimist dinghy, one of the world's largest classes, a tighter specification introduced in 1995 /with ongoing scrutiny has resulted in boats from

1116-405: The vehicle wheels. All-electric vehicles ("electric cars") eliminate the engine altogether, relying solely on electric motors for propulsion. Occasionally the term powerplant is casually used to refer to the engine or, less often, the entire powertrain. A motor vehicle's driveline or drivetrain consists of the parts of the powertrain excluding the engine. It is the portion of a vehicle, after

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1152-679: The world included the Dodge Viper Challenge , Ferrari Challenge , Porsche Carrera Cup and Supercup , Radical European Masters , Mini Challenge and Commodore Cup . There are also various formula categories that use one-make racing, such as Formula 2 (which since 2011 exclusively uses a car design by Dallara ), Formula Renault , Formula Mazda , Formula Car Challenge , and the W Series . The Formula One race series are not one-design nor one-make racing series as they allow participation by different manufacturers, each designing their own chassis and powertrain (within limits set by '

1188-667: The years (such as A-Scows ). In contrast to 'one-design', other sailboats race under a variety of handicapping rules and formulas developed to allow different type boats to compete against one another. Formula rules include the Square Metre Rule , the Ton class , the Universal Rule , and the Metre Rule . Handicap rules include Portsmouth Yardstick , PHRF , IOR , IMS , IRC , Americap and LYS . There have been several attempts to bring

1224-536: Was later passed to Howard Boats of Barnstable, Massachusetts , who still provide parts and repairs for the boat, although they no longer produce new boats. The design was also built in Marans, Charente-Maritime , France by Construction Navale Franck Roy . The current manufacturer is Beetle, Inc. of Wareham, Massachusetts , which operates under the trade name of the Beetle Boat Shop . More than 4,000 examples of

1260-761: Was patronised by some of the most energetic and best known yacht owners in the Solent, Portsmouth and Southampton waters including Sir Philip Hunloke, the King's yachtmaster. Formed under the auspices of the Solent Sailing Club, the class was adopted by the Royal Yacht Squadron and the Island Sailing Club in 1895. The dimensions of the boats were length overall, 33 ft 3 in; Waterline length, 25 ft; Beam, 7 ft 9 in; Draft, 5 ft; Sail area, 750 sq ft.; Displacement, 5 tons with 2 tons 13 cwt. of lead in

1296-557: Was planned for the 1940 Olympic championships. Powertrain In a motor vehicle , the powertrain comprises the main components that generate power and deliver that power to the road surface, water, or air. This includes the engine , transmission , drive shafts , differentials , and the final drive ( drive wheels , continuous track as in military tanks or caterpillar tractors, propeller , etc.). Hybrid powertrains also include one or more electric traction motors that operate to drive

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