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46-548: Three major factors played into the eruption of this conflict: the competition between the counts of Toulouse and those of Barcelona for influence in the region of Provence, the succession crisis of the first ruling dynasty of the county of Provence , and the ambitions of the Baux family. Due to a lack of success in the Reconquista on their southern frontier, the Catalans turned towards

92-546: A patron of the troubadours , died in 1194, and was succeeded by his son, Raymond VI . Following the 1208 assassination of the Papal legate , Pierre de Castelnau , Raymond was excommunicated and the County of Toulouse was placed under interdict by Pope Innocent III . Raymond was eager to appease the Pope , and was pardoned. However, following a second excommunication, Raymond's holdings in

138-451: A royal appanage by Louis XIV for his illegitimate son with Françoise-Athénaïs, marquise de Montespan , Louis-Alexandre . (Note: It had long been thought that Raymond III Pons was succeeded directly by William III. However, recent research suggests there were at least one, and as many as three, previously overlooked counts; and that at least one of these three was named Raymond. This has resulted in conflicting numbering systems regarding

184-643: A treaty that recognized his family's traditional claim to the title of "Margrave of Provence" and defined the march of Provence as the region north of the lower Durance and on the right of the Rhône, including the castles of Beaucaire , Vallabrègues , and Argence . The region between the Durance, the Rhône, the Alps , and the sea was that of the county and belonged to the house of Barcelona. Avignon , Pont de Sorgues , Caumont , and Le Thor remained undivided. Internally, Provence

230-557: The Duchy of Saxony to Albert the Bear and that of Bavaria to Leopold IV, Margrave of Austria . Henry, however, retained the loyalty of his subjects. The civil war that broke out is considered the first act of the struggle between Guelphs and Ghibellines , which later extended southwards to Italy. After Henry's death (October 1139), the war was continued by his son Henry the Lion , supported by

276-623: The Hohenstaufen dynasty was from 1116 to 1120 Duke of Franconia , from 1127 to 1135 anti-king of his predecessor Lothair III , and from 1138 until his death in 1152 King of the Romans in the Holy Roman Empire . He was the son of Duke Frederick I of Swabia and Agnes , a daughter of Emperor Henry IV . His reign saw the start of the conflicts between the Guelphs and Ghibellines . He

322-525: The Languedoc were desolated by the Albigensian Crusade , led by Simon de Montfort . Raymond's forces were defeated in 1213, depriving him of his fees , and he was exiled to England. Montfort finally occupied Toulouse in 1215. Raymond VII succeeded his father in 1222. He left an only daughter, Joan , who married Alphonse , the son of Louis VIII of France and brother of Louis IX of France . At

368-638: The Levant . Raymond died before the city was taken in 1109, but is considered the first Count of Tripoli . His son, Bertrand , then took the title. He and his successors ruled the Crusader state until 1187 (when the Kingdom of Jerusalem was overrun by Saladin ). While Raymond was away in the Holy Land , rule of Toulouse was seized by William IX , Duke of Aquitaine , who claimed the city by right of his wife, Philippa ,

414-973: The Margraviate of Austria , Conrad was elected anti-king at Nuremberg in December ;1127. Conrad quickly crossed the Alps to be crowned King of Italy by Anselmo della Pusterla , Archbishop of Milan, in the village of Monza. Over the next two years, he failed to achieve anything in Italy, however, and returned to Germany in 1130, after Nuremberg and Speyer , two strong cities that supported him, fell to Lothair in 1129. Conrad continued in Lothair's opposition, but he and Frederick were forced to acknowledge Lothair as emperor in 1135, during which time Conrad relinquished his title as King of Italy. After this they were pardoned and could take again possession of their lands. After Lothair's death (December 1137), Conrad

460-641: The Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Dorylaeum . Conrad and most of the knights escaped, but most of the foot soldiers were killed or captured. The remaining 2,000 men of the German army limped on to Nicaea , where many of the survivors deserted and tried to return home. Conrad and his adherents had to be escorted to Lopadium by the French, where they joined the main French army under Louis. Conrad fell seriously ill at Ephesus and

506-466: The 11th and 12th centuries, but after the Albigensian Crusade the county fell to the kingdom of France , nominally in 1229 and de facto in 1271. Later the title was revived for Louis Alexandre, Count of Toulouse , a bastard of Louis XIV (1678–1737). During the youth of young Louis the Pious his tutor, Torson (sometimes Chorso or Choson), ruled at Toulouse as the first count. In 788, Count Torson

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552-575: The Bald in 844, and taken four years later by the Normans , who had sailed up the Garonne . About 852, Raymond I , count of Quercy , succeeded his brother Fredelo as Count of Rouergue and Toulouse. It is from Raymond that all the later counts of Toulouse document their descent. His grandchildren divided their parents' estates; of these Raymond II became count of Toulouse, and Ermengol , count of Rouergue; while

598-488: The Byzantine Emperor Manuel I to discuss the problem of two emperors , and to renew their alliance against Roger II of Sicily . In 1150, Conrad and Henry Berengar defeated Welf VI and his son Welf VII at the Battle of Flochberg . Henry Berengar died later that year and the succession was thrown open. The Welfs and Hohenstaufen made peace in 1152 and the peaceful succession of one of Conrad's family

644-629: The House of Hohenstaufen in the Duchy of Swabia has not been conclusively established. As the name came from the Hohenstaufen Castle (built in 1105) Conrad's great-grandfather Frederick of Staufen was a count in the Riesgau and in 1053 became Swabian Count palatine . His son Frederick of Buren probably resided near present-day Wäschenbeuren and about 1050 married Countess Hildegard of Egisheim - Dagsburg from Alsace . Conrad's father took advantage of

690-562: The Mediterranean littoral and northwards. They coveted the region between the Cévennes and the Rhône , then under the control of Toulouse. In 1112, the count of Barcelona, Ramon Berenguer III , married the heiress of Provence, Douce , who was the daughter of Countess Gerberga of Provence, Gévaudan , Carlat , and part of Rodez . The marriage was probably taken at the urging of the church, which

736-718: The Saxons, and by his brother Welf VI . Conrad, after a long siege , defeated the latter at Weinsberg in December 1140, and in May 1142 a peace agreement was reached in Frankfurt . In the same year, Conrad entered Bohemia to reinstate his brother-in-law Vladislav II as Duke. The attempt to do the same with another brother-in-law, the Polish prince Ladislaus the Exile , failed. Bavaria, Saxony, and

782-466: The Swabian ducal title. Their mother entered into a second marriage with Babenberg margrave Leopold III of Austria . In 1105, Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor since 1084, was overthrown by his son Henry V , Conrad's uncle. Emperor since 1111, Henry V prepared for his second campaign to Italy upon the death of Margravine Matilda of Tuscany , and in 1116 he appointed Conrad as Duke of Franconia . Conrad

828-435: The backing of Arles, Raymond of Baux entered into negotiations and made submission to the house of Barcelona. He left for Spain, where he died before the peace could be concluded. Stephanie's four sons — Hugh , William, Bertrand, and Gilbert — were recompensed for relinquishing their rights to the counties of Gerberga and a treaty was signed at Arles in 1150. The truce did not last and Stephanie and her sons renewed

874-454: The castle of Trinquetaille. In August 1161, Ramon Berenguer travelled to Turin with his uncle, the count of Barcelona, to obtain the confirmation of his countship in Provence from the emperor. There he met Richeza of Poland , the daughter of the exiled Polish high duke, Ladislaus II . He married her on 17 November and on the return journey, his uncle died. In 1162, open war erupted again. Baux

920-600: The conflict between King Henry IV of Germany and the Swabian duke Rudolf of Rheinfelden during the Investiture Controversy . When Rudolf had himself elected German anti-king at Forchheim in 1077, Frederick of Hohenstaufen remained loyal to the royal crown and in 1079 was vested with the Duchy of Swabia by Henry IV, including an engagement with the king's minor daughter Agnes . He died in 1105, leaving two sons, Conrad and his elder brother Frederick II , who inherited

966-535: The conflict in 1155 in alliance with the count of Toulouse. Hugh achieved a diplomatic victory with his confirmation by the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa , but like that of Conrad years earlier, it meant nothing to the Catalans. This second war, too, did not go well for the house of Baux. In 1156, they were forced to relinquish the castle of Castillon and other fortified places. They did retain Baux itself and its outer defences, like

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1012-724: The daughter of William IV; William was unable to hold it long. Raymond's son and successor, Bertrand, had followed him to the Holy Land in 1109. Therefore, at Raymond's death the family's great estates and Toulouse went to Bertrand's brother, Alfonso Jordan . His rule, however, was disturbed by the ambition of William IX and his granddaughter, Eleanor of Aquitaine , who urged her husband Louis VII of France to support her claims to Toulouse by war. Upon her divorce from Louis and her subsequent marriage to Henry II of England , Eleanor pressed her claims through Henry, who at last, in 1173, forced Raymond V to do him homage for Toulouse. Raymond V,

1058-505: The deaths of Alfonse and Joan in 1271, the vast holdings of the counts of Toulouse lapsed to the Crown . In 1271,Toulouse passed to the Crown of France , by the Treaty of Meaux , 1229. From 1271–1285, Philip III of France , King of France and nephew of Alphonse bore the title of count of Toulouse, but the mention of the title is abandoned after his death. Only in 1681, Toulouse was resurrected as

1104-544: The hands of her nephew, Berenguer Ramon I . As a result of these crises, le Midi was divided into two factions. Berenguer Ramon was supported by his elder brother, Ramon Berenguer IV of Barcelona , and the viscounts of Carcassonne , Béziers and Nîmes . The other supporters of Stephanie and Raymond included Toulouse, the county of Foix , Arles (until 1150), and even the Republic of Genoa , who carried out an attack on Melgueil in 1144 during which Berenguer Ramon died. He

1150-460: The hereditary titles of Septimania , Quercy and Albi were shared between them. Raymond II's grandson, William III (known as the first William Taillefer), married Emma of Provence , and handed down part of that lordship to his younger son Bertrand I of Forcalquier . William's elder son, Pons , left two children, one of whom, William IV succeeded his father in Toulouse, Albi and Quercy; while

1196-411: The late 9th century until 1270. The counts and other family members were also at various times counts of Quercy , Rouergue , Albi , and Nîmes , and sometimes margraves (military defenders of the Holy Roman Empire ) of Septimania and Provence . Count Raymond IV founded the Crusader state of Tripoli , and his descendants were also counts there. They reached the zenith of their power during

1242-640: The later Raymonds, although most historians continue to use the established, traditional numbering for them. They are Raymond (IV) ( c.  950 –961), Hugh ( c.  961 –972) and Raymond (V) ( c.  972 –978)) [REDACTED]   This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Chisholm, Hugh , ed. (1911). " Toulouse ". Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 99–101. . Conrad III of Germany Conrad III ( German : Konrad ; Italian : Corrado ; 1093 or 1094 – 15 February 1152) of

1288-599: The nobles elect and crown his son Henry Berengar king. The succession secured in the event of his death, Conrad set out. His army of 20,000 men went overland, via Hungary , causing disruptions in the Byzantine territories through which they passed. They arrived at Constantinople by September 1147, ahead of the French army. Rather than taking the coastal road around Anatolia through Christian-held territory, by which he sent most of his noncombatants, Conrad took his army across Anatolia. On 25 October 1147, they were defeated by

1334-608: The other regions of Germany were in revolt. In 1146, Conrad heard Bernard of Clairvaux preach the Second Crusade at Speyer , and he agreed to join Louis ;VII in a great expedition to the Holy Land . At the imperial diet in Frankfurt in March 1147 Conrad and the assembled princes entrusted Bernard of Clairvaux with the recruitment for the Wendish crusade . Before leaving, he had

1380-436: The preparations which the lords of Baux duly made, against the house of Barcelona upon the death of Ramon Berenguer the first and perhaps some time before, forced the men of Arles to decide on a great change, and they urged the archbishop to take it up. The circumstances demanded that one give to the city leaders capable of carrying arms as needed. At the opening of the conflict, Raymond of Baux made an appeal to Conrad III , who

1426-483: The unfortunate crusade, forcefully pursued his advantage and was duly elected king in Cologne a few weeks later. The young son of the late king was given the Duchy of Swabia. Conrad left no male heirs by his first wife, Gertrude von Komburg . In 1136, he married Gertrude of Sulzbach , who was a daughter of Berengar II of Sulzbach , and whose sister Bertha was married to the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I. Gertrude

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1472-457: The war with Genoa which his father had waged. He died besieging Nice in that year. Counts of Toulouse The count of Toulouse ( Occitan : comte de Tolosa , French : comte de Toulouse ) was the ruler of Toulouse during the 8th to 13th centuries. Originating as vassals of the Frankish kings , the hereditary counts ruled the city of Toulouse and its surrounding county from

1518-508: The younger, Raymond IV , ruled the vast possessions of the counts of Rouergue. From this time on, the counts of Toulouse were powerful lords in southern France . Raymond IV, assumed the formal titles of Marquis of Provence , Duke of Narbonne and Count of Toulouse. Afterward, the count set sail with the First Crusade . After the conquest of Jerusalem , he set siege to the City of Tripoli in

1564-413: Was a great aid to their aspirations. The conflict itself, which had been ongoing since the succession of Berenguer Ramon, accelerated after his death. The rest of the war can be seen as three successive armed conflicts. The first began in 1144, with Berenguer Ramon's war with Genoa, and continued until an accord was signed in 1150. The second lasted a short while (1155 – 1156). The third and final war

1610-560: Was captured by the Basques under Adalric , who made him swear an oath of allegiance to the Duke of Gascony , Lupus II . Upon his release, Charlemagne , at the diet of Worms (790), replaced him with his Frankish cousin, William of Gellone . William in turn successfully subdued the Gascons . In the ninth century, Toulouse suffered in common with the rest of western Europe. It was besieged by Charles

1656-584: Was elected king at Coblenz on 7 March 1138, in the presence of the papal legate Theodwin . Conrad was crowned at Aachen six days later (13 March) and was acknowledged in Bamberg by several princes of southern Germany. As Henry the Proud , son-in-law and heir of Lothair and the most powerful prince in Germany, who had been passed over in the election, refused to do the same, Conrad deprived him of all his territories, giving

1702-570: Was involved in the failed Second Crusade with Louis VII , where he would fight and lose at Doryleum and would later fall ill and return to Constantinople . After recuperating, he went to Jerusalem but would experience a string of failed sieges. Later returning from the Crusade, he was entangled in some conflicts with Welf VI 's claim to the Duchy of Bavaria. On his deathbed, he designated his nephew Frederick Barbarossa as his successor instead of his son, Frederick IV, Duke of Swabia . The origin of

1748-400: Was marked out to act as regent for Germany, together with his elder brother, Duke Frederick II of Swabia. At the death of Henry V in 1125, Conrad unsuccessfully supported Frederick II for the kingship of Germany. Frederick was placed under a ban and Conrad was deprived of Franconia and the Kingdom of Burgundy , of which he was rector . With the support of the imperial cities , Swabia, and

1794-441: Was most short-lived, lasting less than a year. It saw the house of Barcelona victorious in permanently laying to rest the claims of the House of Baux in spite of the latter having enjoyed the royal approval of Conrad and subsequently of his nephew. Despite Conrad's proclamation, the war gained pace in 1147, generally in favour of Barcelona, for the count of Toulouse was away on the Second Crusade . In view of his impotence, with only

1840-405: Was racked by uncertainties over the rights of succession. Douce and Ramon Berenguer signed all charters jointly until her death in 1127, after which he alone appears as count in all charters until his death in 1131. At that time, Douce's younger sister Stephanie was married to Raymond of Baux , who promptly laid claim to the inheritance of her mother, even though Provence had peacefully passed into

1886-452: Was razed and its environs ravaged. Ramon Berenguer was recognised as victor by the chancelleries of the Empire , but Hugh made a last attempt to salvage victory by reminding the emperor of the two chrysobull -attended letters issued on his behalf, one of Conrad the other of Frederick himself. Barbarossa wisely kept silent about his reasons for a change of heart. In 1166, Ramon Berenguer renewed

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1932-450: Was secured. Conrad was never crowned emperor and continued to style himself " King of the Romans " until his death. On his deathbed, in the presence of only two witnesses, his nephew Frederick Barbarossa and the Bishop of Bamberg , he allegedly designated Frederick his successor, rather than his own surviving six-year-old son Frederick . Frederick Barbarossa, who had accompanied his uncle on

1978-621: Was sent to recuperate in Constantinople, where his host the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Comnenus acted as his personal physician. After recovering, Conrad sailed to Acre , and from there reached Jerusalem . He participated in the ill-fated Siege of Damascus and after that failure, grew disaffected with his allies. Another attempt to attack Ascalon failed when Conrad's allies did not appear as promised, then Conrad returned to Germany, through Constantinople, where he met again with

2024-585: Was succeeded in his claim by his young son Ramon Berenguer II . According to the historian and Arles-native Louis Mathieu Anibert , his city appointed a consulate to prepare for war (1131): . . . les préparatifs de guerre que faisaient sourdement les Seigneurs des Baux, contre la Maison de Barcelone à la mort de Raymond-Berenger premier et peut-être quelque temps auparavant, durent décider les Arlésiens à ce grand changement, et engager l’Archevêque à s’y prêter. Les circonstances exigeaient qu’on donnât à la Ville des Chefs capables de porter les armes au besoin. . . .

2070-550: Was technically the King of Burgundy , though this title meant more in theory than in practice, Provence being legally a fief of the Burgundian kingdom. Raymond begged for his sovereign's recognition of the rights of Stephanie as heir to the possessions of Gerberga. By an act of 4 August 1145, Conrad validated the right of Stephanie and Raymond to their titles and granted them the power of coining money at Arles and at Trinquetaille . The latter

2116-423: Was then in conflict with house of Toulouse. In 1076, its count, Raymond IV , was excommunicated but he still lent his support to Aicard , the deposed archbishop of Arles (since 1080). With the count away on the First Crusade , the church took the opportunity to seize the balance of power in the region. This marriage effectively put Provence under Catalan control. In 1125, Raymond's heir, Alfonso Jordan , signed

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