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49-840: In March 1951, with the approval of the Culture and Education Commission and the Central Military Commission of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China , the Military Education Film Studio of the General Political Department of the Central Military Commission was launched to provide the People's Liberation Army with its own documentary film production facilities following

98-541: A Ministry of National Defense , it exists solely for liaison with foreign militaries and does not have command authority. There are two separate commissions; the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China and the Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China. However, under the arrangement of " one institution with two names ", both commissions have identical personnel, organization and function. The commission's parallel hierarchy allows

147-590: A brief monopoly by the China Film Group Corporation . From then on, PLA Film and CFGC carried a duopoly in the Chinese film industry until the 1990s. In 1956, it was rebranded as August First (Bayi) Film Studio. The August First Film Studio produced two military pedagogical films which were widely shown throughout the Cultural Revolution decade, Landmine Warfare and Tunnel Warfare . Set during

196-504: A negative effect for those being publicized. One of the most important factors in relation to influencing a consumer's buying decision is how a company, brand, or individual deals with negative publicity. Negative publicity may result in major loss of revenue or market shares within a business. It can also play a part in damaging a consumer's perception of a brand or its products. Negative publicity's high credibility and greater influence compared to other company-controlled communications play

245-449: A newsworthy story in a way that influences editorial coverage in a certain, usually positive, direction. This is what is generally referred to as spin . A press agent, or flack, is a professional publicist who acts on behalf of his or her client on all matters involving public relations. Press agents are typically employed by public personalities and organizations such as performers and businesses. A press agent will provide information to

294-453: A part in the potential damage it may have on a corporate image. Crises involved with an organization may also result in negative publicity. Furthermore, negative publicity affects everything from the evaluation of a brand and product to the present. Often, when awareness of a company, brand, or individual is high, negative publicity is deemed to hurt possible sales. In contrast, companies, brands, and individuals who are not widely known may use

343-615: A post which was occupied by Lin Biao until his death in 1971, then by Ye Jianying . As a consequence of the Cultural Revolution , the Party CMC became the sole military overseeing body, and the National Defence Council was abolished in 1975. Deng Xiaoping 's efforts to institutionally separate the CCP and the state led to the establishment of today's State CMC , which was created in 1982 by

392-428: Is also created through reputation management , in which organizations try strive to control via the web. Furthermore, despite the fact that publicity, both good or bad, can be beneficial for an organization, company or individual, much of it is paid for despite claims that publicity is often free. Despite publicity being an influential benefit within the marketing sector, one disadvantage which highly affects publicity

441-401: Is often referred to as the result of public relations , in terms of providing favourable information to media and any third party outlets; these may including bloggers, mainstream media, as well as new media forms such as podcasts. This is done to provide a message to consumers without having to pay for direct time or space. This in return creates awareness and achieves greater credibility. After

490-545: Is one solution which can help protect the image of a company or help reverse the damage. Companies must adopt the CSR approach early for it to be effective, or potential risks such as falsified intentions may develop within a consumer's perception. Despite the damaging effect negative publicity may cause, negative publicity may not always have the expected effect. There is a possibility that negative publicity may in fact gain more attention as opposed to positive publicity. Regardless of

539-653: Is the highest military leadership body of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the People's Republic of China (PRC), which heads the People's Liberation Army (PLA), the People's Armed Police (PAP), and the Militia of China . There are technically two separate commissions; the Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party and the Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China. Under

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588-411: Is the lack of ability in which publicity cannot be repeated, in comparison to paid advertising. A publicist is a person whose job is to generate and manage publicity for a company, product, public figure (especially a celebrity ), or work such as a book, movie, or band. Though there are many aspects to a publicist's job, their main function is to persuade the news media to report about their client in

637-560: The 1st Session of the 10th NPC convened. Saunders, Phillip C.; Ding, Arthur S.; Scobell, Andrew; Yang, Andrew N.D.; Joel, Wuthnow, eds. (2019). Chairman Xi Remakes the PLA: Assessing Chinese Military Reforms . Washington, D.C.: National Defense University Press. ISBN   978-1070233420 . Publicity In marketing , publicity is the public visibility or awareness for any product , service , person or organization . It may also refer to

686-600: The CCP constitution , the members of the Party CMC are elected by the CCP's Central Committee . In practice, membership is very closely controlled by the CCP's Politburo Standing Committee . Similarly, the State CMC is constitutionally elected by the National People's Congress (NPC) and theoretically reports to the NPC and its Standing Committee , but is in practice indistinguishable from

735-791: The General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and paramount leader . Almost all the members are senior generals, but the most important posts have always been held by the party's most senior leaders (who are civilians under the principle that the Party commands the Gun ) to ensure the loyalty of the armed forces. The CMC is housed in the Ministry of National Defense compound ("August 1st or 'Eight-One' Building") in western Beijing . The party military committee dates back to October 1925, and while operating under various degrees of authority and responsibility,

784-641: The Kuomintang 's army for the anti-Japanese war, and it later evolved into the Central Military Commission after the 7th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in 1945. In this period, the committee was always chaired by Mao Zedong . In the September 1949 reorganization, military leadership was transferred to a government body, the People's Revolutionary Military Commission of the Central People's Government . The final coexistence of two military committees

833-564: The Second Sino-Japanese War , Landmine Warfare depicts villagers who become guerillas bury homemade mines to oppose Japanese invaders. Tunnel Warfare depicts villagers who become guerillas and build a network of tunnels in which invading enemy troops ultimately become trapped. Tunnel Warfare highlighted the principles discussed in Mao's pamphlet On Protracted War and also taught viewers how to build underground bunkers. Tunnel Warfare

882-588: The constitution of the People's Republic of China in order to formalize the role of the military within the government structure. Both the National Defense Commission and State CMC have been described as 'consultative' bodies. Contrarily to the National Defense Council, however, the party and state CMCs are almost identical in leadership, composition, and powers. The Commission included the post of secretary-general until 1992. This post

931-479: The CCP to supervise the political and military activities of the PLA, including issuing directives on senior appointments, troop deployments and arms spending. The CMC is extremely opaque, and its meetings are almost never publicized. The CMC is composed of a chairman, vice chairpersons, and other members. The CMC chairman is usually concurrently the CCP general secretary . The most important chain of command runs from

980-605: The CMC itself is a decision-making body whose day-to-day affairs are not nearly as transparent as that of the Central Committee or the State Council . As one of China's three main decision-making bodies the relative influence of the CMC can vary depending on the time period and the leaders. Unlike in most countries, the Central Military Commission is not an organizational equivalent of other government ministries. Although China does have

1029-623: The CMC to the 15 general departments and, in turn, to each of the service branches ( ground , navy and air forces ). In addition, the CMC also has direct control over the Rocket Forces , the three arms of service that were previously part of the former Strategic Support Forces ( Aerospace Force , Information Support Force and Cyberspace Force ), the National Defense University , and the Academy of Military Sciences . Prior to 2016,

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1078-497: The French word publicité ' advertisement ' . Publicity as a practice originates in the core of Paris, where shopping, tourism and the entertainment industry met commercialised print media and a burgeoning publishing industry . Among the urban society, scenes of consumption and new consumer identities were circulated through advertisement. La Maison Aubert shaped the emerging discipline of publicity. In early 19th century Paris,

1127-703: The Golden Rooster Award for Chinese Films, 3 films won the Golden Bridge Award for Chinese Documentary Series, and 1 film won the National Youth and Children's Literature and Art Works Creation Award; 3 people won the "Popular Film" Hundred Flowers Award for individual awards, and 44 people won the Chinese Film Golden Rooster Awards for individual awards. In addition, 13 films and 11 people have won awards internationally. In April 1982,

1176-542: The PLA in general on socialism, patriotism, collectivism and revolutionary heroism, and to promote the revolutionization, modernization and regularization of the forces to all Chinese and viewers globally. As of 2014, more than 2,200 films (series) of various kinds have been produced. Among them were: Among them, 78 won the Excellent Film Award of the Ministry of Culture and the Ministry of Radio, Film and Television of

1225-614: The PLA was governed by four general departments. These were abolished after the military reforms in 2016 by order of Chairman Xi Jinping, replaced with 15 departments that report directly to the CMC. The new 15 departments are: The Joint Staff Department is the nerve center of the entire Chinese military command and control system, responsible for daily administrative duties of the CMC. The General Office processes all CMC communications and documents, coordinate meetings, and convey orders and directives to other subordinate organs. The Central Military Commission Joint Operations Command Center

1274-538: The PLA. According to the Law of the People's Republic of China on National Defense, the CMC exercises leadership over border, maritime, air and other critical security defense. The CMC has the ultimate command authority over the armed forces of the People's Republic of China, including the People's Liberation Army (PLA), the People's Armed Police (PAP), and the Militia. In China's state-party-military tripartite political system,

1323-664: The Party CMC. This difference in elections results in the only difference in membership between the two bodies, as party organs, such as the Party Congress and the Central Committee assemble at different times than the National People's Congress. For example, some were elected into the Party CMC in the 16th Party Congress in November 2002, but they entered the State CMC in March 2003, when

1372-672: The People's Republic of China, 30 won the Literary and Art Award of the Chinese People's Liberation Army , 12 won the Excellent Film Award of the General Political Department, and 11 won the Excellent Film Award of the General Staff and the General Political Department. Military Education Film Award, 33 films won the Excellent Film Award of the General Staff Department, 10 films won the "Popular Film" Hundred Flowers Award, 19 films won

1421-729: The Political Work Department, keeping the Bayi Studio as its primary brand for its productions. "Youth" directed by Feng Xiaogang was released at the end of 2017. The main operating area of the Bayi Film Studio of the Chinese People's Liberation Army is located in Fengtai District, Beijing, and it consists of two studios, Wangzuo Film and Television Studio Complex and Hubei Film and Television Studios, which are operated by

1470-481: The advertisements and publicity campaigns for consumer items, such as cashmere shawls, and retailers such as perfumeries soon attracted regulation on flyposting . 19th century US companies included not only pro-sales messages in their publicity, but also explanations, demonstrations and exaggerations. Patent medicine and cosmetics manufacturers in the US frequently described or even showed consumers before and after

1519-418: The arrangement of " one institution with two names ", both commissions have identical personnel, organization and function, and operate under both the party and state systems. The commission's parallel hierarchy allows the CCP to supervise the political and military activities of the PLA, including issuing directives on senior appointments, troop deployments and arms spending. The CMC is chaired by Xi Jinping ,

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1568-402: The best practices in the world. On August 1, 1952, PLA Day, the studio was officially opened and named the People's Liberation Army Film Studio (Chinese: 解放军电影制片厂 ) in honour of the PLA's silver jubilee . In the early days of the studio, it mainly produced military educational films and news documentaries. In 1955, the studio was granted funding to produce feature films on its own, breaking

1617-500: The doing of publicity can help attract attention whilst also supplying information regarding a specific organization or individual client and any event, activity or attribute associated with them. The use of publicity is also known to be an important strategic element and promotional tool due to its effect of intentional exposure on a consumer. This helps publicity gain an advantage over other forms of marketing, such as advertising, often in order to boost credibility. Favourable publicity

1666-488: The media such as upcoming public events, interview opportunities, and promotional dates, and will work with the media in getting in touch with an appropriate client or resource. Press agents are occasionally required to act as " spin doctors , to put into the best light their clients' public actions. While press agents have traditionally worked with newspapers and television, they may also be conversant with newer media forms such as blogs and podcasts. Publicity can also create

1715-474: The message has been distributed, the publicist in charge of the information will lose control of how the message is used and interpreted, in contrast to the way it works in advertising. According to Grunig, public relations is often reduced to publicity. He also states how publicity is a form of activity in which should be associated with the sales promotion effort of a company, in order to help aid advertising and personal salesmanship as well. Kent also stated that

1764-516: The monthly magazine "August 1st Film" was first published, which is a comprehensive film publication focusing on film literature. In January 1995, it was renamed "Chinese and Foreign Military Film and Television - August 1st Studio". In 2018, according to the decision of the Central Military Commission, it was renamed anew as the Film and Television Production Department of the PLA Cultural and Art Center of

1813-434: The most positive way possible. Publicists identify newsworthy aspects of products and personalities to offer to media outlets as possible reportage ideas. A variant of this practice which relies on linking a brand to a breaking news story has been dubbed "newsjacking". Publicists are also responsible for shaping reportage about their clients in a timely manner that fits within a media outlet's news cycle. They attempt to present

1862-439: The movement of information from its source to the general public , often (but not always) via the media . The subjects of publicity include people of public recognition , goods and services , organizations, and works of art or entertainment. A publicist is someone that carries out publicity, while public relations (PR) is the strategic management function that helps an organization establish and maintain communication with

1911-486: The negative publicity in order to increase brand awareness among the public. The extensive range of media outlets, including both traditional and new media, provide opportunities for companies to market their products or services. This restricts or reduces the ability to manage negative publicity, as their message may be spread across media outlets. In order for organizations to try salvage any negative publicity surrounding their brand, corporate social responsibility (CSR)

1960-493: The public. This can be done internally, without the use of popular media. From a marketing perspective, publicity is one component of promotion and marketing. The other elements of the promotional mix are advertising , sales promotion , direct marketing and personal selling . Organizations will sometimes organize events designed to attract media coverage, and subsequently, provide positive publicity; these events are known as publicity stunts . Publicity originates from

2009-490: The rank of general by the virtue of their office. The make-up of the current Central Military Commission of the CCP was determined at the 20th Party Congress held in October 2022; the state commission was confirmed at the 1st Session of the 14th National People's Congress . As of 2024 , China's Ministry of National Defense lists its high command as: Political Commissioner: PLAGF Gen Zheng Xuan (郑璇) According to

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2058-419: The relative benefit of publicity. He argued that vendibility is not utility , and that publicity had "no traceable relation to any benefit which the community may derive." Veblen estimated how much the publicity campaigns of companies added to the price consumers were paying. He argued that the publicity overhead for over-the-counter pharmaceuticals and cosmetics was more than half the retail price. Publicity

2107-462: The studios. The film and television production teams of Bayi Film Studio includes script creation , pre-shooting, post-production , technical support , publicity and distribution and other departments. Professional positions offered included film restoration, color matching, pyrotechnics , scenery setting , costumes , photography maintenance and lighting . Central Military Commission (China) The Central Military Commission ( CMC )

2156-539: The usage of the product. The Blair Manufacturing Company was among the US companies that advertised its products by comparing old-fashioned consumers who did not use the advertised product with the progressive customers who did. Before-after-changes became common in advertisement from 1910 onwards. In the early 20th century, American Albert Lasker , developed the used of advertising for appealing to consumers' psychology. The contemporary economist Thorstein Veblen criticised

2205-695: Was consistently named the CCP Central Military Commission. Among Western commentators, “Affairs” is frequently dropped from the title. As a commission, it ranks higher in the party hierarchy than departments such as the Organization or United Front Departments. In 1937 the CCP Central Revolutionary Military Commission was created after the Chinese Soviet Republic 's Chinese Red Army were integrated into

2254-418: Was held by Yang Shangkun (1945–1954), Huang Kecheng (1954–1959), Luo Ruiqing (1959–1966), Ye Jianying (1966–1977), Luo Ruiqing (1977–1979), Geng Biao (1979–1981), Yang Shangkun (1981–1989), Yang Baibing (1989–1992). In 2016, the four traditional general departments were dissolved by order of Chairman Xi Jinping, and in their place 15 new departments were created as part of the ongoing modernization of

2303-545: Was separated from the Joint Staff in the 2015 reforms and made directly commanded by the CMC. As well as serving as the command center for overall PLA joint operations, it supervises the Joint Operation Command Organs of each of the five command theaters. According to military regulations, the chairman of the CMC shall be conferred with no military rank, while vice chairmen and members of the CMC are conferred

2352-541: Was set in 1954, as the CCP Central Military Commission was re-established, while state military authority rested into a National Defense Council of the People's Republic of China chaired by the President in keeping with the 1954 Constitution. As Mao Zedong was also the Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party and led military affairs as a whole, the CMC and NDC's day-to-day work was carried out by its first-ranking vice-chairman,

2401-457: Was viewed approximately 1.8 billion times. Bayi Film Studio adheres to the direction of serving the people and serving socialism, and implements the policy of "letting a hundred flowers bloom and a hundred schools of thought contend", reflecting the struggle and life of the PLA through its history and on the military history of the Chinese nation at large over the centuries, and shaping the screen image of outstanding servicemen and women, to educate

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