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45-624: The reservoir was first announced in 1980 as part of a water supply scheme. It was converted from a sand quarry that was used by the Housing and Development Board (HDB). Construction of the reservoir began in 1983, with the construction of a deep pumping station and a perimeter road. The reservoir was completed in June 1985, and it began operations later that year. Bedok Reservoir is now open to water sports activities such as wakeboarding , sailing , Forest Adventure fishing , canoeing and kayaking . This follows

90-551: A decrease in abundance of many species led to cascading second-order effects on zooplankton and tertiary consumer communities. Malaria incidence was reported to have risen significantly in the area around Gatun following the elimination of prey fishes that had previously kept the mosquito population at lower levels. This is an example of how species introductions can have explicit consequences for human health. In 1984, after 10 years of study, Florida officials deliberately introduced butterfly peacock bass and speckled peacock bass to

135-429: A genetic study published in 2007 suggested that two of those demoted taxa , C. monoculus and C. pleiozona , are valid species (this study lacked samples from some of the more localized proposed species). A 2020 study described a new species, C. cataractae. The peacock bass genus Cichla has been placed by some authorities as the only genus in the monogeneric tribe Cichlini. The IUCN has not investigated

180-516: A history of independent evolution. Among the species implicated as probable "good" species were C. intermedia , C. orinocensis , C. temensis , C. melaniae , C. mirianae , and C. piquiti . The other species were suggested to be part of two widespread meta-species or species complexes , called Cichla pinima sensu lato (including C. jariina , C. thyrorus , and C. vazzoleri ) and C. ocellaris sensu lato (including C. monoculus , C. nigromaculata , C. pleiozona , and C. kelberi ). In contrast,

225-428: A local reservoir. The Guest of Honour, George Yeo (former Minister of Foreign Affairs and MP for Aljunied GRC ) flagged off canoe racing during the event. The HSBC Wakeboard World Cup Singapore 2004, was held at Bedok Reservoir on 30–31 October 2004. This was the first international water sports event to be held at a local reservoir. The Wakeboard World Cup Singapore 2007 was held on 22 and 23 September 2007 during

270-689: A motorboat across its wake and especially up off the crest in order to perform aerial maneuvers. A hallmark of wakeboarding is the attempted performance of midair tricks. Wakeboarding was developed from a combination of water skiing , snowboarding and surfing techniques. The rider is usually towed by a rope behind a boat, but can also be towed by cable systems and winches, and be pulled by other motorized vehicles like personal watercraft, cars, trucks, and all-terrain vehicles. The gear and wakeboard boat used are often personalized to each rider's liking. Though natural watercourses such as rivers, lakes and areas of open water are generally used in wakeboarding, it

315-406: A smoother ride. The wake board rope has advanced over the years with improvements in the material makeup. When wakeboarding first started, wakeboarders used ski rope, which was made with stretchy cloth or plastic ropes. The latter soon grew in popularity, and a braided rope made out of polypropylene was eventually introduced. A few years later , a rope that was less stretchy was invented that gave

360-671: A threat to young tilapia (e.g. sunfish , piranha ). Spawning and brood-raising reduce the growth rate of the tilapia, so introduction of Cichla is thought to maintain a high growth rate in the tilapia. They are also raised commercially for the aquarium trade ; Asia is one of the main sources for aquacultured peacock bass. As a large predatory fish they are informally referred to as " monster fish ". Peacock bass prey on any species that catches their eye, but those in which they seem most interested are tilapia, crayfish, tadpoles, mosquitofish, minnows, and guppies. Also, they will eat their own young when other fish are scarce. Their eating quality

405-648: Is a common feature of South American cichlids, and is thought to deter predators and fin-biting piranhas). In addition, many adult fishes (primarily males, but also some females) develop a pronounced hump on their foreheads (nuchal hump) shortly before and during the rainy season, when the fishes generally spawn. Other physical traits can vary greatly, depending on the species, individual, and stage of development. These include dark rosettes instead of stripes, light speckles, and impressive shades of bright green, orange, blue, and gold. Very young fish exhibit dark horizontal stripes down half ( C. orinocensis, C. ocellaris, et al. ) or

450-438: Is accessible via Bedok Reservoir Road. The current tenants are Forest Adventure and WAWAWA - Bistro by The Reservoir. The park has been designated with the code 9V-0004 by the international Parks On The Air award program, and so is regularly 'activated' by Amateur Radio operators using portable equipment. The Launch of Water Sports Activity was held on 17 October 2004. It marked the first time water activities could be held in

495-739: Is also home to Forest Adventure , the largest tree top adventure park in Singapore. It comprises series of 69 obstacles at height and 4 giant zip lines over the water. The park has six venues that can be booked for private events: the Floating Deck (area of 1,320 sq.m, capacity of up to 240 people.), Activity Lawn (area of 3600 sq m, capacity of up to 2,000 persons), Jogging Track (4.3 kilometres long), Reservoir Vista (area of 3,600 sq.m, capacity of up to 2,000 persons), Reservoir Lawn (area of 13,200 sq. m, capacity of up to 5000 persons) and Viewing Gallery (area of 432 sq.m, capacity of up to 150 persons). The park

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540-809: Is now illegal to kill or possess speckled peacock bass in Florida. The butterfly peacock bass tends to flourish in the canals and fresh waterways throughout south Florida. Because of their tropical origins, peacock bass cannot tolerate low water temperatures. This has prevented them from becoming abundant in Florida outside of Palm Beach , Broward , and Miami-Dade Counties. However, reports of them have extended to other counties in South Florida such as Collier , Lee County, Florida , and Hendry counties. Especially near Alligator Alley . Tilapia farmers sometimes keep peacock bass to eat any spawn that occur among their fish, in addition to eating any invasive fish that pose

585-538: Is possible to wakeboard in unconventional locations, such as flooded roads and car parks, using a car as the towing vehicle. Wakeboarding is done for pleasure and competition, ranging from freestyle wakeboarding and wakeboard parks to wakeboard competitions at the X Games , WWA Wakeboard World Championships, or similar events. Though it had an obscure start, it is now the world's fastest-growing water sport. The sport that would later become wake boarding began as water-skiing with mono water skis (single water skis) in

630-464: Is the largest species and can grow to 1 m (3.3 ft) in length, and may be the largest of all cichlid fishes. Most display a color pattern based on a theme of three wide vertical stripes on their bodies, sometimes with smaller intermediate bands, only a grey, brown, yellow, or green background. They also exhibit a spot on their tail fins that resembles the eyes on a peacock's tail feathers—a feature which resulted in their common names (this "ocellus"

675-552: The Singapore Sports Council 's (SSC's) efforts to allow water sport enthusiasts to make use of the various reservoirs for activities which do not compromise the quality of the water. The programme kicked off with the HSBC Wakeboard World Cup Singapore 2004, held at Bedok Reservoir on 30–31 October 2004 and this was the first international water sports event to be held at a local reservoir. The hill on

720-561: The genus Cichla . These are diurnal predatory fishes native to the Amazon and Orinoco basins, as well as rivers of the Guianas , in tropical South America . They are sometimes referred to in English by their Brazilian name tucunaré or their Spanish name pavon . Despite the common name and their superficial similarity, they are not closely related to other fish known as bass , such as

765-476: The 5km run welcomes all runners with all fitness levels. In September 2014, a Temasek Polytechnic student was practicing kayaking in Bedok Reservoir when his boat capsized, making him fall into the water. Immediately after falling into the water, he felt fish biting his feet. He then swam to a nearby pontoon and had gaping cuts around his toes on his right foot after reaching the pontoon. Biologists claimed that

810-697: The North American largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ). Peacock bass are important food fish and are also considered valuable game fish . This has resulted in their accidental (escapees from fish farms ) or deliberate (release by fishers) introduction to regions outside their native range, both elsewhere in South America, and in warm parts of North America and Asia. Singles have been caught elsewhere, including Australia, but do not appear to have become established there. Where established as an introduced species, they may become invasive and damage

855-717: The Rosana Reservoir and upper Paraná River , both in Brazil , resulted in a 95% decline in native fish density and 80% decline in richness in only two years. Few measures can protect native fish once peacock bass have been introduced. Reduction in native species' richness in lakes with introduced peacock bass was observed in all of the Gatun-area lakes, regardless of the presence of macrophyte refugia. After initial increases in abundance, introduced peacock bass often deplete local prey and resort to cannibalism . Cichla cf. ocellaris

900-655: The Singapore leg of the World Cup Series. It stopped at Russia and Ireland first before ending at Qatar . It was organised by the Singapore Waterski & Wakeboard Federation. The world premier of Hydro Sapiens by The Lunatics was held from 20 to 22 June 2008 as part of the Singapore Arts Festival . The Singapore Dragon Boat Festival was held from 28 to 29 June 2008. The weekly Saturday parkrun takes place at Bedok Reservoir. Organized by volunteers,

945-689: The USA around 1950. The main difference between mono water skis and contemporary wake boards is the shape of the board and the stance. Wake surfing - using surfboards as mono water skis - began picking up traction around 1964, where it was seen as an "exciting new sport that's soon going to sweep the waterways." Although surfboards were originally used, boards without straps or bindings were first seen in New Zealand with boards called "skurfboards". Eventually, wake boards with bindings or straps were sold in Australia under

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990-420: The amount of fins they have which can be up to 5. Fins will make it easier to turn and stay level for beginners but should be removed for tricks and spins since they can make it easier to catch an edge on a jump or during a spin. [1] Another part of the wakeboard itself to consider is the size of the board and the material, which are usually a wood or foam core with a fiber glass or carbon fiber coating. [2] At

1035-909: The conservation status of any peacock bass species. Therefore, they do not appear on its red list. Some of the species have relatively small distributions, and C. melaniae is restricted to the lower Xingu River in an area that will be heavily affected by the Belo Monte Dam . Sport fishermen have made these cichlids prized game fish for their fighting qualities, so much so that many travel agencies now arrange fishing trips to Brazil and Florida specifically to catch peacock bass. Renowned American peacock bass fisherman and fishing author, Larry Larsen , refers to them as "freshwater bullies" due to their ferocious nature when hunting and their tendency to damage and sometimes destroy fishing gear when striking. The most common techniques for catching these cichlids are similar to those for catching largemouth bass , with

1080-503: The cuts could be caused by attacks from aggressive turtles or fish in the reservoir. However, more attacks of the same kind were reported over the next three months. As a result, sporting and recreational activities were suspended at Bedok Reservoir from 17 December 2014 to 16 January 2015. During the suspension, several types of predatory fish not indigenous to Singapore were caught, including African walking catfish , peacock bass , tarpon , armoured sucker catfish and giant snakehead . As

1125-558: The ecosystem because of their highly predatory behavior, feeding extensively on smaller native fish. The largest species in the genus, the speckled peacock bass ( C. temensis ), reaches up to 13 kg (29 lb) in weight and 1 m (3.3 ft) in length, possibly making it the largest species of cichlid (others suggest that record goes to the African giant cichlid , Boulengerochromis microlepis ). Other peacock bass species are smaller. They are sometimes kept in aquariums, but even

1170-405: The invasive fish species were not native to Singapore, they were likely illegally released into the reservoir. The government has issued advisories to those entering the waters, and severe fines and penalties have been imposed for those releasing fish here. Wakeboarding Wakeboarding is a water sport in which the rider, standing on a wakeboard (a board with foot bindings), is towed behind

1215-506: The lake and nearby rivers and creeks were overrun with the cichlids, providing sport fishing opportunities that had not existed previously. Since then, C. cf. ocellaris has become the dominant sport fish species in the area. The presence of peacock bass in Panama has caused significant damage to the native fish assemblage, by eliminating seven of eleven previously common fish species, and significantly reducing three others. Local extinctions and

1260-459: The material of the rope being used can make a significant difference in ride experience. The less stretch in the rope, the better it is for the rider to learn how to ride and do various tricks. Some of the best rope materials include Dyneema, Poly E, and Spectra. Each of these is known for its abrasion resistance, affordability and absorption, and durability respectively. When wakeboarding, a variety of tricks may be attempted. Most of these stem from

1305-502: The most common wakeboard styles include the continuous rocker, the three-stage rocker, the five-stage rocker, and the hybrid rocker. Rocker refers to the curve of the board from head to tail and each type of board has a different placement and amount of curve that works best for different types of rides. The presence or absence of fins on the bottom of a board can also make a drastic difference in how it rides. Beginning riders are usually better off with deeper fins. Wakeboards can also vary in

1350-551: The name "McSkis". Later, another company called "Skurfer" was founded by Tony Finn in 1985, named as such due to the board being a cross of a surfboard and a water ski . The first board made in the early 1990's was the Hyper lite board by the O’Brien company, a water ski manufacturer who marketed the board as a “compression-molded neutral-buoyancy wake board.” This was followed by a variety of boards that are curvier and more compact, creating

1395-444: The notable exception that peacock bass usually will not strike artificial worms, a widely used lure among largemouth bass fisherman. In addition, fly fishing techniques, including lures such as poppers and large streamers , are becoming increasingly popular for catching them. Peacock bass have been identified as invasive species and cause of ecological imbalances in some of their introduced areas. Peacock bass introduction in

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1440-468: The review in 2006, nine new species were described and C. nigromaculata was revalidated. In general, the various species are similar in proportions and most meristics , but differ in colour pattern (and range). This is similar to other diurnal cichlids, where visual clues play an important role in the behavior, including breeding. The speckled or three-barred peacock bass ( C. temensis ) in particular has caused problems due to its extensive variation, but

1485-461: The rider a more consistent pull on the rope, though they were heavier and larger in diameter. Modern ropes are coated with Spectra and Dyneema, which decrease the stretch and drag of the rope. When wakeboarding, a wide variety of safety equipment is used. These include life vests or other buoyancy aids which prevent water-related injuries and deaths, as they keep the wearer buoyant until they are picked up. These vests especially help in situations where

1530-483: The rider is fully upside down, as evidenced by the Raley, a trick where the rider extends their body parallel to the water bending at the knees to achieve inversion. The heel side backflip, otherwise known as a tantrum, is often regarded as the first and easiest invert to learn as an intermediate level rider. This is because the shape of the wake or the “kicker” (a type of floating ramp, used primarily at cable parks, that mimics

1575-484: The rider is knocked unconscious or cannot tread water. Furthermore, wakeboarders use water-resistant helmets that are able to ventilate water so that the helmets do not fill up with water. Even the length of a wakeboarder's rope is important in providing safety; if the rope is too long, a wakeboarder will land on the flat part of the wake instead of the downside, and their knees will buckle. Wakeboards themselves are also important to consider when preparing to ride. Four of

1620-418: The same time, the length of a wakeboarding rope will vary based on the rider's preferences. Beginner ropes usually go from about 50’ to 75’ in total length, while more advanced riders will want a rope that goes from 65’ to 85’. A longer rope may allow for more preparation and momentum before performing tricks, whereas a shorter rope may require less speed and height to travel between wakes. In addition to this,

1665-443: The shape of a wake) naturally initiates the sequence of motions that are necessary to complete the trick. There are many different ways that people are engaged in this sport. Popular brands like Byerly, Hyperlight, O'Brien and Ronix provide ever evolving technology and equipment as well as quality advice for new and seasoned riders alike. Some of these brands also have active social media presence to reach more people and get them into

1710-683: The smaller species require a very large tank. Many common names are used for these fish in Brazil, the country of their largest native region. The most popular of these is tucunaré . In Spanish, the generic common name for these cichlids is pavόn . Pavón, in Spanish, means "peacock", while the Brazilian name comes from Tupi , an indigenous language of Brazil, meaning "friend of the tree", as this peacock bass usually stays close to submerged trees to hunt and to protect itself and its nests. The speckled peacock bass

1755-402: The southern region of that state to prey on other non-native species, including the oscar ( Astronotus ocellatus ), Midas cichlid ( Amphilophus citrinellus ), and spotted tilapia ( Tilapia mariae ). Their introduction also provided additional sport fishing opportunities for anglers. While the butterfly peacock bass has flourished in Florida, the speckled peacock bass has not. Therefore, it

1800-585: The speckled pattern has now been shown to be present in nonbreeders and the three-barred when breeding. Although minor variations are known from adults of other peacock bass species, none shows the extreme variation of the speckled/three-barred peacock bass. A genetic study published in 2012 has cast doubt on the validity of some of the species recognized in the review in 2006. Aside from limited hybridization among many species, in both natural and human-altered environments, several species do not show sufficient differentiation to imply reproductive isolation and/or

1845-658: The sport. Many movements and tricks in wakeboarding bear close resemblance to moves also found in kitesurfing . This is reflected in close similarities between wakeboards and twin-tip kitesurf-boards. Wakeboarding in wake and waterski parks is thus often considered a more approachable wind condition independent alternative to kitesurfing and has seen a surge in popularity in parallel to kitesurfing, especially in densely populated areas in Europe, such as Germany. Peacock bass Acharnes Holmberg , 1891 Peacock bass or Brazilian tucunaré are large freshwater cichlids of

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1890-410: The wakeboarder adjusting their posture, edge, and distribution of weight so as to fly into the air upon hitting the wake. Various tricks include the toeside edge, the heelside edge, the ride switch, and the 180° spin. More advanced tricks call for what is known as inversion or “inverts”. An invert is considered any action where the board is above the head of the rider. This does not necessarily mean

1935-446: The west part of Bedok Reservoir is a popular place to fly model gliders . The Bedok Reservoir Park was developed around the reservoir. The park is equipped with a jogging track, a children's playground, fitness stations and open fields. The park is popular for outdoor activities like inline skating , cycling , fishing and jogging . Jog A Walk Activities are held regularly at the park by schools and organisations. Bedok Reservoir Park

1980-469: The whole ( C. temensis, C. pinima, et al. ) body. Following a taxonomic review published in 2006, 15 Cichla species are recognized by FishBase : Sabaj, López-Fernández, Willis, Hemraj, Taphorn & Winemiller, 2020 In addition, possibly undescribed species of peacock bass are known from the Travessão and Paru Rivers in Brazil. Traditionally, only five peacock bass were recognized, but in

2025-484: Was introduced into Panama via a freshwater creek in the Rio Chagres drainage region unintentionally in the late 1950s (experts are not certain of the exact date). A well-known aquarist and medical doctor began raising peacock bass in a small pond in his back yard for sale as aquarium fish. Within a year, heavy rains flooded the pond, causing some fry to escape into a nearby creek which drained into Gatun Lake . By 1964,

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