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29-631: Secularization of church property and the mediatisation of the ecclesiastical estates in the former Holy Roman Empire marked the demise of the former imperial church and necessitated a reorganization of relations between the German states and the Roman Catholic Church. In 1806 Bavaria opened negotiations for a concordat, which were shelved in 1807, but in 1814 Bavaria's Foreign Minister and Interior Minister began preparing for fresh negotiations. These opened in 1816, with talks led by Bavaria's minister to

58-461: A Reichsthaler specie coin, or 12.992 g per gulden. Below is a history (in terms of grams of silver) of the standards of the Austro-Hungarian gulden from 1690 until the gold standard was introduced in 1892. A comparison with the lower-valued South German gulden is also included. The course of value of the gulden before 1618 is found under Reichsthaler . The gulden departed from

87-592: A treaty is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Secularization (church property) Secularization is the confiscation of church property by a government , such as in the suppression of monasteries . The term is often used to specifically refer to such confiscations during the French Revolution and the First French Empire in the sense of seizing churches and converting their property to state ownership. The Latin term saecularisatio

116-681: A 7 kreutzer coin. In 1807, copper coins were issued in denominations of 15 and 30 kreuzers by the Wiener Stadt Banco. These issues were tied in value to the bank's paper money (see below). The coinage returned to its prewar state after 1814. When the gulden was decimalized in 1857, new coins were issued in denominations of 1 ⁄ 2 (actually written 5 ⁄ 10 ), 1 and 4 kreuzers in copper, with silver coins of 5, 10, and 20 kreuzers, 1 ⁄ 4 , 1 and 2 gulden and 1 and 2 Vereinsthaler and gold coins of 4 and 8 gulden (or 10- and 20 francs). Vereinsthaler issues ceased in 1867. Following

145-509: A period of extremity and conflict among traditional royalists, and enlightened liberals. Joseph II had a strong aversion for monasteries that he viewed as not contributing positively to society, although he was a Catholic. Upwards of 500 out of 1,188 monasteries in Austria were taken, and 60 million florins were taken by the state. 1700 new parishes and welfare institutions were created from this wealth and property. German mediatization refers to

174-576: The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 , did a full issue of coins for Hungary begin. Denominations were fewer than in Austria, with copper 1 ⁄ 2 , 1 and 4 krajczár, silver 10 and 20 krajczár and 1 forint, and gold 4- and 8 forints. Between 1759 and 1811, the Wiener Stadt Banco issued paper money denominated in gulden. However, the banknotes were not tied to the coinage and their values floated relative to one another. Although

203-543: The Austro-Hungarian Monarchy after 1867), when it was replaced by the Austro-Hungarian krone as part of the introduction of the gold standard . In Austria , the gulden was initially divided into 60 kreuzers (German; Hungarian: krajczár ; Croatian: krajcar ; Czech: krejcar ; Polish: krajcar ). The currency was decimalized in 1857, using the same names for the unit and subunit. The name Gulden

232-616: The German Confederation and Austria-Hungary, with a silver content of 16 + 2 ⁄ 3 grams . This was slightly less than 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 times the silver content of the Gulden. Consequently, Austria-Hungary adopted a new standard for the gulden, containing two-thirds as much silver as the Vereinsthaler, or 11 + 1 ⁄ 9  g. This involved a debasement of the currency of 4.97%. Austria-Hungary also decimalized at

261-757: The Holy Roman Empire after the 1524 Reichsmünzordnung in the form of the Guldengroschen . In the succeeding centuries the gulden was then defined as a fraction of the Reichsthaler specie or silver coin. As of 1690 the gulden used in Southern Germany and the Habsburg monarchy adhered to the Leipzig standard, with the gulden worth 1 ⁄ 18 of a Cologne Mark of fine silver or 1 ⁄ 2 of

290-505: The "Austrian National Note Bank" in 1816 and the "Privileged Austrian National Bank" between 1825 and 1863. In 1858, new notes were issued denominated in "Austrian Currency" rather than "Convention Currency". From 1866, the K. K. Staats Central Casse ("Imperial and Royal State Central Cashier") issued banknotes, followed from 1881 by the K. K. Reichs Central Casse which issued the last Gulden banknotes, dated 1888. The banknotes after Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 that were issued by

319-631: The Crown or by the King's favorites, others remained in the Church of England as collegiate foundations , including cathedrals and royal peculiars , staffed by secular clergy . The Ecclesiastical confiscations of Mendizábal refer to a February 1836 decree for the Desamortización declared by Juan Álvarez Mendizábal . He was prime minister at the time of the release of the decree. The Spanish government confiscated

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348-571: The Holy See, bishop Johann Casimir Häffelin . On 5 July 1817 he signed the text of a concordat without consulting the Bavarian government, but Bavaria did not wish to snub the Holy See by vetoing that signature and so it was ratified by Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria on 24 October the same year, after Bavaria renegotiated a few minor changes. This German history article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to

377-587: The Leipzig standard in the 1730s when the gold to silver price ratio dropped from 15 to 14.5, prompting several states to reissue their gulden in cheaper gold. The Austro-Hungarian gulden then departed from its South German counterpart after it valued the Carolin d'or of 7.51 g fine gold at 9 Austrian gulden, versus 11 gulden in Southern Germany. This made the Austrian gulden worth 7.51 ÷ 9 = 0.834 g fine gold, or 0.834 × 14.5 = 12.1 g fine silver. As Austria

406-460: The actions of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, and the transformation of the Catholic Church as subservient to the monarchy. Enlightened absolutism was a concept that spread across Continental Europe, separating church and state and putting the authority of the state out of the hands of the church. Several monasteries were seized before the French Revolution . The French Revolution brought about

435-530: The forint's introduction, Hungary issued relatively few coins compared to Austria, but the Kingdom of Hungary started minting its own gold forints in 1329. The only copper coin was a poltura worth 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 krajczár, whilst there were silver 3-, 5-, 10-, 20-, and 30-krajczár and 1 ⁄ 2 and 1 Conventionsthaler coins. All issues ceased in 1794 and did not resume until 1830, when silver coins of 20 krajczár and above were issued. Only in 1868, following

464-597: The imperial cities to other imperial estates, they were able to satisfy Napoleon's demands and bring about increased secularisation. The Secularization of Monastic Estates in Romania refers to the confiscation of large estates owned and operated by the Eastern Orthodox Church in Romania . The land confiscated was utilized for land reform and agriculture. By confiscating monastery lands, the boyars of Romania were able to keep their estates intact while still developing

493-617: The infrastructure of Romania. The law that enacted the secularization of monastic estates in Romania was approved by the Parliament of Romania and brought about in December 1863 by Domnitor Alexandru Ioan Cuza . Romania was then known as the Romanian United Principalities . The monasteries were untaxed and as they composed ¼ of Romania's land, the inability to tax these lands and the Church's ownership had negative effects on

522-477: The notes did have a slight premium over coins early on, in later years, the notes fell in value relative to the coins until their value was fixed in 1811 at one fifth of their face value in coins. That year, the Priviligirte Vereinigte Einlösungs und Tilgungs Deputation ("Privileged United Redemption and Repayment Deputation") began issuing paper money valued at par with the coinage, followed by

551-471: The official currency in Hungary . Copper coins were initially issued in denominations of 1 heller ( 1 ⁄ 8 kreuzer) up to 1 kreuzer, with silver coins in denominations from 3 kreuzers up to 1 Conventionsthaler. The Turkish and Napoleonic Wars led to token issues in various denominations. These included a 12 kreuzer coin which only contained 6 kreuzers worth of silver and was later overstruck to produce

580-404: The property because they felt that the property was underused by the monasteries. The government saw this land as a perfect opportunity to gain wealth and increase the holdings of the nobility. The churches were not compensated for their property and were taken. Many middlemen were involved in the acquisition of the properties because the church excommunicated the auctioneers and buyers. In order for

609-435: The restructuring of German territory between 1802 and 1814 of the former Holy Roman Emperor into 39 German states, from the original 300 states and principalities. Many properties and buildings owned by the Church were confiscated and reallocated through this process. Monasteries, land, property titles, and authority were stripped from the princes and religious leaders of these German states. The pressure of German Mediatization

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638-455: The same time, resulting in a new currency system of 100 kreuzer = 1 gulden and 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 gulden = 1 Vereinsthaler . In 1892 the Austro-Hungarian gulden was replaced by the krone , with each krone containing 100 ⁄ 328 grams of gold, at a rate of 1 gulden = 2 kronen (gold–silver ratio 18.2). In 1946 the Hungarian forint ( magyar forint ) was reintroduced and remains

667-586: The state's ability to generate revenue. Austro-Hungarian florin The Austro-Hungarian gulden ( German ), also known as the florin ( German & Croatian ), forint ( Hungarian ; Croatian : forinta ), or zloty ( Polish : złoty reński ; Czech : zlatý ), was the currency of the lands of the House of Habsburg between 1754 and 1892 (known as the Austrian Empire from 1804 to 1867 and

696-541: The transaction to go through to obtain the property, they had to use a third-party individual. The confiscations took place at the same time as the First Carlist War , of which there were three. The Carlist Wars were a series of civil wars in the 19th century involving Liberal-Republican factions who wanted a secular and modern government. In contrast, the traditional Carlist faction wanted to preserve ancient traditions and royalty. Josephinism in Austria refers to

725-539: Was already used in 1559 and used as a verb in 1586. “Saecularisatio” did not refer to the confiscation of property of churches at this time; “profanatio sacrae rei” was used instead to refer to this definition of secularization, referring to church property. The Dissolution of the Monasteries in England began in 1536 under Henry VIII of England. While some monasteries were simply abolished, and their property retained by

754-646: Was not initiated by the Germans themselves, but rather by the diplomatic pressure by Napoleon and the French military. The legislation that brought about the German mediatization is known as The Final Recess of the Imperial Deputation (German: Reichsdeputationshauptschluss ) of 25 February 1803. This law brought about the property restructuring of the Holy Roman Empire. By reallocating the ecclesiastical states and

783-604: Was the leading state of the Holy Roman Empire , it initiated the currency convention of 1754 in which the Conventionsthaler replaced the reichsthaler specie as the standard currency of the Holy Roman Empire. The Gulden was defined as half of a Conventionsthaler, equivalent to 1 ⁄ 20 of a Cologne mark of silver , or 11.6928 g. The South German gulden was set lower at 24 guldens per Cologne mark of silver, or 2.4 guldens per Conventionsthaler, or 9.744 g. The North German Reichsthaler currency unit

812-511: Was then defined as 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 Gulden or 3 ⁄ 4 Conventionsthaler, or 17.5392 g. Following the winding up of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Gulden became the standard unit of account in the Habsburg lands and remained so until 1892. The gulden was subdivided in 60 kreuzer , each of 4 pfennig or 8 heller . In 1857, the Vereinsthaler was introduced across

841-457: Was used on pre-1867 Austrian banknotes and on the German language side of the post-1867 banknotes. In southern Germany, the word Gulden was the standard word for a major currency unit. After 1867 Austrian coins used the name Florin . "Florin" is derived from the city of Florence , Italy where the first florins were minted, from 1252 to 1533. The gulden first emerged as a common currency of

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