36-557: The Bedford TM was a heavy goods vehicle manufactured by Bedford between 1974 and 1986. Up until the TM, Bedford had been building mostly low-specification short haul distribution trucks, such as the Bedford TK and KM. In view of the increasing popularity of high cabs in the maximum weight long distance category, such as the Leyland Marathon , Scania L110 and Volvo F88 , Bedford designed
72-422: A UK driving licence . UK driving licences can be used when visiting EU/EEA countries with some exceptions. International Driving Permits might be needed in some cases. Depending on which convention the country in question has ratified, a 1949 IDP ( Geneva Convention on Road Traffic ) might be required in some EEA countries, and a 1968 IDP ( Vienna Convention on Road Traffic ) in others. However, none of
108-422: A graduated driver licensing system, drivers must pass a theory test before being allowed to drive on the road. They can then drive with a supervisor for six months followed by a practical test, or they can complete an accelerated heavy vehicle course. LGVs and their drivers are covered by strict regulations in many jurisdictions. For example, to improve safety, limit weight to that which will not excessively wear
144-566: A Category B (car) test before January 1, 1997 will have received Categories C1 and C1+E (Restriction Code 107: not more than 8,250 kg [18,190 lb]) through the Implied Rights issued by the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA) (more commonly known as Grandfather Rights). All UK LGV license holders must undergo a strict medical examination and eye test on application at age 45 and every 5 years thereafter. On reaching 65 years of age,
180-488: A Class B ( school bus ), C (regular bus) or D (heavy truck) license can drive a truck with a gross weight or registered gross weight exceeding 11,000 kg (24,000 lb) or any truck and trailer combination exceeding 11,000 kg gross weight or registered gross weight provided the towed vehicle is not over 4,600 kg. There are four classes of heavy vehicle license: 2, 3, 4 and 5. Classes 1 and 6 are for light vehicles and motorcycles, respectively. The classes describe
216-472: A SOMA rear axle (dropped after the 1982 facelift). The Detroit engine was not a successful choice in the UK. Because of its high-revving characteristics, it proved unpopular with drivers, who were used to slow revving, long stroke, UK diesels. It was also disliked by operators because of its poor fuel economy. Available as either an articulated tractor unit , or as a rigid, in either wide or narrow day and sleeper cabs,
252-649: A few were built, some of which were sold to the MoD (which deployed them into Operation Desert Storm ) and the Central Military Command in Dubai . The Multidrive brand was later sold to Caterpillar , that started producing the Multidrive M8-Series . [REDACTED] Media related to Bedford TM at Wikimedia Commons Heavy goods vehicle A large goods vehicle ( LGV ), or heavy goods vehicle ( HGV ), in
288-454: A medical examination must be performed on an annual basis. In the Canadian province of Ontario , drivers holding a Full Class AZ license can drive any truck/tractor trailer combination, a combination of motor vehicle and towed vehicles where the towed vehicles exceed a total gross weight of 4,600 kg (10,100 lb) and has air brakes, or a vehicle pulling double trailers. Drivers holding
324-420: A sealed cabin floor. The cab was counterbalanced so as to allow one-man tilting, while two front flaps allowed access to check on vitals. Production ceased in 1986, with the closure of Bedford. Through its lifespan, it was available with a Bedford 500 turbo engine also known as the 8.2 Blue , a Detroit Diesel two-stroke V6 and V8 or a Cummins L10 , coupled to either a Fuller or Spicer transmission, and
360-673: A single European driving licence to replace the 110 different models in existence throughout the EU/EEA at the time. The European Parliament adopted the Directive in December 2006. Directive 2006/126/EC was published in the Official Journal of the European Union on 30 December 2006. Its provisions took effect on 19 January 2013; Directive 91/439/EEC was then concurrently repealed. The licence
396-469: A test of skills and behaviour (practical) which had to be successfully passed before an individual is offered a driving licence. It also required an applicant to meet the minimum standards of physical and mental fitness to drive. The directive specified the minimum ages for driving different types of vehicles, and established progressive access in categories A, C, and D, from light vehicles to larger or more powerful vehicles. The directive stipulated that it
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#1733094336223432-489: Is a driving licence issued by the member states of the European Economic Area (EEA); all 27 EU member states and three EFTA member states ; Iceland , Liechtenstein and Norway , which give shared features the various driving licence styles formerly in use. It is credit card-style with a photograph. They were introduced to replace the 110 different plastic and paper driving licences of the 300 million drivers in
468-419: Is a credit-card-style, single plastic-coated document, very difficult to counterfeit. The document is renewable every 10 or 15 years depending on the member state. Several member states have the option to include a microchip containing information about the card holder on the card. Some categories like C and D are issued for five years only. After expiration, a medical check-up is necessary in order to renew
504-476: Is due to change with the introduction of standardised European digital driving licence , as per the new 'Proposal for a Revision of the Directive on Driving Licences' on 1 March 2023, which would adhere to the ISO 18013-5 standard. To help users of different languages to understand what each of the data fields on the licence contains, each is labelled with a number. A legend on the back of the card identifies each field in
540-644: Is mandatory to have the normal residence in the Member State issuing the licence. The Directive was substantially amended by nine directives and two acts of accession. The plastic card version of the Community licence model, for example, was added to the Directive by Council Directive 96/47/EC of 23 July 1996. In March 2006, the Council of Ministers adopted a Directive proposed by the European Commission to create
576-616: Is not a contracting party of EEA Agreement. Switzerland is instead linked to the EU by a series of bilateral agreements and has generally adopted much of the harmonised EU legislation with regard to driving licences. Switzerland has used categories similar to the EU ;system of vehicle categories since the 2000s, and Swiss driving licences resemble EEA-style credit-card licences, comparable to other non-EU/EEA European countries. Likewise, French Overseas Collectivities and Territories are not in
612-433: Is the only French territory member of the EU to use a different format to the current 'standard' French format. The directive stipulated that (then) all 31 EEA members states must have adopted laws implementing the directive no later than 19 January 2011. Those laws took effect in all EEA members states on 19 January 2013. All licences issued before that date will become invalid by 2033. Directive 2006/126/EC applied to
648-572: The European Union (EU) is any lorry with a gross combination mass (GCM) of over 3,500 kg (7,700 lb ). Sub-category N2 is used for vehicles between 3,500 kg and 12,000 kg (26,000 lb) and N3 for all goods vehicles over 12,000 kg as defined in Directive 2001/116/EC . The term medium goods vehicle is used within parts of the UK government to refer to goods vehicles of between 3,500 and 7,500 kg which according to
684-562: The EEA Agreement. The Decision made some adaptions to the directive, notably: the distinguishing sign issuing the licence is encircled by an ellipse instead of being printed on the European flag, the words "driving licence" in Icelandic and Norwegian languages were added, and the words “European Communities model” were replaced by “EEA model”. Although Switzerland is a member state of EFTA , it
720-527: The EEA countries currently require IDPs for visitors staying shorter than 12 months. On 1 March 2023, the European Commission released a proposal to modernise the legal framework surrounding driver training, examination, licences and cross-border enforcement of driving offences. Specifically regarding driving licences, the measures presented included: These proposals would have to be considered through
756-475: The EEA despite being part of the French Republic . However, with the exception of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (which uses 'standard' French driving licences) and Wallis and Futuna (which is the last remaining French territory still issuing non-credit card sized licences), all Overseas Collectivities of France have followed EU harmonisation standards, as well as the 'EEA model'. As of May 2024, Saint Martin
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#1733094336223792-441: The EEA. The main objective of the licence is to reduce the risk of fraud. A driving licence issued by a member state of the EEA is recognised throughout the EEA and can be used as long as it is valid, the driver is old enough to drive a vehicle of the equivalent category, and the licence is not suspended or restricted and has not been revoked in the issuing country. If the holder of an EEA driving licence moves to another EEA country,
828-693: The EU are also "large goods vehicles." Commercial carrier vehicles of up to 3,500 kg are referred to as light commercial vehicles and come into category N1 . Parts of the UK government also refer to these smaller vehicles as "large goods vehicles" (also abbreviated "LGV"). To cross country borders in the EU, LGVs must not exceed 44 tonnes laden weight or longer than 18.75 m (61.5 ft), but longer and heavier vehicles ( LHVs ) are used within some EU countries, where they are known as Gigaliner, EuroCombi, EcoLiner, innovative commercial vehicle, mega-truck, and under other names. They are typically 25.25 metres (82.8 ft) long and weigh up to 70 tonnes, and
864-442: The TM as a competitor. The TM was introduced in 1974. A thorough update in 1982 left the appearance mostly untouched - perhaps to the detriment of sales of what was a substantially new model. Improvements included the new Detroit Diesel Series 92 engine, a new chassis, many new engine and transmission options, and a variety of other updated fittings. The Fuller transmissions now received a new telescopic shift mechanism, allowing for
900-502: The TM was actually a highly competent vehicle, and over the years was a common sight with some of the larger UK operators. It offered new standards of comfort and refinement especially for a Bedford. The British Army purchased thousands of four-wheel drive and six-wheel drive variants, some of which remained in use in 2010. AWD tried to market a 6x4 version under the Multidrive brand, targeting it to construction markets, although only
936-500: The United Kingdom until the transition period after the UK withdrew from the EU terminated on 31 December 2020, as EU law continued to apply to the UK during this period. From 1 January 2021, European licences are recognized by the UK if the driving test was passed in an EU/EEA country, and can be used both if the holder is visiting or if residing in the UK. They can also be exchanged for
972-476: The characteristics of the vehicle, the weight limits, and the maximum number of axles. Drivers must begin with a class 2 (medium rigid vehicle) learner license before progressing to a class 3 medium combination vehicle license or a class 4 heavy rigid vehicle license. A class 5 (heavy combination vehicle) license can only be earned after driving with a class 4 license for a specific timeframe (depending on age) or completing an accelerated course. As New Zealand has
1008-535: The driving licence be converted again to a licence issued by that country. The first step to a European driving licence was taken on 4 December 1980, when the Council of Ministers adopted Council Directive 80/1263/EEC on the introduction of a Community driving licence, which established a Community model national licence that guaranteed the mutual recognition by the Member States of national licences. It also established
1044-568: The implications of allowing them to cross boundaries was considered in 2011. It is necessary to have an appropriate European driving license to drive a large goods vehicle in the European Union . There are four categories: Operator Licensing Operation of heavy goods vehicles for commercial reasons in European Union requires an operator's license. This allows member states to regulate companies operating these vehicles enforcing number of safety requirements which includes driver's hours regulations and vehicle safety standards. Drivers who passed
1080-1493: The issuing authority's language. It is up to each member state to accept foreign licences with younger ages than the local minimum age of acquisition. 17 years in Germany, and the Netherlands (under supervision, from age of 18 without supervision). 17 years in Greece with supervision (from someone which is at least 25 years old and has had a B licence for 5+ years ) and from the age of 18 without supervision (only if no accidents were caused while under supervision) 17 years in Austria after 3000 km of driving under supervision. 16 years in Iceland (under supervision after 10 driving lessons, from age of 17 without supervision) 18 years in Sweden, Finland and Ireland 18 years in Germany for non-commercial use only except for apprenticeship as professional driver 18 years in Belgium for professional drivers There are other national categories for tractors, large motorcycles, motorised wheel boats, motor tricycles (modern voiturettes , Category B1 or S), and military categories such as for driving tanks. National categories mean they are not harmonised and only valid within
1116-454: The licence can be exchanged for a driving licence from the new EEA country. However, as all EEA driving licences are recognised throughout the EEA, it is usually not necessary to exchange it before it expires. The exception is for those holding EEA driving licences issued in exchange for a non‑EEA licence. When holding a converted licence, one should not assume the licence is recognized when moving to another EEA country, which might require that
Bedford TM - Misplaced Pages Continue
1152-522: The licence for another five years. The provisions of Directive 2006/126/EC mention that it has European Economic Area (EEA) relevance, meaning that its provisions apply to all 27 EU member states, as well as Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway, through incorporation into the agreement on the EEA. The Directive was incorporated into the EEA agreement through Decision of the EEA Joint committee No 29/2008 of 14 March 2008 amending Annex XIII (Transport) to
1188-496: The practice of exchange of licences by holders moving from one Member State to another. On 29 July 1991, the Council of Ministers adopted the Council of the European Union Directive 91/439/EEC on driving licences. The directive required EU Member States to adopt laws implementing the directive before 1 July 1994, which took effect on 1 July 1996. Directive 80/1263/EEC was repealed on the same date. Directive 91/439/EEC
1224-684: The transport infrastructure (roads, bridges, etc.). The heavy weight of these vehicles leads to severe consequences for other road users in crashes; they are over-involved in fatal crashes, and in a 2013 study in London, were found to cause a disproportionate number of the annual casualty toll of cyclists . Current In the United Kingdom, the related term Ordinary Goods Vehicle (OGV) is used for medium and large goods vehicles. The Department for Transport COBA 7 scheme divides this into OGV1 (with up to three axles) and OGV2 (with four or more axles). European driving licence The European driving licence
1260-584: The usual EU legislative procedure before coming into effect. In July 2019, Norway was the first EU/EEA country to issue a mobile version of its driving licence using a proprietary app on a nationwide basis. This was preceded by limited trial in Finland from 2018-2020. Since then, mobile driving licences have been available in Austria, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Poland, Portugal and Spain. These digital/mobile driving licences all have proprietary implementations and are not valid outside their issuing country. This
1296-671: Was incorporated into the EEA Agreement through Decision of the EEA Joint Committee No ;7/94 of 21 March 1994, and specified driving licence in the European Union and the European Economic Area until its repeal on 19 January 2013. The Council of the European Union Directive 91/439/EEC harmonised the categories of driving licences among the Member States and established two Community driving licence models, one paper version and one plastic card version. It furthermore established an obligatory test of knowledge (theory) and
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