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60-468: Beefmaster is a breed of beef cattle that was developed in the early 1930s by Tom Lasater (the breed founder), from a systematic crossing of Hereford cows and Shorthorn cows with Brahman bulls. The exact mixture of the foundation cattle is unknown, but is thought to be about 25% Hereford, 25% Milking Shorthorn and 50% Brahman. It was first recognized by the USDA as a new breed in 1954. The original intention

120-483: A butcher or packing house, with the finished carcass resulting in approximately 430 lb (200 kg) of beef. Depending on what cuts of meat are desired, there is a scale of marbled meat used to determine the quality. Marbling is the fat that is within the muscle, not around it. The more marbled a cut is, the higher it will grade and be worth. Slaughtering of livestock has three distinct stages: preslaughter handling, stunning, and slaughtering. The biggest concern

180-571: A baby or when the body needs to recover from malnutrition or trauma or after an operation. According to US & Canadian Dietary Reference Intake guidelines, women ages 19–70 need to consume 46 grams of protein per day while men ages 19–70 need to consume 56 grams of protein per day to minimize risk of deficiencies. These Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) were calculated based on 0.8 grams protein per kilogram body weight and average body weights of 57 kg (126 pounds) and 70 kg (154 pounds), respectively. However, this recommendation

240-413: A baseline protein diet in a meta-analysis. Benefits of decreased body mass index as well as HDL cholesterol were more strongly observed in studies with only a slight increase in protein intake rather where high protein intake was classified as 45% of total energy intake. Detrimental effects to cardiovascular activity were not observed in short-term diets of 6 months or less. There is little consensus on

300-790: A concentration greater than 7%, are (in no particular order) buckwheat, oats, rye, millet, maize (corn), rice, wheat, sorghum, amaranth, and quinoa. Game meat is an affordable protein source in some countries. Plant sources of proteins include legumes , nuts , seeds, grains, and some vegetables and fruits . Plant foods with protein concentrations greater than 7% include (but are not limited to) soybeans , lentils, kidney beans, white beans, mung beans, chickpeas , cowpeas, lima beans, pigeon peas, lupines, wing beans, almonds , Brazil nuts , cashews , pecans, walnuts , cotton seeds, pumpkin seeds , hemp seeds , sesame seeds , and sunflower seeds . Photovoltaic-driven microbial protein production uses electricity from solar panels and carbon dioxide from

360-415: A day, and approximately 82 L in hot weather. They need a constant supply of good quality feed and potable water according to the 5 Freedoms of Animal Welfare. Most Beef cattle are finished in feedlots. The first feedlots were constructed in the early 1950s. Some of these feedlots grew so large they warranted a new designation, " Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation " (CAFO). Most American beef cattle spend

420-542: A desired trait could be leaner meat or resistance to illness. Breeds known as dual-purpose are also used for beef production. These breeds have been selected for two purposes at once, such as both beef and dairy production, or both beef and draught . Dual-purpose breeds include many of the Zebu breeds of India such as Tharparkar and Ongole Cattle . There are multiple continental breeds that were bred for this purpose as well. The original Simmental / Fleckvieh from Switzerland

480-490: A high output of carbon dioxide . Multiple global agencies and governments, including the United Nations , have cited beef production as a primary driver of climate change, and advise that a global reduction in meat consumption should be pursued. Cattle farming has also been blamed as one of the primary reasons for rapid deforestation in countries such as Brazil and Indonesia , causing habitat loss when deforested land

540-622: A long period (2–5 hours per training session) use protein as a source of 5–10% of their total energy expended. Therefore, a slight increase in protein intake may be beneficial to endurance athletes by replacing the protein lost in energy expenditure and protein lost in repairing muscles. One review concluded that endurance athletes may increase daily protein intake to a maximum of 1.2–1.4 g per kg body weight. Research also indicates that individuals performing strength training activity require more protein than sedentary individuals. Strength-training athletes may increase their daily protein intake to

600-400: A low protein diet (0.6 g/kg/d - 0.8 g/kg/d) may develop metabolic compensations that preserve kidney function, although in some people, malnutrition may occur. Individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU) must keep their intake of phenylalanine – an essential amino acid – extremely low to prevent a mental disability and other metabolic complications. Phenylalanine

660-446: A maximum of 1.4–1.8 g per kg body weight to enhance muscle protein synthesis, or to make up for the loss of amino acid oxidation during exercise. Many athletes maintain a high-protein diet as part of their training. In fact, some athletes who specialize in anaerobic sports (e.g., weightlifting) believe a very high level of protein intake is necessary, and so consume high protein meals and also protein supplements. A food allergy

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720-399: A nutritional standpoint is its amino acid composition. Proteins are polymer chains made of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds . During human digestion , proteins are broken down in the stomach to smaller polypeptide chains via hydrochloric acid and protease actions. This is crucial for the absorption of the essential amino acids that cannot be biosynthesized by

780-485: A nutritional standpoint is its amino acid composition. There are multiple systems which rate proteins by their usefulness to an organism based on their relative percentage of amino acids and, in some systems, the digestibility of the protein source. They include biological value , net protein utilization , and PDCAAS (Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acids Score) which was developed by

840-534: A person's diet is determined in large part by overall energy intake, the body's need for nitrogen and essential amino acids, body weight and composition, rate of growth in the individual, physical activity level, the individual's energy and carbohydrate intake, and the presence of illness or injury. Physical activity and exertion as well as enhanced muscular mass increase the need for protein. Requirements are also greater during childhood for growth and development, during pregnancy, or when breastfeeding in order to nourish

900-780: A proposed maximum daily protein intake would be approximately 25% of energy requirements i.e. approximately 2 to 2.5 g/kg. However, many questions still remain to be resolved. In addition, some have suggested that athletes using restricted-calorie diets for weight loss should further increase their protein consumption, possibly to 1.8–2.0 g/kg, in order to avoid loss of lean muscle mass. Endurance athletes differ from strength-building athletes in that endurance athletes do not build as much muscle mass from training as strength-building athletes do. Research suggests that individuals performing endurance activity require more protein intake than sedentary individuals so that muscles broken down during endurance workouts can be repaired. Although

960-402: A recommended limit for the intake of red and processed meat. While the report acknowledges research showing that lower intake of red and processed meat is correlated with reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases in adults, it also notes the value of nutrients provided from these meats. The recommendation is not to limit intake of meats or protein, but rather to monitor and keep within daily limits

1020-496: A type of infrared spectroscopy is used. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) recommends that only amino acid analysis be used to determine protein in, inter alia , foods used as the sole source of nourishment, such as infant formula, but also provides: "When data on amino acids analyses are not available, determination of protein based on total N content by Kjeldahl (AOAC, 2000) or similar method ...

1080-415: Is a component of the artificial sweetener aspartame, so people with PKU need to avoid low calorie beverages and foods with this ingredient. The U.S. and Canadian Dietary Reference Intake review for protein concluded that there was not sufficient evidence to establish a Tolerable upper intake level , i.e., an upper limit for how much protein can be safely consumed. When amino acids are in excess of needs,

1140-457: Is a measure of all sources of nitrogen and includes nonprotein nitrogen, such as urea, which has no food value to humans. ... Current milk-testing equipment measures peptide bonds, a direct measure of true protein." Measuring peptide bonds in grains has also been put into practice in several countries including Canada, the UK, Australia, Russia and Argentina where near-infrared reflectance (NIR) technology,

1200-586: Is a nutrient needed by the human body for growth and maintenance. Aside from water, proteins are the most abundant kind of molecules in the body. Protein can be found in all cells of the body and is the major structural component of all cells in the body, especially muscle . This also includes body organs, hair and skin. Proteins are also used in membranes, such as glycoproteins . When broken down into amino acids, they are used as precursors to nucleic acid , co-enzymes, hormones, immune response, cellular repair, and other molecules essential for life. Additionally, protein

1260-426: Is a prime example. Not only are they a dual-purpose breed for beef and dairy, but in the past they were also used for draught. However, throughout the generations, the breed has diverged into two groups through selective breeding . Most beef cattle are mated naturally, whereby a bull is released into a herd of cows approximately 55 days after the calving period, depending on the cows' body condition score (BCS). If it

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1320-518: Is a range of types of feed available for these animals. The standard text in the United States, Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle , has been through eight editions over at least seventy years. The 1996 seventh edition substituted the concept of metabolizeable protein for the sixth edition's crude protein . In the 20th century, Canadian practice followed the American guidance. Already in 1970,

1380-545: Is an abnormal immune response to proteins in food. The signs and symptoms may range from mild to severe. They may include itchiness , swelling of the tongue, vomiting, diarrhea, hives, trouble breathing, or low blood pressure. These symptoms typically occurs within minutes to one hour after exposure. When the symptoms are severe, it is known as anaphylaxis . The following eight foods are responsible for about 90% of allergic reactions: cow's milk , eggs , wheat , shellfish , fish , peanuts , tree nuts and soy . While there

1440-565: Is based on structural requirements but disregards use of protein for energy metabolism . This requirement is for a normal sedentary person. In the United States, average protein consumption is higher than the RDA. According to results of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2013–2014), average protein consumption for women ages 20 and older was 69.8 grams and for men 98.3 grams/day. According to research from Harvard University,

1500-417: Is considered acceptable." The testing method for protein in beef cattle feed has grown into a science over the post-war years. The standard text in the United States, Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle , has been through eight editions over at least seventy years. The 1996 sixth edition substituted for the fifth edition's crude protein the concept of " metabolizeable protein ", which was defined around

1560-677: Is infected or suspected to have an illness, it is the responsibility of the owners to report it immediately to a practicing veterinarian for either treatment or euthanasia. Depending on a multitude of factors (season, type of production system, stocking density, etc.), illness and disease can spread quickly through the herd from animal to animal. Owners are expected to monitor their cattle's condition regularly for early detection and treatment, as some cattle illnesses can threaten both cattle and human health (known as zoonotic ) as witnessed with Mad cow disease and Tuberculosis . On average, cattle will consume 1.4 to 4% of their body weight daily. There

1620-541: Is limited. Once restrained the animal can be stunned in one of three methods: penetrating captive bolt , non-penetrating captive bolt, and gunshot. Most abattoirs use captive bolts instead of guns. Stunning ensures the animal feels no pain during slaughtering and reduces the animals stress, therefore increasing the quality of meat. The final step is slaughtering. Typically the animal will be hung by its back leg and its throat will be slit to allow exsanguination . The hide will be removed for further processing at this point and

1680-626: Is needed to form blood cells. Protein occurs in a wide range of food. On a worldwide basis, plant protein foods contribute over 60% of the per capita supply of protein. In North America, animal-derived foods contribute about 70% of protein sources. Insects are a source of protein in many parts of the world. In parts of Africa, up to 50% of dietary protein derives from insects. It is estimated that more than 2 billion people eat insects daily. Meat , dairy, eggs, soybeans , fish , whole grains , and cereals are sources of protein. Examples of food staples and cereal sources of protein, each with

1740-403: Is no conclusive evidence that a high protein diet can cause chronic kidney disease , there is a consensus that people with this disease should decrease consumption of protein. According to one 2009 review updated in 2018, people with chronic kidney disease who reduce protein consumption have less likelihood of progressing to end stage kidney disease. Moreover, people with this disease while using

1800-653: Is not synthesized in adults. There are five amino acids which humans are able to synthesize in the body. These five are alanine , aspartic acid , asparagine , glutamic acid and serine . There are six conditionally essential amino acids whose synthesis can be limited under special pathophysiological conditions, such as prematurity in the infant or individuals in severe catabolic distress. These six are arginine , cysteine , glycine , glutamine , proline and tyrosine . Dietary sources of protein include grains , legumes , nuts , seeds , meats , dairy products, fish , eggs , edible insects , and seaweeds . Protein

1860-406: Is preslaughter handling: how the animal is treated before it is stunned and slaughtered. Stress at this time can cause adverse effects on the meat, but water access and lower stocking densities have been allowed to minimize this. However, access to feed is restricted for 12–24 hours prior to slaughtering for ease of evisceration . Stunning is done when the animal is restrained in a chute so movement

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1920-525: Is therefore used by many food standards agencies around the world, though the Dumas method is also approved by some standards organizations. Accidental contamination and intentional adulteration of protein meals with non-protein nitrogen sources that inflate crude protein content measurements have been known to occur in the food industry for decades. To ensure food quality , purchasers of protein meals routinely conduct quality control tests designed to detect

1980-502: Is used either as pasture or to grow feed crop . Crude protein Proteins are essential nutrients for the human body . They are one of the building blocks of body tissue and can also serve as a fuel source . As a fuel, proteins provide as much energy density as carbohydrates : 17 kJ (4 kcal ) per gram; in contrast, lipids provide 37 kJ (9 kcal) per gram. The most important aspect and defining characteristic of protein from

2040-456: The Food and Drug Administration was regulating pharmaceutical supplements in beef cattle feed such as hormones and prophylactic antibiotics . Some animals live on pasture their entire lives and therefore only experience fresh grass; these are typically cow-calf operations in more tropical climates. Backgrounded calves and feedlot animals tend to have different diets that contain more grain than

2100-499: The Kjeldahl method and the Dumas method . These tests determine the total nitrogen in a sample. The only major component of most food which contains nitrogen is protein (fat, carbohydrate and dietary fiber do not contain nitrogen). If the amount of nitrogen is multiplied by a factor depending on the kinds of protein expected in the food the total protein can be determined. This value is known as

2160-404: The intestinal absorptive cells is not the end. There, most of the peptides are broken into single amino acids. Absorption of the amino acids and their derivatives into which dietary protein is degraded is done by the gastrointestinal tract . The absorption rates of individual amino acids are highly dependent on the protein source; for example, the digestibilities of many amino acids in humans,

2220-475: The " crude protein " content. The use of correct conversion factors is heavily debated, specifically with the introduction of more plant-derived protein products. However, on food labels the protein is calculated by the nitrogen multiplied by 6.25, because the average nitrogen content of proteins is about 16%. The Kjeldahl test is typically used because it is the method the AOAC International has adopted and

2280-417: The "labile protein reserve" to compensate for daily variations in protein intake. However, unlike body fat as a reserve for future caloric needs, there is no protein storage for future needs. Excessive protein intake may increase calcium excretion in urine, occurring to compensate for the pH imbalance from oxidation of sulfur amino acids. This may lead to a higher risk of kidney stone formation from calcium in

2340-852: The FDA as a modification of the Protein efficiency ratio (PER) method. The PDCAAS rating was adopted by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations/ World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) in 1993 as "the preferred 'best'" method to determine protein quality. These organizations have suggested that other methods for evaluating the quality of protein are inferior. In 2013 FAO proposed changing to Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score . Most proteins are decomposed to single amino acids by digestion in

2400-875: The National Academy of Medicine suggests that adults should consume at least 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight daily, which is roughly equivalent to a little more than 7 grams for every 20 pounds of body weight. This recommendation is widely accepted by health professionals as a guideline for maintaining muscle mass, supporting metabolic functions, and promoting overall health. Several studies have concluded that active people and athletes may require elevated protein intake (compared to 0.8 g/kg) due to increase in muscle mass and sweat losses, as well as need for body repair and energy source. Suggested amounts vary from 1.2 to 1.4 g/kg for those doing endurance exercise to as much as 1.6-1.8 g/kg for strength exercise and up to 2.0 g/kg/day for older people, while

2460-539: The air to create fuel for microbes, which are grown in bioreactor vats and then processed into dry protein powders. The process makes highly efficient use of land, water and fertiliser. People eating a balanced diet do not need protein supplements . The table below presents food groups as protein sources. Colour key: Protein powders – such as casein , whey , egg , rice , soy and cricket flour – are processed and manufactured sources of protein. The classic assays for protein concentration in food are

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2520-423: The animal will be broken down with evisceration and decapitation . The carcass will be placed in a cooler for 24–48 hours prior to the meat being cut. Cattle farming is one of the most emissive forms of food generation, and least effective uses of land and water as resources. Cattle emit large amounts of methane resulting from their digestive process, and the process of preparing and transporting beef results in

2580-403: The belly and legs. This edema is explained by the action of lipoxygenase on arachidonic acid to form leukotrienes and the normal functioning of proteins in fluid balance and lipoprotein transport. PEM is fairly common worldwide in both children and adults and accounts for 6 million deaths annually. In the industrialized world, PEM is predominantly seen in hospitals, is associated with disease, or

2640-423: The body. There are nine essential amino acids which humans must obtain from their diet in order to prevent protein-energy malnutrition and resulting death. They are phenylalanine , valine , threonine , tryptophan , methionine , leucine , isoleucine , lysine , and histidine . There has been debate as to whether there are 8 or 9 essential amino acids. The consensus seems to lean towards 9 since histidine

2700-488: The breed in their heterosis programs for hybrid vigor. These cattle are a versatile breed and adapt to many climates. This United States -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This cattle -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Beef cattle Besides breeding to meet the demand for beef production, owners also use selective breeding to attain specific traits in their beef cattle. An example of

2760-584: The breeding time based on a number of factors, including reproductive performance, seasonal cattle pricing and handling facilities. Cattle handlers are expected to maintain a low-stress environment for their herds, involving constant safety, health, comfort, nourishment and humane handling. According to the Canadian National Farm Animal Care Council, beef cattle must have access to shelter from extreme weather, safe handling and equipment, veterinary care and humane slaughter. If an animal

2820-411: The difference between soy and milk proteins and between individual milk proteins, beta-lactoglobulin and casein. For milk proteins, about 50% of the ingested protein is absorbed between the stomach and the jejunum and 90% is absorbed by the time the digested food reaches the ileum . Biological value (BV) is a measure of the proportion of absorbed protein from a food which becomes incorporated into

2880-441: The gastro-intestinal tract. Digestion typically begins in the stomach when pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by the action of hydrochloric acid , and continued by trypsin and chymotrypsin in the small intestine. Before the absorption in the small intestine , most proteins are already reduced to single amino acid or peptides of several amino acids. Most peptides longer than four amino acids are not absorbed. Absorption into

2940-405: The last half of their lives in a CAFO. A steer that weighs 1,000 lb (450 kg) when alive makes a carcass weighing approximately 615 lb (280 kg) once the blood, head, feet, skin, offal and guts are removed. The carcass is then hung in a cold room for between one and four weeks, during which time it loses some weight as water dries from the meat. It is then deboned and cut by

3000-446: The liver takes up the amino acids and deaminates them, a process converting the nitrogen from the amino acids into ammonia , further processed in the liver into urea via the urea cycle . Excretion of urea occurs via the kidneys. Other parts of the amino acid molecules can be converted into glucose and used for fuel. When food protein intake is periodically high or low, the body tries to keep protein levels at an equilibrium by using

3060-428: The most common non-protein nitrogen contaminants, such as urea and ammonium nitrate . In at least one segment of the food industry, the dairy industry, some countries (at least the U.S., Australia, France and Hungary) have adopted " true protein " measurement, as opposed to crude protein measurement, as the standard for payment and testing: "True protein is a measure of only the proteins in milk, whereas crude protein

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3120-403: The pasture type. Grain is more expensive than pasture but the animals grow faster with the higher protein levels. Since cattle are herbivores and need roughage in their diet, silage , hay and/or haylage are all viable feed options. Despite this, 3/4th of the 32 pounds (14.52 kg) of feed cattle consume each day will be corn. Cattle weighing 1000 lbs. will drink an average of 41 L

3180-492: The potentially detrimental effects to healthy individuals of a long-term high protein diet, leading to caution advisories about using high protein intake as a form of weight loss . The 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) recommends that men and teenage boys increase their consumption of fruits, vegetables and other under-consumed foods, and that a means of accomplishing this would be to reduce overall intake of protein foods. The 2015 - 2020 DGA report does not set

3240-479: The protein requirement for athletes still remains controversial (for instance see Lamont, Nutrition Research Reviews, pages 142 - 149, 2012), research does show that endurance athletes can benefit from increasing protein intake because the type of exercise endurance athletes participate in still alters the protein metabolism pathway. The overall protein requirement increases because of amino acid oxidation in endurance-trained athletes. Endurance athletes who exercise over

3300-424: The proteins of the organism's body. Newborns of mammals are exceptional in protein digestion and assimilation in that they can absorb intact proteins at the small intestine. This enables passive immunity , i.e., transfer of immunoglobulins from the mother to the newborn, via milk. Considerable debate has taken place regarding issues surrounding protein intake requirements. The amount of protein required in

3360-419: The renal circulatory system. One meta-analysis reported no adverse effects of higher protein intakes on bone density. Another meta-analysis reported a small decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure with diets higher in protein, with no differences between animal and plant protein. High protein diets have been shown to lead to an additional 1.21 kg of weight loss over a period of 3 months versus

3420-741: The sodium (< 2300 mg), saturated fats (less than 10% of total calories per day), and added sugars (less than 10% of total calories per day) that may be increased as a result of consumption of certain meats and proteins. While the 2015 DGA report does advise for a reduced level of consumption of red and processed meats, the 2015-2020 DGA key recommendations recommend that a variety of protein foods be consumed, including both vegetarian and non-vegetarian sources of protein. Protein deficiency and malnutrition (PEM) can lead to variety of ailments including Intellectual disability and kwashiorkor . Symptoms of kwashiorkor include apathy, diarrhea, inactivity, failure to grow, flaky skin, fatty liver, and edema of

3480-562: The year 2000 as "the true protein absorbed by the intestine, supplied by microbial protein and undegraded intake protein". The limitations of the Kjeldahl method were at the heart of the Chinese protein export contamination in 2007 and the 2008 China milk scandal in which the industrial chemical melamine was added to the milk or glutens to increase the measured "protein". The most important aspect and defining characteristic of protein from

3540-438: Was a cow's first time calving, she will take longer to re-breed by at least 10 days. However, beef cattle can also be bred through artificial insemination , depending on the cow and the size of the herd. Cattle are normally bred during the summer so that calving may occur the following spring. However, cattle breeding can occur at other times of year. Depending on the operation, calving may occur all year round. Owners can select

3600-514: Was to produce cattle that could produce economically in the difficult environment of South Texas . The cattle were selected by using the Six Essentials – weight, conformation, milking ability, fertility, hardiness and disposition. While brownish-red is the most common color, the breed has no color standards. Over the past decade, the Beefmaster breed has become very popular among herd managers using

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