63-499: Bayard Cutting Arboretum State Park is a 691-acre (2.80 km) state park located in the hamlet of Great River , New York , on Long Island . The park includes an arboretum designed by Frederick Law Olmsted for William Bayard Cutting in 1886, as well as a mansion designed by Charles C. Haight . Today Bayard Cutting Arboretum State Park is one of the last remaining estates on the South Shore of Long Island. It has been listed on
126-516: A land lease from the U.S. government , while Mackinac National Park was handed down to become the first of the Michigan state parks . As with national parks, facilities at state parks are often leased to concessionaires to operate. Breaks Interstate Park is operated under an interstate compact by Virginia state parks , although it is also one of the Kentucky state parks , straddling both sides of
189-627: A barometric pressure near 956 mb. Carol later transitioned into an extratropical cyclone over New Hampshire , on August 31, 1954. In New York, strong winds on Long Island damaged about 1,000 houses, left 275,000 people without electricity, downed many trees, and resulted in heavy crop losses. Storm surge flooded LaGuardia Airport and inundated the Montauk Highway , which left the eastern portion of Long Island isolated. Carol also brought strong winds and rough seas to coastal Connecticut, Rhode Island, and southeastern Massachusetts. Throughout
252-643: A distance of about 75 miles (121 km), Carol weakened slightly off the coast of Georgia . An eastward moving deep-wave trough intensified as it moved through the eastern United States. This caused Carol to accelerate as it turned to the north and north-northeast. On August 30, the hurricane again strengthened to reach Category 2 status while located 180 miles (290 km) east of Savannah, Georgia . Early on August 31, Carol passed very near Cape Hatteras , North Carolina with reconnaissance aircraft intensity estimates from 75–125 mph (121–201 km/h). The hurricane continued north-northeastward with
315-572: A few exceptions such as Anza-Borrego Desert State Park in California, and Wood-Tikchik State Park in Alaska, the largest state park in the United States . In addition to preserving natural landscapes and providing recreational opportunities, many state parks also serve as important educational resources . They often offer guided tours, interpretive programs, and exhibits that help visitors learn about
378-669: A food and a gift shop at Westbrook. The Bayard Cutting Arboretum Horticultural Society, founded in 1974, donates profits of its activities to help support the Westbrook Manor. As part of its fundraising activities, the organization operates Granny's Attic located in the lower carriage house and hosts two plant sales a year. Recent Westbrook Manor projects funded in part by the Horticultural Society include: porch restoration, porch pillars restoration, new carpeting, Tiffany windows restoration and floor sanding. Two hurricanes affected
441-474: A forward motion of up to 39 mph (63 km/h), and Carol intensified further to make landfall on eastern Long Island a Category 3 hurricane with peak winds of 115 mph (185 km/h). After quickly crossing Long Island Sound , the hurricane made landfall again near Groton, Connecticut ,. Carol had maintained its small structure and well-defined eye, and observers on both eastern Long Island and Groton, Connecticut reported blue skies and light winds as
504-736: A northwest drift. A strong trough of low pressure turned the hurricane northeastward, and Carol later intensified into a major hurricane . While paralleling the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern United States , the storm produced strong winds and rough seas that caused minor coastal flooding and slight damage to houses in North Carolina , Virginia , Washington, D.C. , Delaware , and New Jersey . The well-organized hurricane accelerated north-northeastward and made landfall on eastern Long Island , New York , and then over eastern Connecticut on August 31 with sustained winds estimated at 110-mph and
567-462: A prominent New York City lawyer and financier along with his younger brother Robert (previously mentioned) purchased over 900 acres in the village of Oakdale from George Lorillard in 1881. The two Cutting brothers split the property originally known as Westbrook Farm with Robert Fulton Cutting retaining Lorillard's house and William Bayard Cutting building another. Both brothers were the grandsons of Robert Cutting, who had been Robert Fulton 's partner in
630-694: A rail line between New Haven and Rhode Island was flooded. The heaviest rainfall associated with the passage of the storm occurred in New London, where up to 6 inches (150 mm) fell and wind blew off a portion of the city hall roof. These strong winds left much of the eastern portion of the state without power. Near the coast, the combination of strong winds and the storm surge damaged or destroyed thousands of buildings, including 100 destroyed houses. Many other homes in Eastern Connecticut were damaged by falling trees. Thousands had evacuated before
693-683: A restaurant) for lodging at some parks. These typically use "Resort" in the name, such as "_____ Resort State Park" in West Virginia state parks and "_____ State Resort Park" in neighboring Kentucky state parks , which has 17 such resort parks, the most of any state. Other states use the Resort name inconsistently (like DeGray Lake Resort State Park , the only one out of three resorts in Arkansas state parks ), or have only one such park ( South Carolina state parks ' Hickory Knob State Resort Park ), or do not use
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#1732870033356756-452: A stone fireplace complete with irons and spits. Wooden pegs were used as hangers. The cabin was modeled after those used by pioneers. Bayard Cutting died on March 1, 1912, due to complications from heart disease. He was 62 years old and buried in the family vault at Greenwood Cemetery in Brooklyn. After his death, his widow, Mrs. Olivia Cutting, inherited over $ 9 million from his estate when it
819-567: A storm surge of up to 14.4 feet (4.4 m) in Narragansett Bay , surpassing that of the New England Hurricane of 1938. The resulting storm surge flooded downtown Providence with 12 feet (3.7 m) of water. News reports indicated that the floods covered the area with 4 feet (1.2 m) in about an hour. The winds downed two broadcasting towers in the city. Westerly was also flooded, where 200 homes were washed away. There
882-569: A sunken barge in Quebec City . Governor of Rhode Island Dennis J. Roberts declared martial law for the state after Carol caused heavy damage. In Massachusetts, the National Guard were deployed to six towns to prevent looting. National Guardsmen flew a plane of dry ice from Newark, New Jersey to Boston to assist the widespread areas without power and refrigeration. Widespread areas were without power for days, and in some areas for up to
945-630: A week, until crews could repair downed lines. Spoiled food due to lack of refrigeration resulted in about $ 1 million in losses. Power crews from elsewhere in the United States arrived to assist in the restoration. Workers quickly removed trees from highways. Damaged factories in Rhode Island prevented employees from working for three weeks after the storm. The steeple of the Old North Church in Boston
1008-591: A wind gust of 55 mph (89 km/h) in Wilmington and 65 mph (105 km/h) in Cherry Point . The winds resulted in agricultural damage to the corn and soy bean crop. High winds caused minor damage to roofs and houses, and also downed some trees and power lines. Near the coast, waves from the storm damaged fishing piers, and flooding was reported in New Bern . High waves also damaged coastal roadways. Damage in
1071-650: The Australian states of Victoria and New South Wales . The equivalent term used in Canada, Argentina, South Africa, and Belgium, is provincial park . Similar systems of local government maintained parks exist in other countries, but the terminology varies. State parks are thus similar to national parks , but under state rather than federal administration. Similarly, local government entities below state level may maintain parks, e.g., regional parks or county parks . In general, state parks are smaller than national parks, with
1134-616: The Civilian Conservation Corps and Works Progress Administration . Hurricane Carol Hurricane Carol was among the worst tropical cyclones on record to affect the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island in the United States. It developed from a tropical wave near the Bahamas on August 25, 1954, and slowly strengthened as it moved northwestward. On August 27, Carol intensified to reach winds of 105 mph (169 km/h), but weakened as its motion turned to
1197-460: The National Register of Historic Places since 1973 as a historic district . Robert Fulton Cutting , known as the “first citizen of New York” and his wife Helen Suydam Cutting, niece to Caroline Astor , would frequent the manor house and estate as both William and Robert were brothers. Together Robert and William brought the sugar beet industry to the United States. William "Bayard" Cutting,
1260-481: The costliest hurricane in the history of the United States, at the time. Following the storm, the name "Carol" was used once more for a 1965 hurricane that remained far out in the Atlantic, then was permanently retired. A tropical wave spawned a tropical depression over the northeastern Bahamas on August 25. It moved to the north-northwest and intensified into a tropical storm early on August 26. Receiving
1323-478: The CSA program. Two gardens have been restored by the noted public park designer Lynden B. Miller . The park winter hours (November–March) are 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. Summer hours (April–October) are 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. In 2023, construction began on a new, glass-walled visitor center containing exhibition space. Notes Further reading State park State parks are parks or other protected areas managed at
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#17328700333561386-552: The United States government to devote research to set up the National Hurricane Research Project . Hurricane Hunters and the Weather Bureau collected data on subsequent hurricanes to determine their structure, as well as attempted to weaken storms with silver iodide via Project Stormfury . Due to the heavy damage, the name Carol was removed from the tropical storm naming list for 10 years. The name
1449-420: The aftermath. The American Red Cross quickly deployed teams to the most affected areas, feeding hundreds of families. About 12 days after Carol struck New England, Hurricane Edna struck eastern Massachusetts, causing an additional $ 40 million in damage and 20 deaths. More disaster aid was provided after the second hurricane. The heavy damage caused by this and other hurricanes in 1954 prompted
1512-623: The arboretum came from nurseries in England in the early 1900s. Other trees in the park included: firs, spruces, pines, hemlock, cedar and yews originating from Europe, Spain, Greece, Japan, China and Africa. On June 18, 1936, the Long Island State Park Commission was given 200 acres of the Cutting estate for use as an arboretum by Mrs. Bayard James, daughter of William Cutting, with the stipulation that she and her mother keep full use of
1575-498: The assistance of Frederick Law Olmsted with a focus on the landscape's natural beauty. Charles Sprague Sargent , director of the Arnold Arboretum in Boston, advised Cutting in developing the extensive conifer collection north of the carriage house. Cutting also was in touch with Ernest Wilson , who was sponsored by Harvard University to bring back tree specimens from China. The original rhododendrons and first tree specimens at
1638-602: The coast, high waves damaged boardwalks and caused flooding. In neighboring Pennsylvania, Carol caused a tractor to crash into a train, resulting in two deaths. Damage in the state was estimated at $ 250,000. On eastern Long Island near where Carol made landfall, a pressure of 960 mbar (28 inHg) was recorded. Winds on the island gusted to 125 mph (200 km/h), leaving thousands of homes without power. The winds downed many trees, and left heavy crop damage to various fruits. High winds damaged widespread homes, boats, and cars. About 1,000 houses were damaged on
1701-472: The coast, strong storm surges were reported, and a 20 feet (6.1 m) storm tide was reported at New Bedford , setting a record. At least 15 deaths were reported in the state, and damage was estimated at $ 175 million. In Dedham, Massachusetts , the hurricane knocked down the 80-foot bell tower on the East Dedham firehouse, today the oldest wooden firehouse in the country. The tower flew across
1764-675: The country's state parks. The NASPD further counts over 43,000 miles (69,000 km) of trail, 217,367 campsites, and 8,277 cabins and lodges across U.S. state parks. The largest state park system in the United States is Alaska State Parks , with over 100 sites encompassing 3.3 million acres. Many states include designations beyond "state park" in their state parks systems. Other designations might be state recreation areas , state beaches, and state nature reserves . Some state park systems include long-distance trails and historic sites . To encourage tourism in rural areas, several states have simple lodges, inns, hotels, or motels (usually with
1827-474: The designation at all (such as the lodges of Georgia state parks ). The term "lodge" may also refer to a hiking lodge , essentially a large cabin for hikers rather than a large facility with private rooms and a restaurant. Other lodging may include yurts and tipis . Not all parks owned by a state are necessarily part of its state-park system, such as Stone Mountain Park near Atlanta. Some Texas state parks are
1890-491: The entire state and interrupting 95 percent of phone service. Damage in the state totaled about $ 200 million, and there were at least 17 deaths in Rhode Island. Before Carol affected the area, 20,000 people evacuated from Cape Cod . In Massachusetts, the hurricane produced winds between 80 and 110 mph (130 and 180 km/h) across much of the eastern part of the state. Gusts reached 80 mph (130 km/h) at Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory , and
1953-817: The eye passed overhead, followed by strong hurricane-force winds. The landfall intensity was based on a pressure of 957 mbar (28.3 inHg ) recorded in Groton, Connecticut . Ninety percent of homes in the Groton Long Point area were destroyed by the storm surge and winds in Hurricane Carol. Carol quickly lost tropical characteristics while crossing into inland eastern Massachusetts , and became extratropical over southwestern New Hampshire , late on August 31. The powerful extratropical storm continued northward, before losing its identity after entering Canada, over southern Quebec . Before affecting North Carolina,
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2016-511: The family bedroom’s was a filming location for HBO Max’s The Gilded Age. The Martin Scorsese’s period drama “The Age of Innocence” was also filmed partially on the vast estate. There is also a designated shower that was built specifically for the Cutting’s friend Nobel Prize Winner Dr. Albert Schweitzer who was not a fan of baths. Bayard began developing the grounds of his home in 1887 with
2079-516: The ferry from Brooklyn to New York. They were also both direct descendants of the prominent William Bayard Jr. a close friend to Alexander Hamilton . In 1895, Bayard and his brother installed a golf course at Westbrook, which was the first private golf course in the United States. The course was designed by Willie Dunn who had also created the Shinnecock Hills golf course in Southampton. It
2142-446: The highest gusts in the state were around 125 mph (201 km/h). The winds downed about 50 million board feet of trees in the state, many of which fell onto power lines; much of eastern Massachusetts lost power during the storm. Carol left about $ 15 million in crop damage in the state. The winds destroyed much of the corn crop, about half of the peach crop, and about 1.5 million bushels of apples. Heavy damage
2205-518: The island, and 275,000 people lost power. The hurricane's storm surge covered the Montauk Highway in Montauk , effectively isolating eastern Long Island for a period of time. Flooding also affected LaGuardia Airport . Due to the compact nature of the storm, areas west of Fire Island were largely unaffected by the hurricane. There were power outages in New York City , but little damage. Damage
2268-484: The local flora , fauna , geology , and cultural history of the area. These programs are designed not only to enhance the visitor experience but also to promote conservation awareness and encourage responsible enjoyment of natural resources. There are 6,792 state park units in the United States, according to the National Association of State Park Directors (NASPD). There are some 813 million annual visits to
2331-491: The name Carol, the storm gradually turned to the north, and strengthened under generally favorable conditions. On August 26, the Hurricane Hunters reported an eye , 23 miles (37 km) in diameter despite Carol being a tropical storm. The next day, Carol strengthened to attain hurricane status while located about 345 miles (555 km) east of Cape Canaveral , Florida. With a large anticyclone persisting across
2394-507: The park on Dec. 1, 1952. An endowment fund of $ 1,000,000 had been set up by Mrs. Cutting who died November 15, 1949 Alterations were made to the property including the addition of bathrooms and parking lots and adding a tearoom to the main house. Improvements were also made to roads and paths. The park officially opened to the public on May 15, 1954. In keeping with the purpose of the gift, the commission decided that there would be no picnicking, bathing, horseback riding or playgrounds allowed on
2457-401: The property as long as either is living. Both the house and property were given to the people of Long Island "to provide an oasis of beauty and quiet for the pleasure, rest, and refreshment of those who delight in outdoor beauty; and to bring about a greater appreciation and understanding of the value and importance of informal planting". The Long Island State Park Commission took over control of
2520-902: The property. More parking spaces were added the following year to accommodate more visitors. Extensions were also made to trails and walks Today, the park has a variety of nature trails including: the Woodland Garden Walk, the Perennial Garden Walk, the River Walk, the New Pinetum Walk, the Old Pinetum Walk, the Holly Walk, the Paradise Island Walk and the Royce Rhododendron Walk. There are recreational programs and
2583-545: The region, about 150,000 people were left without electricity and telephone service. 1,545 houses were destroyed and another 9,720 were damaged. Approximately 3,500 cars and 3,000 boats were destroyed. There were 65 deaths and 1,000 injuries in New England. The storm caused an additional $ 1 million in damage in Canada as well as two deaths. Overall, Carol caused 72 fatalities and damage totaled $ 462 million (1954 USD ), making it
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2646-417: The region. Heavy rainfall from the storm caused traffic accidents, but only minor flooding. Throughout the United States, Hurricane Carol caused $ 461 million in damage, mostly in New England, making it the costliest Atlantic hurricane at the time. There were 65 deaths in New England, and about 1,000 injured people. Despite the high damage, advance warning allowed for many fewer deaths than
2709-417: The southeastern United States, the motion of Carol turned to a northwest drift. The hurricane continued to strengthen, and Carol reached an initial peak intensity of 105 mph (169 km/h) on August 28. By that time, it was a small hurricane, and the radius of maximum winds was smaller than normal for its latitude and central pressure. After maintaining peak intensity for 30 hours and moving
2772-469: The state line. Other multi-state parks are legally two separate parks with the same name and more informal cooperation between them. The title of oldest state park in the United States is claimed by Niagara Falls State Park in New York , established in 1885. Several public parks previously or currently maintained at the state level pre-date it. Indian Springs State Park has been operated continuously by
2835-454: The state of Georgia as a public park since 1825, although it did not gain the title "State Park" until 1931. In 1864 Yosemite Valley and Mariposa Grove were ceded by the federal government to California until Yosemite National Park was proclaimed in 1890. In 1878 Wisconsin set aside a vast swath of its northern forests as "The State Park" but, needing money, sold most of it to lumber companies within 20 years. Mackinac National Park
2898-614: The state park. In 1954, Hurricane Carol destroyed over 70 trees but much more damage was done when over 1,000 of some of the most mature trees were lost in Hurricane Gloria in 1985. The Bayard Cutting Arboretum farm was established in 2012. It was the first Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) program in the New York State park system. The farm produces over 150 varieties of vegetables and berries and also grows culinary herbs and flowers. There are 150 hens providing eggs to members of
2961-702: The state totaled to around $ 228,000. Carol passed 100 miles (160 km) to the east of Virginia, and produced 40 mph (64 km/h) winds in Virginia Beach . The hurricane produced 4 inches (100 mm) of rain in Norfolk . Further to the northwest, rainfall from the system alleviated drought conditions in the Washington, D.C. area. Damage was minor from Virginia to Delaware, where light rains fell. Precipitation also extended into Pennsylvania. In New Jersey, high winds downed power lines, which killed two people. Along
3024-1054: The state's history. Carol lost this distinction 10 days later when Hurricane Edna caused $ 15 million in damage in the state. Rainfall in Canada peaked at 4.27 inches (108 mm) in Quebec. In Yarmouth, Nova Scotia , wind gusts peaked at 47 mph (76 km/h). In Quebec, the extratropical remnants of Carol downed trees and power lines in Montreal from wind gusts as high as 55 mph (89 km/h). Widespread power outages were reported in New Brunswick and Quebec, and downed trees struck three cars in Saint John, New Brunswick . The storm caused flights to be canceled, trees and power lines came down in Montreal due to 60 m.p.h. wind gusts, and road underpasses were flooded. Damage there totaled about $ 1 million (1954 CAD , US$ 980,000) . Two people were killed, one of whom due to drowning on
3087-681: The state, along with $ 3 million in damage. There was also a death in neighboring Vermont. Carol produced winds of up to 80 mph (130 km/h) in Augusta, Maine . Throughout the state, the winds downed hundreds of trees, some of which damaged houses, wrecked cars, destroyed one building, or fell onto power lines. Fallen trees blocked highways, and one person was injured by a falling tree limb. Downed power lines left several counties without power or telephone services. The winds flattened hundreds of acres of corn in North Livermore , and throughout
3150-427: The state, there was heavy damage to the apple crop. Damage to the apple crop amounted to $ 1.7 million. While moving west of Maine, the hurricane dropped heavy rainfall, including a report of 2.15 inches (55 mm) in 12 hours. Along the coast, high waves damaged boats. In Maine, the hurricane killed three people, injured at least eight, and caused $ 10 million in damage, the costliest natural disaster in
3213-455: The station and landed on 219 Bussey St, the house next door, where Louise Guerrio was feeding her one-year-old son, Joseph. It also crushed three cars parked on Bussey St. Carol maintained its intensity as it moved inland, and its winds were strong enough to knock down trees and power lines in New Hampshire. One tree fell onto a car, killing a person, and there were three deaths overall in
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#17328700333563276-574: The storm reached the area, and one person died in the state. Due to the compact nature of the storm, western Connecticut experienced little effects from Carol. Overall damage in the state was estimated at $ 50 million. The hurricane produced a record-high wind gust of 135 mph (217 km/h) at Block Island , while on mainland Rhode Island , sustained winds peaked at 90 mph (140 km/h) in Warwick with gusts to 105 mph (169 km/h). Upon making landfall around high tide, Carol produced
3339-497: The sub-national level within those nations which use "state" as a political subdivision. State parks are typically established by a state to preserve a location on account of its natural beauty, historic interest, or recreational potential. There are state parks under the administration of the government of each U.S. state , some of the Mexican states , and in Brazil . The term is also used in
3402-411: The threat of Carol prompted a hurricane warning from Wilmington to Manteo . Storm warnings were issued southward to Charleston . Residents evacuated north of Wilmington along the ocean. While passing by the state, the strongest winds remained to the east of Hurricane Carol, though winds of 90 to 100 mph (140 to 160 km/h) were reported at Cape Hatteras. Further inland, the hurricane produced
3465-527: The total of 488 fatalities during the 1938 New England hurricane , which affected the same area with similar strength. However, some areas did not receive advance warning, due to power outages preventing people from receiving Weather Bureau warnings ahead of the storm. Hurricane Carol struck Connecticut shortly after high tide , and its combination with 10 to 15 feet (3.0 to 4.6 m) storm surges from New London eastward produced widespread tidal flooding. About 2,000 people were stranded when
3528-431: The waters or the powerful winds. Overall, 11,785 families were directly impacted by the hurricane, including 9,720 houses that were damaged and 1,545 that were destroyed. High winds left over 150,000 people without power in New England, potentially as many as one-third of all of New England, and many residents also lost phone service. The hurricane also destroyed 3,500 cars and 3,000 boats in
3591-466: Was a nine-hole course and for many years hosted the Westbrook Cup tournament. Other changes to the estate took place when a fire in 1895 burned down many of the farm buildings. Stanford White was commissioned to draw the plans for a modern dairy, Westbrook Farms, with many innovative features. In 1899, a hunting lodge, made only of cedar logs, was built on the property. There was an earthen floor and
3654-523: Was also heavy damage in Newport , where the Newport Casino was damaged. Some entire coastal communities were nearly destroyed, and 620 houses and 83 other buildings were destroyed in the state. The winds destroyed the roofs of hundreds of buildings, forcing many to evacuate to shelters during the passage of the storm. The powerful winds also downed thousands of trees and power lines, blacking out
3717-468: Was established in 1875 as the second U.S. national park before being converted to a state park in 1895. The first state park with the designation of "state park" was Itasca State Park in Minnesota , established in 1891. Many state park systems date to the 1930s, when around 800 state parks (and several national ones) across the country were developed with assistance from federal job-creation programs like
3780-486: Was estimated at $ 5 million in the state, and one death was reported, after thousands of people evacuated. Hurricane Carol produced hurricane and gale-force winds across New England. Strong winds from Hurricane Carol destroyed nearly 40% of the apple, corn, peach, and tomato crops from eastern Connecticut to Cape Cod. Overall crop damage was estimated at $ 22.25 million. The hurricane destroyed several thousand homes in New England, many of which were destroyed from
3843-492: Was probated in 1913. Boasting 19,000 square feet, the “summer home” of William and his wife at the heart of the park, Westbrook , is modeled on a Tudor-style English country house . The interior of the 60-room mansion features large pieces of oak furniture, stained-glass windows from Louis Comfort Tiffany , and imported fireplaces. Views of the Connetquot River can be seen from across the open lawn. Most recently, one of
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#17328700333563906-730: Was rebuilt in 1955, after residents throughout the country provided $ 150,000 in donations. Governor of Maine Burton M. Cross declared a state of emergency for the state. The Small Business Administration declared six counties in Maine as disaster areas. In the days after the storm, President of the United States Dwight Eisenhower declared Massachusetts and Rhode Island as federal disaster areas. The federal government provided financial aid, amounting to $ 1.5 million in Massachusetts. The president ordered for troops to assist in
3969-536: Was reported throughout Boston, where high winds destroyed the spire of the Old North Church , the location of the hung lanterns during Paul Revere 's ride . It was a replacement spire, after a hurricane in 1804 destroyed the original. In Wareham , about 1,500 people were left homeless. Statewide, 3,350 homes were damaged to some degree, and another 800 were destroyed. The hurricane destroyed another 213 buildings and severely damaged. Near
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